Globalization has led to a shift from viewing patients as individuals to viewing them as customers or clients. This has influenced medical ethics in a negative way by prioritizing financial goals over moral obligations.
The document discusses three main theories of medical ethics: utilitarianism, virtue ethics, and deontology. Utilitarianism holds that an action is right if it produces the greatest good for the greatest number of people, prioritizing outcomes over means. Virtue ethics focuses on developing good moral character in medical practitioners. Deontology maintains that actions should be guided by duties and rules, regardless of consequences. There is often conflict between these approaches in addressing complex ethical scenarios.
The document discusses several issues in medical ethics raised by new technologies, including who decides whether a patient lives or dies, the boundaries of medical research, and obtaining informed consent. It notes that medical research and patient care have different standards for consent. Key considerations for ethical medical research are obtaining informed consent from subjects, properly assessing risks and benefits, and fair selection of subjects without biases or marginalization. The document also discusses opinions on medical futility, emergency treatment without consent, and allowing clinical trials.
Medical ethics aims to define right and wrong in medical practice. It draws on ethical theories like consequentialism, deontology, and situational ethics. Key principles of medical ethics include autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and informed consent. Doctors have a duty to treat patients compassionately and respect their rights and privacy. Ethical issues arise when there are conflicts between values or responsibilities. Medical ethics provides frameworks for resolving dilemmas in a fair and just manner.
introduction to medical ethics and bioethicsRamiAboali
This document discusses medical ethics and legal medicine. It begins by defining ethics, morality, values, and their relationship. It then discusses the principles of medical ethics including autonomy, beneficence, confidentiality, non-maleficence, and justice. The document reviews several important historical documents in medical ethics like the Hippocratic Oath, Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Geneva, and others. It also outlines the duties and responsibilities of physicians to their patients, colleagues, and the public. The document provides definitions for health from the World Health Organization.
Session 3 ethical principals and theoriessherkamalshah
This document discusses ethical principles and theories relevant to healthcare. It defines key concepts like autonomy, informed consent, beneficence, and non-maleficence. It also outlines several ethical theories used in decision making, including virtue ethics, deontology, utilitarianism, and rights-based approaches. The document uses examples to illustrate ethical dilemmas that may arise in nursing practice and the importance of ethical decision making frameworks.
This document provides an introduction to medical ethics, including key concepts and principles. It discusses how ethics guides moral decision making in medicine. Medical ethics refers to the values and standards that govern relationships between physicians and patients, colleagues, and society. Some core principles of medical ethics include beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice, and confidentiality. Throughout history, various codes of conduct have been developed to articulate ethical guidelines for physicians.
This document discusses the history and principles of healthcare ethics. It outlines key events that led to the establishment of international ethical standards for research involving human subjects, such as the Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki. The four main principles of healthcare ethics are also presented: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. A case study example shows how a doctor must consider all these principles when making decisions about a patient's treatment.
Medical ethics refers to rules that regulate professional conduct of doctors towards patients and society. Doctors take the Hippocratic Oath upon qualifying, which binds them to certain ethical principles like beneficence, non-maleficence and informed consent. The practice of medicine and ethics are inseparable, as every clinical decision has an ethical component. It is important for doctors to understand ethical frameworks and consider perspectives beyond just their medical knowledge to make decisions regarding patient care that are both medically sound and ethically justified.
This document discusses medical ethics and provides information on several related topics:
- It defines medical ethics as moral principles that guide medical practice and relationships between medical professionals and patients.
- Several historical milestones in the development of medical ethics codes are mentioned, such as the Hippocratic Oath from 460-377 BC and the World Medical Association's adoption of an International Code of Medical Ethics in 1949.
- Key principles of medical ethics are outlined, including autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, truth, confidentiality, social responsibility, and justice.
- Doctors' duties to patients related to care, respect, communication, competence, honesty, and confidentiality are summarized.
The document discusses several issues in medical ethics raised by new technologies, including who decides whether a patient lives or dies, the boundaries of medical research, and obtaining informed consent. It notes that medical research and patient care have different standards for consent. Key considerations for ethical medical research are obtaining informed consent from subjects, properly assessing risks and benefits, and fair selection of subjects without biases or marginalization. The document also discusses opinions on medical futility, emergency treatment without consent, and allowing clinical trials.
Medical ethics aims to define right and wrong in medical practice. It draws on ethical theories like consequentialism, deontology, and situational ethics. Key principles of medical ethics include autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, justice, and informed consent. Doctors have a duty to treat patients compassionately and respect their rights and privacy. Ethical issues arise when there are conflicts between values or responsibilities. Medical ethics provides frameworks for resolving dilemmas in a fair and just manner.
introduction to medical ethics and bioethicsRamiAboali
This document discusses medical ethics and legal medicine. It begins by defining ethics, morality, values, and their relationship. It then discusses the principles of medical ethics including autonomy, beneficence, confidentiality, non-maleficence, and justice. The document reviews several important historical documents in medical ethics like the Hippocratic Oath, Nuremberg Code, Declaration of Geneva, and others. It also outlines the duties and responsibilities of physicians to their patients, colleagues, and the public. The document provides definitions for health from the World Health Organization.
Session 3 ethical principals and theoriessherkamalshah
This document discusses ethical principles and theories relevant to healthcare. It defines key concepts like autonomy, informed consent, beneficence, and non-maleficence. It also outlines several ethical theories used in decision making, including virtue ethics, deontology, utilitarianism, and rights-based approaches. The document uses examples to illustrate ethical dilemmas that may arise in nursing practice and the importance of ethical decision making frameworks.
This document provides an introduction to medical ethics, including key concepts and principles. It discusses how ethics guides moral decision making in medicine. Medical ethics refers to the values and standards that govern relationships between physicians and patients, colleagues, and society. Some core principles of medical ethics include beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice, and confidentiality. Throughout history, various codes of conduct have been developed to articulate ethical guidelines for physicians.
This document discusses the history and principles of healthcare ethics. It outlines key events that led to the establishment of international ethical standards for research involving human subjects, such as the Nuremberg Code and Declaration of Helsinki. The four main principles of healthcare ethics are also presented: autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. A case study example shows how a doctor must consider all these principles when making decisions about a patient's treatment.
Medical ethics refers to rules that regulate professional conduct of doctors towards patients and society. Doctors take the Hippocratic Oath upon qualifying, which binds them to certain ethical principles like beneficence, non-maleficence and informed consent. The practice of medicine and ethics are inseparable, as every clinical decision has an ethical component. It is important for doctors to understand ethical frameworks and consider perspectives beyond just their medical knowledge to make decisions regarding patient care that are both medically sound and ethically justified.
This document discusses medical ethics and provides information on several related topics:
- It defines medical ethics as moral principles that guide medical practice and relationships between medical professionals and patients.
- Several historical milestones in the development of medical ethics codes are mentioned, such as the Hippocratic Oath from 460-377 BC and the World Medical Association's adoption of an International Code of Medical Ethics in 1949.
- Key principles of medical ethics are outlined, including autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, truth, confidentiality, social responsibility, and justice.
- Doctors' duties to patients related to care, respect, communication, competence, honesty, and confidentiality are summarized.
The document outlines several major ethical theories: consequentialist theories like utilitarianism which focus on producing the greatest good for the greatest number; deontological/duty-based theories like Kantianism which emphasize adherence to moral rules and duties; social contract theories which view morality as arising from implicit agreements between individuals; and virtue ethics which focuses on developing good moral character. Each theory is discussed in terms of its core principles, examples of how it applies to moral dilemmas, and potential strengths and weaknesses.
This document discusses various topics relating to medical ethics theories and principles, including:
- The scope of ethics in medical practice and various theories like deontological and consequentialist.
- Key principles like beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, truth-telling, confidentiality, and preservation of life.
- Issues around euthanasia, living wills, resource allocation, and contraception for minors.
This document discusses medical ethics and the factors responsible for the deterioration of ethical values in the medical profession. It notes that the medical profession has a distinguished status due to the relationship between practitioners and vulnerable patients who are dependent on them. However, it claims that ethical values are declining due to increased materialism, commercialization of medicine, and lack of religious influence. It suggests that medical practice should be viewed as a service rather than business and emphasizes putting oneself in the position of the patient. The document also includes an oath for medical graduates to uphold ethical codes and prioritize patient well-being and confidentiality.
This powerpoint covers the topics that pertain to the ethics of the medical fields and how they are used. We have provided articles, videos, and pictures for better understanding.
1) Beneficence imposes a duty on doctors to always act for the good of their patients.
2) Determining the "good" of patients can be complicated due to conflicts between health interests and other interests like employment or religion.
3) Doctors must balance beneficence with avoiding paternalism, appreciate all interests, and negotiate to make health interests a priority while involving patients in decisions.
This document provides an overview of several major ethical theories and moral principles that can be used when making decisions in medical contexts. It summarizes Utilitarianism, Deontology including Kant's and Ross's versions, Rawls' Theory of Justice, and discusses principles of non-maleficence, beneficence, utility, and autonomy. For each view, it provides examples of how they may be applied to issues like separating conjoined twins or requiring informed consent.
Medical ethics deals with moral principles that guide clinical practice and relationships. It considers the choices and actions of both medical practitioners and patients in light of duties and obligations. There are several core principles of medical ethics including respect for patient autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, confidentiality, and veracity. These principles guide informed consent processes and the patient-practitioner relationship. Upholding ethics is important for maintaining trust between the medical field and society.
This document provides an overview of medical ethics. It discusses the principles of medical ethics including non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy, and social responsibility. Important ethical codes for the medical profession are outlined such as the Hippocratic Oath, Declaration of Geneva, and the Indian Medical Council Regulations. Breaches of medical ethics include professional misconduct and malpractice. Medical ethics is an important topic to ensure high ethical standards in healthcare.
A system of moral principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine
MCI amended their guidelines of professional conduct, etiquette and ethics for the Doctors
Based on their family history, it would be beneficial to screen both Sami and Samir for diabetes and hypertension. This screening would help detect any underlying conditions early and allow for treatment to prevent future harm. Screening them aligns with the principles of beneficence to promote their health and well-being, as well as non-maleficence to avoid any potential future harm from undiagnosed conditions.
This document provides an introduction to ethics and bioethics. It discusses key concepts in ethics like different approaches to determining right and wrong (consequentialism, deontology, virtue ethics) and factors that influence ethical decisions. It then defines bioethics and introduces important bioethical principles like autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. The relationship between ethics, law, and professional practice is also examined. The goal is to gain a basic understanding of ethics and how it applies to issues in healthcare.
Euthanasia refers to intentionally ending a life to relieve suffering. It has been debated for centuries, with perspectives varying among medical ethics, religions, and cultures. While some jurisdictions have legalized certain forms with strict rules, euthanasia remains illegal in most places due to views that human life should not be directly terminated. The document traces discussions and practices of euthanasia over time, including its origins in ancient Greece, debates in various eras, modern laws, types (active vs. passive, voluntary vs. involuntary), religious views, and the paradox it poses for medical ethics codes.
PHI 204 - The 4 Medical Ethics Principlesdotcom YOGA
The 4 principles of medical ethics are:
1) Non-maleficence - Do no harm and limit chances of harming patients.
2) Beneficence - Act in the best interests of patients by balancing benefits and risks/costs of treatment.
3) Autonomy - Respect patients' right to refuse or choose their own medical treatment based on personal interests.
4) Justice - Treat all patients impartially without bias regarding gender, race, wealth, etc., and fairly distribute scarce medical resources.
Ethics in healthcare go beyond what is legal and provide moral guidelines to assist in complex decision making. Some examples of ethical issues include deciding who receives organ transplants, discontinuing life support, and how much care to provide uninsured patients. Ethics principles include doing no harm, preserving life, treating all patients equally, respecting patient choices, and maintaining professional standards of care. Patients have rights to considerate care, informed consent, privacy, and participation in advanced directives to refuse treatment.
This document discusses ethical issues in healthcare. It begins by defining ethics and bioethics. It then outlines the basic principles of medical ethics including autonomy, veracity, privacy/confidentiality, fidelity, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Several case studies are presented that illustrate challenges with applying these principles in practice. Major ethical issues like physician assisted suicide and euthanasia, organ transplants, abortion, and ethical decision making are also examined. Finally, the document discusses how a pharmacist can protect a patient's right to privacy by obtaining consent, only collecting necessary information, and providing limited disclosure.
Meta ethics explores the foundations and meaning of ethics. Three views on the origin of ethics are discussed: Platonic realism which holds that ethical principles originate from the spiritual world; moral skepticism which argues there are no objective ethical principles; and the view that principles come from society itself. The document also summarizes several major religious and ethical traditions and their teachings on key ethical issues.
This document discusses several major ethical theories that address how to determine right and wrong actions:
1. Virtue ethics focuses on developing good character and acting as a virtuous person would in any given situation. Thinkers like Aristotle, Confucius, and Socrates contributed to this view.
2. Consequentialism judges actions based on their consequences, with utilitarianism arguing an action is right if it produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
3. Non-consequentialist views like deontology and divine command theory argue actions should be judged based on adherence to rules, duties or divine laws rather than consequences. Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative is a key example of deontology
Here are my responses to the questions about the ethics case study:
1. The action that is cause for concern is that Raj decided to lie and inflate his GPA and SAT scores on his resume in order to improve his chances of getting a summer internship at the Research Institute.
2. The Research Institute may be affected if they hire Raj based on false information. His potential coworkers and bosses may also be affected if he is not actually qualified for the role.
3. The Research Institute could end up hiring someone who is not actually qualified for the job based on inaccurate information. This could negatively impact workplace productivity and morale. Raj's coworkers may have to cover for him or his work may not meet standards.
This document discusses various topics related to medical ethics. It begins by noting that doctors are generally respected and trusted, but this trust may fade without conscious efforts to preserve ethics. Later sections discuss the definition of medical ethics and how it deals with moral principles for interactions between doctors, patients, and society. Key principles of medical ethics discussed include beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice, dignity, and truthfulness. The document also examines concepts like professionalism, the doctor-patient relationship, informed consent, and medical negligence.
Concepts and principles of bioethics for the students of health professionsK Raman Sethuraman
Students and many educators have difficulty in differentiating among Legal, Ethical and Moral viewpoints. After explaining these terms, the concept of biomedical ethics, a brief history of its origin in the post-War period and the components of ethics are explained. The final part is on Nursing ethics, attributes of an ethical nurse and ethical challenges faced by the nursing profession.
This document provides an overview of pharmacy law and ethics. It begins by outlining the learning objectives of understanding the origin of legal professions and ethics. It then defines key terms like ethics, morality, and different types of ethics. The document discusses four main ethical theories - deontology, teleology, intuitions, and ethics of caring. It also outlines four major ethical principles - autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Examples and case studies are provided to illustrate how these principles apply to issues in healthcare.
This is the course on Medical/clinical ethics presented to the MBE (Master of Bioethics) students at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University. It includes the main topics only. Please note that the sources of almost all slides are listed as links at the bottom of the slide itself.
The document outlines several major ethical theories: consequentialist theories like utilitarianism which focus on producing the greatest good for the greatest number; deontological/duty-based theories like Kantianism which emphasize adherence to moral rules and duties; social contract theories which view morality as arising from implicit agreements between individuals; and virtue ethics which focuses on developing good moral character. Each theory is discussed in terms of its core principles, examples of how it applies to moral dilemmas, and potential strengths and weaknesses.
This document discusses various topics relating to medical ethics theories and principles, including:
- The scope of ethics in medical practice and various theories like deontological and consequentialist.
- Key principles like beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, truth-telling, confidentiality, and preservation of life.
- Issues around euthanasia, living wills, resource allocation, and contraception for minors.
This document discusses medical ethics and the factors responsible for the deterioration of ethical values in the medical profession. It notes that the medical profession has a distinguished status due to the relationship between practitioners and vulnerable patients who are dependent on them. However, it claims that ethical values are declining due to increased materialism, commercialization of medicine, and lack of religious influence. It suggests that medical practice should be viewed as a service rather than business and emphasizes putting oneself in the position of the patient. The document also includes an oath for medical graduates to uphold ethical codes and prioritize patient well-being and confidentiality.
This powerpoint covers the topics that pertain to the ethics of the medical fields and how they are used. We have provided articles, videos, and pictures for better understanding.
1) Beneficence imposes a duty on doctors to always act for the good of their patients.
2) Determining the "good" of patients can be complicated due to conflicts between health interests and other interests like employment or religion.
3) Doctors must balance beneficence with avoiding paternalism, appreciate all interests, and negotiate to make health interests a priority while involving patients in decisions.
This document provides an overview of several major ethical theories and moral principles that can be used when making decisions in medical contexts. It summarizes Utilitarianism, Deontology including Kant's and Ross's versions, Rawls' Theory of Justice, and discusses principles of non-maleficence, beneficence, utility, and autonomy. For each view, it provides examples of how they may be applied to issues like separating conjoined twins or requiring informed consent.
Medical ethics deals with moral principles that guide clinical practice and relationships. It considers the choices and actions of both medical practitioners and patients in light of duties and obligations. There are several core principles of medical ethics including respect for patient autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, justice, confidentiality, and veracity. These principles guide informed consent processes and the patient-practitioner relationship. Upholding ethics is important for maintaining trust between the medical field and society.
This document provides an overview of medical ethics. It discusses the principles of medical ethics including non-maleficence, beneficence, autonomy, and social responsibility. Important ethical codes for the medical profession are outlined such as the Hippocratic Oath, Declaration of Geneva, and the Indian Medical Council Regulations. Breaches of medical ethics include professional misconduct and malpractice. Medical ethics is an important topic to ensure high ethical standards in healthcare.
A system of moral principles that apply values and judgments to the practice of medicine
MCI amended their guidelines of professional conduct, etiquette and ethics for the Doctors
Based on their family history, it would be beneficial to screen both Sami and Samir for diabetes and hypertension. This screening would help detect any underlying conditions early and allow for treatment to prevent future harm. Screening them aligns with the principles of beneficence to promote their health and well-being, as well as non-maleficence to avoid any potential future harm from undiagnosed conditions.
This document provides an introduction to ethics and bioethics. It discusses key concepts in ethics like different approaches to determining right and wrong (consequentialism, deontology, virtue ethics) and factors that influence ethical decisions. It then defines bioethics and introduces important bioethical principles like autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. The relationship between ethics, law, and professional practice is also examined. The goal is to gain a basic understanding of ethics and how it applies to issues in healthcare.
Euthanasia refers to intentionally ending a life to relieve suffering. It has been debated for centuries, with perspectives varying among medical ethics, religions, and cultures. While some jurisdictions have legalized certain forms with strict rules, euthanasia remains illegal in most places due to views that human life should not be directly terminated. The document traces discussions and practices of euthanasia over time, including its origins in ancient Greece, debates in various eras, modern laws, types (active vs. passive, voluntary vs. involuntary), religious views, and the paradox it poses for medical ethics codes.
PHI 204 - The 4 Medical Ethics Principlesdotcom YOGA
The 4 principles of medical ethics are:
1) Non-maleficence - Do no harm and limit chances of harming patients.
2) Beneficence - Act in the best interests of patients by balancing benefits and risks/costs of treatment.
3) Autonomy - Respect patients' right to refuse or choose their own medical treatment based on personal interests.
4) Justice - Treat all patients impartially without bias regarding gender, race, wealth, etc., and fairly distribute scarce medical resources.
Ethics in healthcare go beyond what is legal and provide moral guidelines to assist in complex decision making. Some examples of ethical issues include deciding who receives organ transplants, discontinuing life support, and how much care to provide uninsured patients. Ethics principles include doing no harm, preserving life, treating all patients equally, respecting patient choices, and maintaining professional standards of care. Patients have rights to considerate care, informed consent, privacy, and participation in advanced directives to refuse treatment.
This document discusses ethical issues in healthcare. It begins by defining ethics and bioethics. It then outlines the basic principles of medical ethics including autonomy, veracity, privacy/confidentiality, fidelity, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Several case studies are presented that illustrate challenges with applying these principles in practice. Major ethical issues like physician assisted suicide and euthanasia, organ transplants, abortion, and ethical decision making are also examined. Finally, the document discusses how a pharmacist can protect a patient's right to privacy by obtaining consent, only collecting necessary information, and providing limited disclosure.
Meta ethics explores the foundations and meaning of ethics. Three views on the origin of ethics are discussed: Platonic realism which holds that ethical principles originate from the spiritual world; moral skepticism which argues there are no objective ethical principles; and the view that principles come from society itself. The document also summarizes several major religious and ethical traditions and their teachings on key ethical issues.
This document discusses several major ethical theories that address how to determine right and wrong actions:
1. Virtue ethics focuses on developing good character and acting as a virtuous person would in any given situation. Thinkers like Aristotle, Confucius, and Socrates contributed to this view.
2. Consequentialism judges actions based on their consequences, with utilitarianism arguing an action is right if it produces the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people.
3. Non-consequentialist views like deontology and divine command theory argue actions should be judged based on adherence to rules, duties or divine laws rather than consequences. Immanuel Kant's categorical imperative is a key example of deontology
Here are my responses to the questions about the ethics case study:
1. The action that is cause for concern is that Raj decided to lie and inflate his GPA and SAT scores on his resume in order to improve his chances of getting a summer internship at the Research Institute.
2. The Research Institute may be affected if they hire Raj based on false information. His potential coworkers and bosses may also be affected if he is not actually qualified for the role.
3. The Research Institute could end up hiring someone who is not actually qualified for the job based on inaccurate information. This could negatively impact workplace productivity and morale. Raj's coworkers may have to cover for him or his work may not meet standards.
This document discusses various topics related to medical ethics. It begins by noting that doctors are generally respected and trusted, but this trust may fade without conscious efforts to preserve ethics. Later sections discuss the definition of medical ethics and how it deals with moral principles for interactions between doctors, patients, and society. Key principles of medical ethics discussed include beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice, dignity, and truthfulness. The document also examines concepts like professionalism, the doctor-patient relationship, informed consent, and medical negligence.
Concepts and principles of bioethics for the students of health professionsK Raman Sethuraman
Students and many educators have difficulty in differentiating among Legal, Ethical and Moral viewpoints. After explaining these terms, the concept of biomedical ethics, a brief history of its origin in the post-War period and the components of ethics are explained. The final part is on Nursing ethics, attributes of an ethical nurse and ethical challenges faced by the nursing profession.
This document provides an overview of pharmacy law and ethics. It begins by outlining the learning objectives of understanding the origin of legal professions and ethics. It then defines key terms like ethics, morality, and different types of ethics. The document discusses four main ethical theories - deontology, teleology, intuitions, and ethics of caring. It also outlines four major ethical principles - autonomy, beneficence, nonmaleficence, and justice. Examples and case studies are provided to illustrate how these principles apply to issues in healthcare.
This is the course on Medical/clinical ethics presented to the MBE (Master of Bioethics) students at Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz University. It includes the main topics only. Please note that the sources of almost all slides are listed as links at the bottom of the slide itself.
CHAPTER 2Principles of Healthcare EthicsJim Summers.docxchristinemaritza
CHAPTER 2
Principles of Healthcare Ethics
Jim Summers
INTRODUCTION
Chapter 1 of Health Care Ethics: Critical Issues for the 21st Century
presented the major ethical theories and their application in health care
as part of a foundation for the study of ethics. This chapter extends that
foundation by showing how those theories inform the principles used in health
care and apply to the issues in that field. The principles commonly used in
healthcare ethics—justice, autonomy, nonmaleficence, and beneficence—
provide you with an additional foundation and tools to use in making ethical
decisions. Each of these principles is reviewed here. The concept of justice
is presented last because it is the most complex. In addition, this chapter
presents a model for decision making that uses your knowledge of the theory
and principles of ethics.
NONMALEFICENCE
If we go back to the basic understanding of the Hippocratic ethical teaching,
we arrive at the dictum of “first do no harm, benefit only.” The principle of
nonmaleficence relates to the first part of this teaching and means “to do no
harm.” In healthcare ethics, there is no debate over whether we want to avoid
doing bad or harm. However, the debate occurs when we consider the meaning
of the word harm. The following ethical theories come into play here:
leads to less good or utility than other choices.
rational natures, that which circumscribes or limits our potential.
carrying out our duty or that which is opposed to the formal conditions of
the moral law.
eudaimonia, a person of practical
wisdom—would find that harm is that which is immoderate, that which
leads us away from manifesting our proper ends as humans.
her self-interest.
What Is “Harm” in the Clinical Setting?
In the clinical setting, harm is that which worsens the condition of the patient.
However, deciding what harm or worsen means is no simple matter. Much of
health care involves pain, discomfort, inconvenience, expense, and perhaps
47
even disfigurement and disability. Using the natural law theory of double
would say that the greater good, the greater utility, occurs from accepting the
pain or dismemberment as part of the cost to get the benefit the healthcare
procedures promise. The due care standard to provide the most appropriate
treatment with the least pain and suffering sounds almost like a deontological
principle.1
Most healthcare workers consider harm to mean physical harm, because the
long history of healing has focused primarily on overcoming bodily disorders.
However, harm can occur in other ways. For example, healthcare managers can
these can lead to adverse patient outcomes. Harm also comes from strategic
decisions that lead to major financial losses and ...
Chapter One
Theory of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Why Study Ethics?
Because health care is changing, you need tools for making necessary and difficult decisions.
It will help you better understand patients, fellow professionals, and the system in general.
It will assist you in building and maintaining your career.
3
3
Types of Ethics
Normative ethics
Is the study of what is right and wrong.
Metaethics
Is the study of ethical concepts and theories.
4
4
Types of Normative Ethical Theories
Authority-based
Egoistic
Natural law
Deontological
Teleological
Virtue
5
5
Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism purports that there is no absolute theory for ethics.
However, this lack of a complete theory does not mean everything is relative.
People need to make rational decisions about ethics-based issues.
Therefore, ethics theories are useful.
6
6
Egoism as Ethics Theory
Egoism is based on the idea that one’s self interest is the basis of one’s ethics decisions.
Theory is not helpful in health care ethics because professionals are taught to set aside self-interest.
The interests of the patient should come first.
7
7
Authority-based Ethics Theory
Decisions about ethics (right or wrong) are based on central authority such as in a theology or an ideology.
For health care ethics, there may be difficulty deciding which authority is the correct one.
However, knowing this view of ethics helps with understanding patients and health policy decisions.
8
8
Virtue Ethics Theory
Is founded in the writings of Aristotle.
Everything moves from potentiality to actuality.
Character development allows you to actualize your highest good.
Eudaimonia should be sought as the highest good.
9
9
Virtue Ethics Theory
Eudaimonia means that you seek to build your character and increase virtue.
Professional education seeks to develop people of high character.
People who work toward eudaimonia become persons of practical wisdom.
10
10
Virtue Ethics Theory
Principles of ethics can help to define your character and assist with your actions. See Chapter Two for more.
Virtue ethics is criticized as being elitist.
Virtue ethics requires the balancing of conflicting obligations.
People with practical wisdom can make appropriate ethical decisions.
11
11
Natural Law Theory
It is founded in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas
It assumes that nature is rational and orderly.
Humans are part of the natural world and are given the ability to be rational.
Our natural reason allows us to distinguish right from wrong.
12
12
Natural Law Theory
Reason is also action in that humans can choose to do good or evil.
The Principle of Double Effect helps us decided which action is good.
Good is also defined as that which helps to maximize potential such as preserving life, gaining wisdom, and knowing God.
13
13
Natural Law Theory
In natural law, there are some acts that are not ethical because they violate the ability to reach one’s potent ...
Ethics in dentisrty power point presentationHamnazBeegumpp
The dental profession is a vocation in which knowledge and skill is used for the service of others.
One of the characteristics of a profession is adherence to a code of ethics. Being a health care provider it carrier with it a responsibility to individual patients and society confers on the professionals requires them to behave in an ethical manner.
The document provides an overview of the content of a course on communication skills and medical ethics. It discusses several units that will be covered, including the philosophical basis and principles of medical ethics. It examines key concepts like ethical theories of deontology and utilitarianism. It also outlines the four main principles of medical ethics: beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, and justice. The document delves into philosophical perspectives like Kantian deontology and utilitarianism as put forth by philosophers like Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. It also notes some limitations of utilitarian thinking.
Chapter One Theory of Health Care Ethics 12.docxtiffanyd4
Chapter One
Theory of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Why Study Ethics?
Because health care is changing, you need tools for making necessary and difficult decisions.
It will help you better understand patients, fellow professionals, and the system in general.
It will assist you in building and maintaining your career.
3
3
Types of Ethics
Normative ethics
Is the study of what is right and wrong.
Metaethics
Is the study of ethical concepts and theories.
4
4
Types of Normative Ethical Theories
Authority-based
Egoistic
Natural law
Deontological
Teleological
Virtue
5
5
Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism purports that there is no absolute theory for ethics.
However, this lack of a complete theory does not mean everything is relative.
People need to make rational decisions about ethics-based issues.
Therefore, ethics theories are useful.
6
6
Egoism as Ethics Theory
Egoism is based on the idea that one’s self interest is the basis of one’s ethics decisions.
Theory is not helpful in health care ethics because professionals are taught to set aside self-interest.
The interests of the patient should come first.
7
7
Authority-based Ethics Theory
Decisions about ethics (right or wrong) are based on central authority such as in a theology or an ideology.
For health care ethics, there may be difficulty deciding which authority is the correct one.
However, knowing this view of ethics helps with understanding patients and health policy decisions.
8
8
Virtue Ethics Theory
Is founded in the writings of Aristotle.
Everything moves from potentiality to actuality.
Character development allows you to actualize your highest good.
Eudaimonia should be sought as the highest good.
9
9
Virtue Ethics Theory
Eudaimonia means that you seek to build your character and increase virtue.
Professional education seeks to develop people of high character.
People who work toward eudaimonia become persons of practical wisdom.
10
10
Virtue Ethics Theory
Principles of ethics can help to define your character and assist with your actions. See Chapter Two for more.
Virtue ethics is criticized as being elitist.
Virtue ethics requires the balancing of conflicting obligations.
People with practical wisdom can make appropriate ethical decisions.
11
11
Natural Law Theory
It is founded in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas
It assumes that nature is rational and orderly.
Humans are part of the natural world and are given the ability to be rational.
Our natural reason allows us to distinguish right from wrong.
12
12
Natural Law Theory
Reason is also action in that humans can choose to do good or evil.
The Principle of Double Effect helps us decided which action is good.
Good is also defined as that which helps to maximize potential such as preserving life, gaining wisdom, and knowing God.
13
13
Natural Law Theory
In natural law, there are some acts that are not ethical because they violate the ability to reach one’s potent.
The document discusses medical ethics and its principles. It defines ethics as the science of morals and rules of conduct. Medical ethics applies general ethical principles to issues faced by medical professionals. The Hippocratic Oath from ancient Greece established early guidelines for doctors regarding patient benefit, non-maleficence, and confidentiality. Modern medical ethics is also guided by consequentialism, utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics theories. Key principles discussed include beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice, fidelity, confidentiality, and veracity.
The document discusses medical ethics and its principles. It defines ethics as the science of morals and rules of conduct. Medical ethics applies general ethical principles to issues faced by medical professionals. Historically, Hippocrates established one of the first codes of medical ethics known as the Hippocratic Oath to guide doctors' conduct. Theories of ethics discussed include consequentialism, utilitarianism, deontology, and virtue ethics. Key principles of medical ethics mentioned are beneficence, non-maleficence, autonomy, justice, fidelity, confidentiality, and veracity.
This document provides an overview of foundations in evidence-based practice and ethics. It introduces ethics and discusses key principles like autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Ethical issues that nurses may face in daily practice are described, including respecting confidentiality and identifying ethical dilemmas. Sources of guidance for healthcare ethics like the NMC Code and Principles of Biomedical Ethics are also summarized. The document contrasts consequentialism and deontology as two approaches to ethics and decision making.
Chapter One Theory of Health Care Ethics 12JinElias52
Chapter One
Theory of Health Care Ethics
1
2
Why Study Ethics?
Because health care is changing, you need tools for making necessary and difficult decisions.
It will help you better understand patients, fellow professionals, and the system in general.
It will assist you in building and maintaining your career.
3
3
Types of Ethics
Normative ethics
Is the study of what is right and wrong.
Metaethics
Is the study of ethical concepts and theories.
4
4
Types of Normative Ethical Theories
Authority-based
Egoistic
Natural law
Deontological
Teleological
Virtue
5
5
Ethical Relativism
Ethical relativism purports that there is no absolute theory for ethics.
However, this lack of a complete theory does not mean everything is relative.
People need to make rational decisions about ethics-based issues.
Therefore, ethics theories are useful.
6
6
Egoism as Ethics Theory
Egoism is based on the idea that one’s self interest is the basis of one’s ethics decisions.
Theory is not helpful in health care ethics because professionals are taught to set aside self-interest.
The interests of the patient should come first.
7
7
Authority-based Ethics Theory
Decisions about ethics (right or wrong) are based on central authority such as in a theology or an ideology.
For health care ethics, there may be difficulty deciding which authority is the correct one.
However, knowing this view of ethics helps with understanding patients and health policy decisions.
8
8
Virtue Ethics Theory
Is founded in the writings of Aristotle.
Everything moves from potentiality to actuality.
Character development allows you to actualize your highest good.
Eudaimonia should be sought as the highest good.
9
9
Virtue Ethics Theory
Eudaimonia means that you seek to build your character and increase virtue.
Professional education seeks to develop people of high character.
People who work toward eudaimonia become persons of practical wisdom.
10
10
Virtue Ethics Theory
Principles of ethics can help to define your character and assist with your actions. See Chapter Two for more.
Virtue ethics is criticized as being elitist.
Virtue ethics requires the balancing of conflicting obligations.
People with practical wisdom can make appropriate ethical decisions.
11
11
Natural Law Theory
It is founded in the writings of St. Thomas Aquinas
It assumes that nature is rational and orderly.
Humans are part of the natural world and are given the ability to be rational.
Our natural reason allows us to distinguish right from wrong.
12
12
Natural Law Theory
Reason is also action in that humans can choose to do good or evil.
The Principle of Double Effect helps us decided which action is good.
Good is also defined as that which helps to maximize potential such as preserving life, gaining wisdom, and knowing God.
13
13
Natural Law Theory
In natural law, there are some acts that are not ethical because they violate the ability to reach one’s potent ...
This document provides an introduction to ethics for nurses. It discusses key principles of ethics including autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, and justice. Ethical issues nurses may face include respecting patient confidentiality and identifying ethical dilemmas in practice. The document also outlines consequentialism and deontology as two approaches to ethics and notes the NMC Code of Conduct provides principles to guide nurses' ethical decisions.
Teaching medical ethics for undergraduate medical studentsDr Ghaiath Hussein
The document discusses teaching medical ethics to undergraduate medical students by non-specialized staff. It outlines the workshop which will introduce key concepts in ethics, discuss the need to teach ethics and what topics to cover, and provide practical guidance on teaching ethics. The workshop will not provide a ready-made prescription, but rather introduce participants to fundamental concepts and considerations for developing ethics curriculum. It will also address challenges in teaching and evaluating ethics.
The document discusses several key concepts in healthcare ethics including principles of ethical decision making (autonomy, beneficence, non-maleficence, etc.), approaches to ethical problem solving, and forces ensuring ethics will be important in management decision making. It provides definitions and discussions of concepts like paternalism, justice, veracity and models for ethical decision making. Professionalism in healthcare is said to require striving for excellence in altruism, accountability, excellence, duty, honor and integrity, and respect for others.
PHI 204 - Ethical Issues in Health Care: Consequentialism, Deontologydotcom YOGA
Consequentialism and deontology are two major ethical theories used in biomedical ethics. Consequentialism judges actions based on their consequences, with utilitarianism aiming to maximize well-being for the greatest number of people. Deontology defines right and wrong based on duties and respecting individuals' rights and values as ends in themselves, rather than consequences. While consequentialism focuses on aggregate outcomes, deontology is concerned with individual interests and holds that some actions are forbidden even if they maximize benefits. Both theories identify moral obligations, but differ on whether the obligation is to promote good outcomes or respect persons as ends in themselves.
This document discusses several key concepts in nursing ethics including:
- Definitions of ethics and codes of ethics in nursing.
- Ethical principles like respect for persons, autonomy, and beneficence that guide nurses' decisions.
- Common ethical dilemmas nurses face and the importance of ethical decision making.
- Major ethical theories in nursing including teleology, deontology, intuitionism, and caring/agapeistic theories that provide frameworks for understanding ethical issues.
Resources for Week 2 HLTH440 from M.U.S.E. My Unique Student Expe.docxronak56
Resources for Week 2 HLTH440 from: M.U.S.E. My Unique Student Experience Registered Trademark CEC 2013. All Rights Reserved.
The Basis for Health Care Ethics
What is Ethics?Ethics is what you believe is right or wrong. It is a moral philosophy that seeks to help the individual distinguish between good and bad as defined by one's culture. Ethics guides individuals and groups in their decisions about health care and other matters. Ethics helps the individual and group set boundaries.
Health care ethics is based on the law, professional codes of ethics, standards of care, and institutional policies and practices (corporate law).
Codes of EthicsCodes of ethics or codes of conduct are lists of standards or guides that provide an ethical framework for practice within a profession. Physicians are bound by the Hippocratic oath, but nursing has its own code of ethics. All health professions have a code of ethics.
It is axiomatic that the practice of health care presents moral and ethical dilemmas, because it deals with human beings and life-altering circumstances.
Health care financing presents broader moral dilemmas in the allocation of scarce resources. The conflict exists between the inherent values, duties, and obligations in caring for patients and the availability of resources to treat them.
The depth or content of a code of ethics is dependent on the type of contact that the health care professional has with a patient.
Ethical Theories
A number of ethical frameworks or theories are used to make decisions in health care and, in general, to set boundaries for expected behavior. The theories are used to determine what is fair or unfair. The following are several ethical frameworks:
Normative ethics: The ethical theory that describes how things ought to be.
Teleological theory: Also known as consequentialist theory, which believes that the best action in any situation is the one that promotes the greatest happiness for the largest number of people. In health care financing, this would fall under the rubric of cost containment by calculating the net benefits verses the consequences.
Utilitarianism: This is Mill’s definition of morality, which is the practical ethics of judgment: What is the greatest good that will benefit the greatest number of people? Medicare falls under this rubric.
Deontological theory: What one should or must do based on the obligations and duties of one’s life. This theory focuses on means, whereas teleological theory focuses on ends.
Virtue ethics: This is the ethics of care as a part of virtue ethics; virtue ethics is a form of normative ethics, which emphasizes the character of the interaction between the health care provider and the patient. This is the opposite of the emphasis on rules or consequences in other moral theories. Health care virtues include compassion, conscientiousness, cooperativeness, discernment, honesty, trustworthiness, truth telling, integrity, kindness, respect, and commitment.
Situational ...
The document discusses different theories of ethics that can guide business decisions, including consequentialism, utilitarianism, and deontology. It examines concepts like values, ethical values, ethics, and the goals of business ethics. The document also analyzes nine specific theories of ethics and provides examples to illustrate how each theory would approach ethical dilemmas.
This document discusses bone tumors. It begins by defining bone tumors and classifying them as either primary bone tumors, which originate in the bone, or secondary bone tumors, which are metastases from other primary cancers. It notes that primary bone tumors are rare, comprising about 1% of all cancers. The document then discusses the epidemiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, investigations including imaging and biopsy, staging systems, and treatments for both benign and malignant bone tumors.
Orthopedic surgery 10th pediatric orthopedic ( 2 )RamiAboali
This document discusses various pediatric orthopedic conditions, including genu valgum (knocked knees), Blount's disease, clubfoot, flat foot, and tarsal coalition. It provides details on the presentation, evaluation, and treatment of each condition. Key points include that genu valgum is normally seen in young children but can become pathological, Blount's disease involves progressive bowing of the tibia, clubfoot requires manipulation and casting treatment using the Ponseti method, flat foot can be flexible or rigid, and tarsal coalition is a fusion of bones in the midfoot or hindfoot. Non-operative treatment is typically attempted initially before considering surgery.
Orthopedic surgery 9th pediatric orthopedic ( 1 )RamiAboali
This document discusses several pediatric orthopedic conditions, including developmental dysplasia of the hip (DDH), Legg-Calve-Perthes disease, and slipped capital femoral epiphysis (SCFE). DDH is an abnormal development of the hip joint that can range from dysplasia to dislocation. It is diagnosed through physical exam and imaging and treated with bracing or surgery. Legg-Calve-Perthes disease causes avascular necrosis of the femoral head and is most common in boys aged 4-8. SCFE involves slippage of the femoral epiphysis and is seen most often in obese adolescent males.
Orthopedic surgery 8th injuries to the lower limb ( 2 )RamiAboali
This document discusses various orthopedic injuries to the lower limb, including fractures of the femoral neck, intertrochanteric fractures, femoral shaft fractures, distal femur fractures, patella fractures, tibial fractures, ankle fractures, and knee dislocations. For each injury, the document discusses epidemiology, mechanism of injury, clinical presentation, treatment options including operative and non-operative management, and potential complications. Surgical treatment involves procedures like open reduction internal fixation, intramedullary nailing, and arthroplasty, while non-operative care includes casting and bracing with restricted weight bearing.
Orthopedic surgery 7th injuries to the lower limb ( 1 )RamiAboali
The document discusses pelvic ring fractures and hip dislocations. It describes the anatomy of the pelvic ring and its ligaments. Common types of pelvic fractures include avulsion fractures, single bone fractures, complex fractures, and acetabulum fractures. Hip dislocations are also covered, including posterior, anterior, and central types. Treatment depends on the fracture or dislocation type. Complications of pelvic fractures can include bleeding, nerve injuries, and long term osteoarthritis. Complications of hip dislocations include arthritis, osteonecrosis, and nerve palsies.
Orthopedic surgery 6th injuries to the upper limb ( 3 )RamiAboali
This document discusses various orthopedic injuries and conditions involving the upper limb. It describes scaphoid bone fractures, including causes, signs and symptoms, diagnostic imaging, treatment options, and complications like avascular necrosis. It also discusses dislocations of the lunate bone, Kienböck's disease, fractures of the hook of hamate, metacarpals, and phalanges. Additional topics include Gamekeeper's thumb, De Quervain's tenosynovitis, trigger finger, and ganglion cysts. Flexor tendon injuries and healing are also summarized.
Orthopedic surgery 5th injuries to the upper limb ( 2 )RamiAboali
The document discusses various orthopedic injuries and conditions around the elbow and upper limb, including proximal humerus fractures, humeral shaft fractures, distal humerus fractures, biceps tendon ruptures, lateral and medial epicondylitis, fractures around the elbow in children including supracondylar humerus fractures and lateral/medial epicondyle fractures, pulled elbow, and elbow dislocations. Treatment options including nonsurgical and surgical management are provided for many of the conditions.
Orthopedic surgery 4th injuries to the upper limb ( 1 )RamiAboali
The document discusses injuries to the upper limb, including brachial plexus lesions and injuries, clavicle fractures, sternoclavicular joint injuries, acromioclavicular joint injuries, shoulder dislocations, and anterior shoulder dislocations specifically. It provides details on the mechanisms, classifications, clinical presentations, investigations, and management approaches for each of these orthopedic conditions.
Orthopedic surgery 3rd complications of fracturesRamiAboali
The document discusses various complications that can arise from fractures, including immediate complications like hemorrhage, damage to arteries and surrounding soft tissues. Early complications include wound infection, fat embolism, shock lung, disseminated intravascular coagulation and compartment syndrome. Late complications involve deformity, osteoarthritis of adjacent or distant joints, aseptic necrosis and complex regional pain syndrome. Various fracture classifications including Gustilo and mechanisms of injuries such as gunshot wounds are also outlined.
Orthopedic surgery 2nd general principles in fracturesRamiAboali
The document discusses bone formation and fracture classification. There are three types of bone formation: enchondral, where bone replaces cartilage; intramembranous, where bone develops directly from mesenchymal cells; and appositional, where new bone forms on top of existing bone. Fractures can be classified in several ways, including by shape (transverse, oblique, comminuted), location (proximal, distal), stability (stable, unstable), and degree of displacement. Fracture healing occurs either through direct union if the fracture is absolutely stable, or through callus formation involving inflammation, soft callus development, hard callus formation, and remodeling if there is movement at the fracture site.
The document discusses orthopedic surgery and provides details on:
- The history and origins of orthopedics as a field dealing with deformities, bone/joint diseases, and musculoskeletal injuries
- Common symptoms in orthopedics such as pain, stiffness, swelling, and deformity
- The typical examination process for orthopedic issues including inspection, palpation, and assessing range of motion and tests
- Key terminology used in orthopedics to describe anatomical planes, directions, alignments, and types of deformities
Neurology 14th diseases of the neuromuscular junction and myopathiesRamiAboali
This document discusses Myasthenia Gravis (MG), a chronic autoimmune neuromuscular disease characterized by varying degrees of muscle weakness. MG is caused by autoantibodies that block neuromuscular transmission, reducing acetylcholine receptors. Symptoms include fatigable weakness of the eyes, face, neck, and limbs. Diagnosis involves tests like the Tensilon test, repetitive nerve stimulation, and antibody tests. Treatment includes anticholinesterases, immunosuppressants, plasma exchange, and sometimes thymectomy. The document also briefly discusses other myopathies and neuromuscular junction disorders like Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome.
This document discusses peripheral neuropathy and provides details on various types including:
- Peripheral neuropathy can affect nerves in the arms, legs, or other areas and be classified by pathology, size of nerves affected, or function (sensory, motor, autonomic).
- Specific types discussed include mononeuropathies which affect individual nerves, polyneuropathies which affect multiple nerves symmetrically, and plexopathies.
- Causes include metabolic, infectious, inflammatory, toxic, and hereditary factors. Specific conditions like diabetes, Guillain-Barré syndrome, and Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease are examined in depth.
- Entrapment neuropathies at sites like the carpal
Neurology 12th disorders of the spine and spinal cordRamiAboali
The document discusses disorders of the spine and spinal cord. It describes the anatomy of the spinal cord and its blood supply. It then outlines the main spinal cord syndromes including spinal cord transection, hemisection, central cord syndrome, and anterior spinal artery syndrome. Specific disorders of the cervical and lumbar spine are also discussed such as cervical spondylosis, cervical and lumbar disc herniation, and lumbar canal stenosis. Clinical features, investigations, and management are provided for each condition. Spinal cord compression is also covered, noting the importance of early diagnosis and treatment to prevent permanent neurological damage.
1. The document discusses the classification, clinical presentation, investigation, and treatment of brain tumors. It describes various types of brain tumors classified by their origin, location, and other characteristics.
2. Signs and symptoms are outlined, including general signs of increased intracranial pressure as well as specific localized signs depending on the tumor location. Investigations discussed include CT scan, MRI, and other tests.
3. Treatment approaches include symptomatic relief, surgery if tumors are accessible, and palliative options like radiation and chemotherapy for inoperable tumors.
This document discusses various central nervous system infections, including acute bacterial meningitis, viral meningitis, tuberculous meningitis, and viral encephalitis. It provides information on the epidemiology, clinical presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of these conditions. Key signs of meningeal irritation are discussed. Lumbar puncture is described as the gold standard diagnostic tool for meningitis, while PCR testing of CSF has become important for identifying viral etiologies. Rapid antibiotic treatment is essential for bacterial meningitis.
Neurology 9th vascular diseases of the nervous systemRamiAboali
This document discusses cerebrovascular disease and stroke. It defines stroke and transient ischemic attack, and describes the main types of stroke. It discusses risk factors, clinical syndromes, investigation, and management of stroke. The most common signs of stroke are sudden onset of facial drooping, weakness, speech difficulty, and vision loss. Imaging such as CT or MRI is important to determine if the stroke is ischemic or hemorrhagic.
The document discusses multiple sclerosis (MS), including its anatomy, physiology, pathogenesis, types, symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. MS is a chronic inflammatory demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. It results from an immune-mediated process causing inflammation, demyelination and axonal loss. There are four main types but the most common is relapsing remitting MS, characterized by temporary flare-ups followed by periods of remission. Symptoms vary depending on location of lesions but may include sensory issues, weakness, visual problems, coordination difficulties and more. Diagnosis involves clinical criteria and tests like MRI and lumbar puncture. Treatment focuses on managing relapses, reducing disease activity and controlling symptoms.
Neurology 7th the atypical parkinsonian disordersRamiAboali
This document discusses various parkinsonian disorders including Parkinson's disease, atypical parkinsonian disorders (Progressive supranuclear palsy, Multisystem atrophy, Corticobasal degeneration), and other causes of parkinsonism such as medications, cerebrovascular disease, Wilson's disease, and Huntington's disease. It provides details on the clinical features, investigations, pathology, and management of these conditions.
Parkinson's disease is a neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of dopamine-producing brain cells in the substantia nigra. It is characterized by motor symptoms such as tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. While the exact cause is unknown, risk factors include age, family history, and exposure to toxins. Diagnosis is based on the presence of motor symptoms, which are improved by levodopa treatment. There is currently no cure, but treatment aims to restore dopamine levels and manage symptoms.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by...Donc Test
TEST BANK For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler, Verified Chapters 1 - 33, Complete Newest Version Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition by Stamler Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition TEST BANK by Stamler Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Study Guide Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Stuvia Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Test Bank For Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Pdf Download Course Hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Answers Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Ebook Download Course hero Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Chapters Download Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Pdf Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Study Guide Questions and Answers Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Ebook Download Stuvia Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Questions Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Studocu Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Quizlet Community Health Nursing A Canadian Perspective, 5th Edition Test Bank Stuvia
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
In some case, your chronic prostatitis may be related to over-masturbation. Generally, natural medicine Diuretic and Anti-inflammatory Pill can help mee get a cure.
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share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Kat...rightmanforbloodline
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TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
TEST BANK For Basic and Clinical Pharmacology, 14th Edition by Bertram G. Katzung, Verified Chapters 1 - 66, Complete Newest Version.
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These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
3. GLOBALIZATION AND MEDICINE
Globalization
The world is a big market
Starts at the end of last century .
Decreased morals
Materialistic target > moral target
Cause a lot of fights and wars between people
Change the term (patient ) to (costumer / client )
When moral side is influenced by materialistics ,
there will be a lot of ethical problems
3
Medical
Ethics
-
Dr.
Rami
Abo
Ali
4. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MORALS & ETHICS
Morals :
Latin word, means : custom
To do what is right , and to leave what is wrong
Related to cultures and religions
Not related to place, job, time ( honesty , goodness )
It is inside issue , relationship between a person and
his beliefs .
It is not measurable .
If it didn’t cause harm , no legal punishment , maybe
social punishment (liar ,..)
4
Medical
Ethics
-
Dr.
Rami
Abo
Ali
5. DIFFERENCE BETWEEN MORALS & ETHICS
Ethics :
Greek word , means character
There is rules and guidelines .
Changes upon time , place and developments
of science
Influenced by developments in human rights.
Morals are different from doctor to other , but
ethics is the same .
Non-ethical behavior have legal punishment
even if didn’t cause physical damage .
(psychological harm ) 5
Medical
Ethics
-
Dr.
Rami
Abo
Ali
6. INTRODUCTION
Several philosophers have given different theories of
ethics.
The ethical theories provides an ordered set of moral
standards to be used in assessing what is morally right
and what is morally wrong regarding human action in
general.
A moral theory is a mechanism for assessing whether a
particular action or rule is ethically justified.
More precisely, a moral theory can help us to sharpen
our moral vision, it helps us determine whether an
action or a rule is ethically right , wrong, or permissible.
These theories help us in getting better understanding of
ethics and guide us in making ethical decision.
6
Medical
Ethics
-
Dr.
Rami
Abo
Ali
7. Ethical Theories :
We will talk about three of these ethical
theories :
I. Consequence-based Utilitarian Theory
II. Virtue Theory
III. Deontology Theory
7
Medical
Ethics
-
Dr.
Rami
Abo
Ali
8. I. CONSEQUENCE-BASED
UTILITARIAN THEORY
An individual act (X) is morally permissible if the
consequences that result from (X) produces the greatest
amount of good for the greatest number of persons affected
by the act .
It primarily refers to moral views or theories which base their
evaluations of acts solely on consequences
Opposite of deontology theory .
Patient’s benefit is the most important thing regardless the
way to achieve that .
The most common, but not the only, form of
consequentialism is utilitarianism
( The End Justifies The Means)
8
Medical
Ethics
-
Dr.
Rami
Abo
Ali
9. UTILITARIANISM
Utilitarianism is a moral theory that advocates actions that
promote overall happiness or pleasure and rejects actions that
cause unhappiness or harm.
A utilitarian philosophy, when directed to making social,
economic, or political decisions, aims for the betterment of
society.
According to the “classical” version, what makes a consequence
good or bad is its effect on people’s happiness.
Roughly, a consequence is bad if it reduces happiness, good if it
increases happiness.
Happiness, in turn, is understood to mean: an increase in
pleasure and/or decrease in pain.
Because of the emphasis on happiness, Utilitarianism is
sometimes called “the greatest happiness principle”.
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10. UTILITARIANISM CONT.
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"The greatest amount of good for the
greatest number of people" is a maxim of
utilitarianism.
The major philosophers who developed the
utilitarian approach were Jermy Bentham (1748-
1832) and John Stuart Mill (1806-1873) , British
philosophers .
11. UTILITARIANISM CONT.
Utilitarianism appears to be a simple theory because it
consists of only one evaluative principle: Do what
produces the best consequences.
In fact, however, the theory is complex because we
cannot understand that single principle unless we know
(at least) three things:
a) What things are good and bad;
b) Whose good (i.e. which individuals or groups) we should
aim to maximize;
c) Whether actions, policies, etc. are made right or wrong
by their actual consequences (the results that our actions
actually produce) or by their foreseeable consequences
(the results that we predict will occur based on the
evidence that we have). 11
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12. STRENGTHS OF UTILITARIANISM
It is believed that actions are right if they are useful to a
majority of people. It is most commonly applied ethical
theory
In this theory, the worth of each action is judged primarily
on its own merits .
Gives a clear answer to the question ( what should I do ? )
Human in this theory is neutral . ( as an object )
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13. CRITICISM OF UTILITARIANISM
Cannot predict the outcome of actions in advance, thus it is
impossible to set the standers of one’s moral action on the
basis of the act itself
The notion of utility is very vague. It is very difficult to
determine what the maximal utility would be for all affected
by a situation.
There is doubt regarding what is the “majority”. Sometimes
its action may benefit the majority at the cost of exploitation
of the minority
It may sometimes result in unethical and immoral choices
as it judges morality by the results only, and not by the means
It is very much difficult to foresee the consequences with
accuracy.
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14. EXAMPLES OF UTILITARIANISM
Headache : you can find the causes and treat it upon its
cause , or u can give painkiller ( cetacodiene ) and
patient will be happy .
You get great result of exam even if you cheated ( the
result is the most important , not the way or method ) .
You gave placebo medicines to treat warts . The patient
believes that it is the best medicine , he might be cured
of warts . The result is the most important thing .
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15. II. VIRTUE THEORY
This philosophy stems from Aristotle (384-322 BC. ) and is
based on the virtues of the person making a decision.
The virtue ethical theory judges a person by his/her character
rather than by an action that may deviate from his/her
normal behavior
The consideration in virtue ethics is essentially “what makes
a good person,” or, for the purpose of this discussion, “what
makes a good public relations professional?”
Virtue ethics require the decision-maker to understand what
virtues are good for public relations and then decisions are
made in light of those particular virtues.
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16. VIRTUE CONT.
Examples :
If the virtue of honesty is the of utmost importance to a good
public relations professional, then all decisions should be
made ethically to ensure honesty is preserved.
Honesty is good and should be done in all situation even it
hurts some times ( doctor and cancer patient )
Abortion :
Killing the human being is a crime , the embryo is a human
being , so , according to virtue theory , abortion is considered
a crime and shouldn’t be done even if it is life threatening in
some medical conditions .. But , what if we consider the
embryo is not a human being yet ?!
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17. VIRTUE CONT.
Strength :
Depends on appearance of morals more than morals itself (
embryo is a human being ? )
Multiple and differs from person to another
Important in medical practicing and for medical students and
doctors ( best character )
Criticism :
It does not take into consideration a person’s change in
moral character
Difficult to analyze , selfish , and character depending .
Dangerous if it is extreme .
No middle choice between good and bad 17
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18. III. DEONTOLOGY THEORY
Deontological ethics or deontology from Greek word
deon , “ that which is binding ” or refers to “ obligation,
duty ” which is the normative ethical position that
judges the morality of an action based on rules .
It is sometimes described as “ duty ” or “ obligation” or
“ rule” based ethics , because rules “ bind you to your
duty” .
Duties are action that should be done or avoided
regardless of consequences
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19. Deontological (duty-based) ethics are concerned with what
people do, not with the consequences of their actions.
Do the right thing.
Do it because it's the right thing to do.
Don't do wrong things.
Avoid them because they are wrong.
Someone who follows Duty-based ethics should do the right
thing, even if that produces more harm (or less good) than
doing the wrong thing:
People have a duty to do the right thing, even if it produces a bad
result
Maybe it will not achieve the best results , but the result will be
morally good and accepted .
( What is built on wrong will be wrong ).
Opposite of utilitarianism theory
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20. Medical Deontology
Defined as a Set of :
Ethical standards and principles of behavior of medical
practitioners while executing their professional duties
Professional ethics of medical workers
Principles of behavior of medical personnel , directed
towards maximum benefit of treatment of the patient!
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21. STRENGTH OF DUTY-BASED ( DEONTOLOGY ) ETHICS
Emphasizes the value of every human being , and tend
to focus on giving equal respect to all human beings.
Says some acts are always wrong
Provides 'certainty‘
Deals with intentions and motives
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22. CRITICISM OF DUTY-BASED ( DEONTOLOGY ) ETHICS
Absolutist : sets absolute rules. The only way of dealing
with cases that don't seem to fit is to build a list of
exceptions to the rule.
Allows acts that make the world a less good place
Because duty-based ethics is not interested in the
results it can lead to courses of action that produce a
reduction in the overall happiness of the world.
Hard to reconcile conflicting duties , and it doesn't deal
well with the cases where duties are in conflict. 22
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23. EXAMPLES OF DEONTOLOGY
Hopeless cancer patient asked you is there any hope to live ?
You shouldn’t say “ yes you will die after 3 months”
You should say “ your situation is not so bad , we are doing our
best , you should be calm , nobody knows when to die”
In this case we are not lairs , but we didn’t tell the whole truth ,
we just do our duties toward the patient to make him calm and
comfort .
Patient need kidney transplantation , I cant do the operation if I know
that this kidney is stolen or they buy it . ( opposite of utilitarianism )
Diabetic patient come to clinic and afraid of this disease
Tell him it is simple issue and half of people have this problem ,
happiness ( utilitarianism )
Tell him he should take the medicine and do pay attention for diet
and medical recommendations to prevent later complications of
this disease . ( deontology )
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24. KANT’S DUTY-BASED ETHICS
Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) (Kaliningrad,
Russia)
Represent deontological ethics
Kant thought that it was possible to
develop a consistent moral system by
using reason.
If people were to think about this
seriously and in a philosophically rigorous
manner, Kant taught, they would realize
that there were some moral laws that all
rational beings had to obey simply
because they were rational beings, and
this would apply to any rational beings in
any universe that might ever exist
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26. KANT’S DUTY-BASED ETHICS
Good Will
What is good?
Although Kantian ethics are usually spoken of in terms
of duty and doing the right thing, Kant himself thought
that what was good was an essential part of ethics.
Kant asked if there was anything that everybody could
rationally agree was always good. The only thing that he
thought satisfied this test was a good will:
.
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27. KANT’S DUTY-BASED ETHICS
The Notion of Duty
Distinction between “I want” and “I ought”.
Moral actions are not spontaneous, if I see someone in
need of help, I may be inclined to look the other way,
but I will recognize that my duty is to help.
Considering only those actions that are seemingly good
according to Kant are actions that seem good by duty,
that are good to my common sense of duty and for that
they are right
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28. KANT’S DUTY-BASED ETHICS
The Nature of Imperatives
Imperatives are commands
For kant there exist 2:
1. Hypothetical Imperatives
2. Categorical Imperatives
1. Hypothetical Imperatives
If you want you ought. The ought or the duty is
conditioned by your desires, wants and goals.
Our goals are grounded in self-interest .
Example : you should study to succeed the exam ( maybe
you will not succeed in first time , then you change your
methods and study harder to achieve the result )
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29. 2. Categorical Imperative
The general from of Do. (Unconditioned)
For Kant there is only one imperative command and it is the Moral
Law.
Example : do emergency treatment to the patient even he is your
enemy .
Divided in 2 formulations
1. First Formulation
“Always act in such a way that you would be willing for it to become a
general law that everyone else should do the same in the same
situation..”
2. Second Formulation
“Act so that you treat humanity, whether in your own person or that of
another, always as an end and never as a mean.”
See if your actions are using others or affecting others, in the meaning
of never using them as a mean to achieve but always as an end
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30. CONFLICTION OF DUTIES
Lying or not telling the truth is morally unacceptable , but ,
what if a soldier was captured by enemy , he will have two
choices : to tell the truth and betray his country , or to lie . He is
here in front of tow duties , what will he chose ?
Lying and betraying are both immoral , but in this case to lie is
better than to betray .
The rule here is to follow the least damage .
Another example , breast cancer 2nd stage no lymph nodes
metastases , chemotherapy , radiotherapy , surgery with total
resection , or partial resection . ??
Deontology theory and the religions both have the rule of
( Necessities allow Prohibitions ) 30
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31. New deontology theories
1) Rossian duty-based ethics
2) Rawls’s theory of justice
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32. 1) ROSSIAN DUTY-BASED ETHICS
The 20th Century philosopher W. D. Ross [Sir David Ross]
(1877-1971) .
Attempts to incorporate aspects of utilitarianism and
aspects of Kantianism
Rejected the utilitarian notion that an action is made right
by its consequences alone, but he was also troubled by
Kant’s view, if a rule passed the categorical imperative (and
became a duty to follow), it could have no exceptions, it
was absolute.
He saw not only that such rules fail to show sensitivity to
the complexities of actual situations, but also that they
sometimes conflict with one another. 32
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33. ROSSIAN DUTY-BASED ETHICS CONT.
Kantian ethics seems pretty uncompromising and not really
suited to the disordered of many moral choices that people
have to make.
He suggested that it would be helpful to look at two kinds of
duty:
1. Prima facie duties (Legal term indicating that something
is obvious enough to be considered true until proven
false)
2. Actual duties
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34. I. PRIMA FACIE DUTIES
Are self-evident and obvious duties ( prima facie is a
Latin expression meaning 'on first appearances' or 'by
first instance')
Can be known to be correct if a person thinks about
them and understands them:
Should be promoted, "all things considered“
Can be outweighed by other prima facie duties.
{ when we have reached sufficient mental maturity and
have given sufficient attention to the proposition it is
evident without any need of proof, or of evidence beyond
itself }
W D Ross, The Right and the Good, 1930
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35. Ross listed The Seven Kinds of Prima Facie Duties:
1. Fidelity
2. Reparation
3. Gratitude
4. Justice
5. Beneficence
6. Self-improvement
7. Non-maleficence (avoiding actions that do harm)
Calling these 'duties' may be a bit misleading, as they are not
so much duties as "features that give us real (not only obvious)
moral reason to do certain actions".
Ross later described prima facie duties as "responsibilities to
ourselves and to others" and he went on to say that "what we
should do (our duty proper [our actual duty]) is determined by
the balance of these responsibilities."
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36. II. ACTUAL DUTIES
This is the duty people are left with after they have
weighed up all the conflicting prima facie duties that
apply in a particular case .
the ground of the actual rightness of the act is that,
of all acts possible in the circumstances, it is that
whose prima facie rightness in the respects in which
it is prima facie right most outweighs its prima facie
wrongness in any respects in which it is prima facie
wrong.
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37. EXAMPLES OF APPLYING THE PRIMA FACIE DUTIES
If you are carrying a heavy load into a building and a passer
by holds the door open for you, you can see immediately that
an expression of gratitude is in order. (You are directly
applying the relevant prima facie duty where it is applicable
and discovering your actual duty in the circumstances.)
If you are an able-bodied passer-by not carrying anything
yourself and you notice someone trying to carry a heavy load
into a building, you might see immediately that you ought to
hold the door open for him or her. (You would be directly
applying the prima facie duty of beneficence.)
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38. Problems with the Rossian approach
Ross's idea still leaves some problems:
How can we tell which prima facie duties are involved in
a particular case?
How can we compare and rank them in order to arrive at
a balance which will guide us as to our actual duty?
Ross thought that people could solve those problems by
relying on their intuitions.
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39. 2) RAWLS’S THEORY OF JUSTICE
The theory of justice formulated by Harvard philosophy
professor John Rawls (1921–2002) can be understood as
attempting to combine the strengths of utilitarianism
and deontology while avoiding the weaknesses of each
view.
For Rawls, the central task of government is to preserve
and promote the liberty and welfare of individuals.
Thus, principles of justice are needed to serve as
standards for designing and evaluating social institutions
and practices.
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40. PRINCIPLES OF JUSTICE
Rawls’ position has direct relevance to such bioethical issues as
who should have access to health care, how donated organs
should be distributed, and who should pay for society’s medical
costs.
Rawls argues that there are two essential principles of justice:
1. Each person is to have an equal right to the most extensive
total system of equal basic liberties compatible with a
similar system of liberty for all.
2. Social and economic inequalities are to be arranged so
that they are both
a) To the greatest benefit of the least advantaged
b) Attached to offices and positions open to all under
conditions of fair equality of opportunity.
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41. For Rawls, these two principles are taken to govern the
distribution of all social goods: liberty, property, wealth,
and social privilege.
The first principle has priority. It guarantees a system of
equal liberty for all.
The second principle governs the distribution of social
goods other than liberty.
Though Rawls’ overall position has relevance to
individual medical decisions, it’s most important
application is to the social institutions and practices of
medical care and research. 41
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42. Ethical theories
Consequence-based
Utilitarian Theory
Virtue Theory Deontology Theory
The old deontology
theory : Kant’s Duty-
based Ethics
The new deontology
theories
Rossian duty-based
ethics
Rawls’s theory of justice
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