This document discusses how computers represent and process data. It begins by explaining different number systems like binary and decimal. It then discusses how binary numbers are used by computers to represent data using bits and bytes. The document outlines how computers process data using the CPU, which contains a control unit and arithmetic logic unit. Components that affect processing speed like registers, cache memory, and bus width are also summarized. Finally, the document briefly profiles major computer processors from Intel and AMD and provides a comparison of their top consumer CPUs.
Number systems
A manner of counting
Several different number systems exist
Decimal number system
Used by humans to count
Contains ten distinct digits
Digits combine to make larger numbers
Network Basics
Local Area Network (LAN)
Contains printers, servers and computers
Systems are close to each other
Contained in one office or building
Organizations often have several LANS
Introducing computer systems
Electronic device
Converts data into information
Modern computers are digital
Two digits combine to make data
Older computers were analog
A range of values made data
Number systems
A manner of counting
Several different number systems exist
Decimal number system
Used by humans to count
Contains ten distinct digits
Digits combine to make larger numbers
Network Basics
Local Area Network (LAN)
Contains printers, servers and computers
Systems are close to each other
Contained in one office or building
Organizations often have several LANS
Introducing computer systems
Electronic device
Converts data into information
Modern computers are digital
Two digits combine to make data
Older computers were analog
A range of values made data
It is a topic related to computer science and many other courses.It will tell you in detail that how a computer transforms data into information and make data meaningful and useful.
This is a quick overview on the hardware computer architecture. Slides can be used as an introductory session to programming classes or computer architecture courses.
It is a topic related to computer science and many other courses.It will tell you in detail that how a computer transforms data into information and make data meaningful and useful.
This is a quick overview on the hardware computer architecture. Slides can be used as an introductory session to programming classes or computer architecture courses.
Computers are incredibly versatile machines that have become an integral part of modern life. Essentially, a computer is a programmable electronic device that processes input data according to instructions stored in its memory to produce output.
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A Memorandum of Association (MOA) is a legal document that outlines the fundamental principles and objectives upon which a company operates. It serves as the company's charter or constitution and defines the scope of its activities. Here's a detailed note on the MOA:
Contents of Memorandum of Association:
Name Clause: This clause states the name of the company, which should end with words like "Limited" or "Ltd." for a public limited company and "Private Limited" or "Pvt. Ltd." for a private limited company.
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Registered Office Clause: It specifies the location where the company's registered office is situated. This office is where all official communications and notices are sent.
Objective Clause: This clause delineates the main objectives for which the company is formed. It's important to define these objectives clearly, as the company cannot undertake activities beyond those mentioned in this clause.
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Liability Clause: It outlines the extent of liability of the company's members. In the case of companies limited by shares, the liability of members is limited to the amount unpaid on their shares. For companies limited by guarantee, members' liability is limited to the amount they undertake to contribute if the company is wound up.
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Capital Clause: This clause specifies the authorized capital of the company, i.e., the maximum amount of share capital the company is authorized to issue. It also mentions the division of this capital into shares and their respective nominal value.
Association Clause: It simply states that the subscribers wish to form a company and agree to become members of it, in accordance with the terms of the MOA.
Importance of Memorandum of Association:
Legal Requirement: The MOA is a legal requirement for the formation of a company. It must be filed with the Registrar of Companies during the incorporation process.
Constitutional Document: It serves as the company's constitutional document, defining its scope, powers, and limitations.
Protection of Members: It protects the interests of the company's members by clearly defining the objectives and limiting their liability.
External Communication: It provides clarity to external parties, such as investors, creditors, and regulatory authorities, regarding the company's objectives and powers.
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Binding Authority: The company and its members are bound by the provisions of the MOA. Any action taken beyond its scope may be considered ultra vires (beyond the powers) of the company and therefore void.
Amendment of MOA:
While the MOA lays down the company's fundamental principles, it is not entirely immutable. It can be amended, but only under specific circumstances and in compliance with legal procedures. Amendments typically require shareholder
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3. 5A-3
How Computers Represent Data
• Number systems
– A manner of counting
– Several different number systems exist
• Decimal number system
– Used by humans to count
– Contains ten distinct digits
– Digits combine to make larger numbers
– 5th century
4. 5A-4
How Computers Represent Data
• Binary number system
– Used by computers to count
– Two distinct digits, 0 and 1
– 0 and 1 combine to make numbers
– By Gottfried Leibniz in 1689
5. 5A-5
How Computers Represent Data
• Bits and bytes
– Binary numbers are made of bits
– Bit represents a switch
– A byte is 8 bits
– Byte represents one character
6. 5A-6
How Computers Represent Data
• Text codes
– Converts letters into binary
– Standard codes necessary for data transfer
– ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange)
• American English symbols
– Extended ASCII
• Graphics and other symbols
– Unicode
• All languages on the planet
8. 5A-8
How Computers Process Data
• The CPU
– Central Processing Unit
– Brain of the computer
Segments of a CPU:
– Control unit
• Controls resources in computer
• Instruction set
– Arithmetic Logic unit (ALU)
• Includes Registers (High Speed Memory
Location built in CPU)
• Arithmetic Unit:
– Simple math operations (+, -, ×, ÷, ^)
• Logic Unit: (=, ≠, >, ≥, < , ≤, etc.)
9. 5A-9
Affecting Processing Speed
• Registers
– Number of bits processor can handle
– High Speed Memory Location built in CPU
– Word size
– Larger indicates more powerful computer
– Increase by purchasing new CPU
– 32 bit / 64 bit
11. 5A-11
Affecting Processing Speed
• Cache memory
– Very fast memory
– Holds common or recently used data
– Speeds up computer processing
– Most computers have several caches;
location depends on the CPU &
Motherboard type
– L1 holds recently used data (in CPU)
– L2 holds upcoming data (in CPU)
– L3 holds possible upcoming data (in
Motherboard)
12. 5A-12
Affecting Processing Speed
• Virtual RAM
– Computer is out of actual RAM
– Using Hard Disk space for RAM purpose
– File that emulates RAM
– Computer swaps data to virtual RAM
• Least recently used data is moved
• Virtual memory in Windows 10:
– Right click on windows icon > system > system info >
Advanced System Settings > Performance Settings >
Advanced
13. 5A-13
Affecting Processing Speed
• The bus
– Electronic pathway between components
– Expansion bus connects to peripherals
– System bus connects CPU and RAM
– Bus width is measured in bits
– Speed is tied to the clock
14. 5A-14
Affecting Processing Speed
• External bus standards
– Industry Standard Architecture (ISA)
– Peripheral control interface (PCI)
– Accelerated graphics port (AGP)
– Universal serial bus (USB)
– PC Card
15. 5A-15
Affecting Processing Speed
• Universal Serial Bus (USB)
– Connects external devices
– Hot swappable
– Allows up to 127 devices
– Cameras, printers, and scanners
16. Microcomputer Processors
• IBM
– Historically manufactured mainframes
– Partnered with Apple to develop G5
• First consumer 64 bit chip
17. Microcomputer Processors
• Intel
– Leading manufacturer of processors
– Intel 4004 was worlds first microprocessor
– IBM PC powered by Intel 8086
– Current processors
• Xeon
• Core i9, i7, i5, i3
• Pentium
18. Microcomputer Processors
• Advanced Micro Devices (AMD)
– Main competitor to Intel
– Originally produced budget products
– Current products outperform Intel
– Current processors
• Ryzen
• Opteron
• FX
• Athlon