Introducing computer systems Electronic device Converts data into information Modern computers are digital Two digits combine to make data Older computers were analog A range of values made data

1. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill Technology Education
Chapter 1A
Introducing Computer
Systems

2. 1A-2
The Computer Defined
• Electronic device
• Converts data into information
• Modern computers are digital
– Two digits combine to make data
• Older computers were analog
– A range of values made data

3. 1A-3
Computers For Individual Use
• Desktop computers
– The most common type of computer
– Sits on the desk or floor
– Performs a variety of tasks
• Workstations
– Specialized computers
– Optimized for science or graphics
– More powerful than a desktop

4. 1A-4
Computers For Individual Use
• Notebook computers
– Small portable computers
– Weighs between 3 and 8
pounds
– About 8 ½ by 11 inches
– Typically as powerful as a
desktop
– Can include a docking station

5. 1A-5
Computers For Individual Use
• Tablet computers
– Newest development
in portable
computers
– Input is through
a pen
– Run specialized
versions of office
products

6. 1A-6
• Handheld computers
– Very small computers
– Personal Digital Assistants (PDA)
– Note taking or contact management
– Data can synchronize with a desktop
• Smart phones
– Hybrid of cell phone and PDA
– Web surfing, e-mail access
Computers For Individual Use

7. 1A-7
Computers in Network
• Network servers
– Centralized computer
– All other computers connect
– Provides access to network resources
– Multiple servers are called server farms
– Often simply a powerful desktop
• Network clients
– Connected to Centralized computer
– Gain access to network resources through
servers
– Often simple desktop

8. 1A-8
Computers by POWER
• Mainframes
– Used in large
organizations
– Handle thousands
of users
– Users access
through a terminal

9. 1A-9
Computers by POWER
• Microcomputers
– Personal Computer/ Desktop
– Single processor
– Meant for single user

10. 1A-10
Computers by POWER
• Minicomputers
– Called midrange computers
– Power between mainframe and desktop
– Usually has multiple processors
– Handle hundreds of users
– Used in smaller organizations
– Users may access through a terminal
– Used for servers

11. 1A-11
Computers by POWER
• Supercomputers
– The most powerful
computers made
– Handle large and
complex calculations
– Process trillions of
operations per
second
– Found in research
organizations

12. Top 10 Supercomputers of the TOP500 on Nov,
2015
RANK SITE SYSTEM CORES
RMAX
(TFLOP/S)
RPEAK
(TFLOP/S)
1 National Super Computer Center in Guangzhou
China
Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2) - TH-IVB-FEP Cluster, Intel
Xeon E5-2692 12C 2.200GHz, TH Express-2, Intel Xeon
Phi 31S1P
NUDT
3,120,000 33,862.7 54,902.4
2 DOE/SC/Oak Ridge National Laboratory
United States
Titan - Cray XK7 , Opteron 6274 16C 2.200GHz, Cray
Gemini interconnect, NVIDIA K20x
Cray Inc.
560,640 17,590.0 27,112.5
3 DOE/NNSA/LLNL
United States
Sequoia - BlueGene/Q, Power BQC 16C 1.60 GHz,
Custom
IBM
1,572,864 17,173.2 20,132.7
4 RIKEN Advanced Institute for Computational
Science (AICS)
Japan
K computer, SPARC64 VIIIfx 2.0GHz, Tofu interconnect
Fujitsu
705,024 10,510.0 11,280.4
5 DOE/SC/Argonne National Laboratory
United States
Mira - BlueGene/Q, Power BQC 16C 1.60GHz, Custom
IBM
786,432 8,586.6 10,066.3
6 DOE/NNSA/LANL/SNL
United States
Trinity - Cray XC40, Xeon E5-2698v3 16C 2.3GHz,
Aries interconnect
Cray Inc.
301,056 8,100.9 11,078.9
7 Swiss National Supercomputing Centre (CSCS)
Switzerland
Piz Daint - Cray XC30, Xeon E5-2670 8C 2.600GHz,
Aries interconnect , NVIDIA K20x
Cray Inc.
115,984 6,271.0 7,788.9
8 HLRS - Höchstleistungsrechenzentrum Stuttgart
Germany
Hazel Hen - Cray XC40, Xeon E5-2680v3 12C 2.5GHz,
Aries interconnect
Cray Inc.
185,088 5,640.2 7,403.5
9 King Abdullah University of Science and
Technology
Saudi Arabia
Shaheen II - Cray XC40, Xeon E5-2698v3 16C 2.3GHz,
Aries interconnect
Cray Inc.
196,608 5,537.0 7,235.2
10 Texas Advanced Computing Center/Univ. of
Texas
United States
Stampede - PowerEdge C8220, Xeon E5-2680 8C
2.700GHz, Infiniband FDR, Intel Xeon Phi SE10P
Dell
462,462 5,168.1 8,520.1
1A-12

13. TOP 3
1A-13 Source: http://www.top500.org/
Tianhe-2 (MilkyWay-2): National Super Computer
Center in Guangzhou
Titan: Oak Ridge National Laboratory
Sequoia: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory

14. 1A-14
Mainframes vs. Supercomputers
• Supercomputers are optimized for complicated
computations that take place largely in memory, while
mainframes are optimized for comparatively simple
computations involving huge amounts of external
data.
• For example, weather forecasting is suited to
supercomputers, and insurance business or payroll
processing applications are more suited to
mainframes.
• Supercomputers are often purpose-built for one or a
very few specific institutional tasks (e.g. simulation
and modeling). Mainframes typically handle a wider
variety of tasks (e.g. data processing, warehousing).

15. Copyright © 2006 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.McGraw-Hill Technology Education
Chapter 1A
End of Chapter