This document presents the design of an underground drainage and manhole monitoring system using an Internet of Things (IoT) approach. The system uses wireless sensor nodes to monitor water levels, temperatures, and whether manhole lids are open inside manholes. The sensor data is transmitted to a receiver and displayed. The objectives are to keep cities clean, safe and healthy by remotely monitoring manholes. The design considers low cost, low maintenance, fast deployment, long battery life and a high number of sensors. Hardware implementation has been completed to display sensor readings. Future work involves accessing the sensor data over the internet. The system aims to address issues from blocked drainage during rains and prevent accidents from open manhole lids.

1. Internet of Things for Underground Drainage And Manhole
Monitoring System for Metropolitan Cities
A midterm Project report submitted
to
MANIPAL UNIVERSITY
For Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the
Award of the Degree
of
Master of Technology
in
Network Engineering
by
Muragesh S Kabbinakantimath
Reg. No.120927023
under the guidance of
Mr.Santhosha Rao
Assistant Professor, Department of ICT MIT Manipal
February 2014

2. Abstract
The Internet of Things (IoT) consists of real life objects, communication devices
attached to sensor networks in order to provide communication and automated
actions between real world and information world. IoT came into existence because,
without human interaction computers were able to access data from objects and
devices, but it was aimed at, to overcome the limiting factors of human entered
data, and to achieve cost, accuracy and generality factors. Wireless Sensor Network
(WSN) is a key enabler for IoT paradigm. This paper represents the implementation
and design function of an underground drainage and manhole monitoring system
(UDMS) for IoT applications. The vital considerations of this design are low cost,
low maintenance, fast deployment, and high number of sensors, long life-time and
high quality of service. The proposed model provides a system of monitoring the
water level and temperature inside a manhole and to check whether a manhole lid
is open. It also monitors underground installed electric power lines. In real time,
UDMS can remotely monitor current states of the manholes.
Keywords:Internet of Things (IoT), IoT applications, wireless sensor networks (WSN),
WSN optimized design, WSN platform, WSN protocol, Underground Drainage and Man-
hole monitoring System (UDMS)
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3. Contents
1 Introduction 3
2 Literature Survey 6
3 Motivation 8
4 Objective and Scope 8
5 Design 8
6 Implementation and Results 9
7 Work done so far 11
8 Work to be done 11
9 Conclusion 12
10 References 13
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4. 1 Introduction
The most of the cities adopted the underground drainage system and it should be in
proper manner to maintain the cleanliness of cities. If the drainage maintenance is not
proper the pure water gets contaminate with drainage water and infectious diseases may
get spread. The drainage gets blocked during rainy season, it will create problem for
routine life. The traffic may get jammed, the environment becomes dirty, totally it upsets
the public. So it is the duty of corporation to take care of cleanliness of the city. They
should take special care about drainage system. It is very common that drainage will
get blocked due to some reasons. But the corporation official responds to this problem
very late. After getting blocked the public will notice this, but some-times the public
also careless and they dont inform the officials. After creation of some serious problem
through public or some other Medias the news will go to officials and they respond to it
thereafter. Until then the whole public of that corresponding area has to suffer. Suppose
if there should be a facility which would be there in Municipal Corporation that the
officials come to know immediately after blocking of drainage in which area and the
exact place where it is blocked and it also informs if the manhole lid is open. The time
will be saved. The action can be taken quickly and man power will be saved. So our main
focus is monitoring manholes using sensors. If drainage gets blocked and water overflows,
it sensed by the sensor, then that sensor sends information via transmitter and that signal
is received by a particular receiver which is near to corporation or corresponding offices.
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5. Figure 1: Early days open drainage
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6. Figure 2: Construction of underground drainage system
Figure 3: Overflow of manhole
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7. Figure 4: Dangerous lid open manhole
2 Literature Survey
Ivanovitch Silva et.al have presented a paper on ” A dependability evaluation tool for the
Internet of Things”. The Internet of Things (IoT) is a promising networking paradigm
which immerses objects (cell phones, goods, watches, sensing motes, TVs, etc.) in a world-
wide connection. Despite its high degree of applicability, the IoT faces some challenges.
One of the most challenging problems is its dependability (reliability and availability),
since a device failure might put people in danger or result in financial loss. The lack of a
design tool for assessing the dependability of IoT applications at the early planning and
design phases prevents system designers from optimizing their decisions so as to minimize
the effects of such faults on the network devices. In this paper, we propose a dependabil-
ity evaluation tool for IoT applications, when hardware faults and permanent link faults
are considered.
Sho Fujita et.al have presented a paper on ”Identifying and verifying clock synchro-
nization protocol parameters, Proceedings of the workshop on Internet of Things and
Service Platforms”. The Internet of Things(IoT) is a novel paradigm, where things are
in the majority position of producers and consumers of traffic. IoT is expected to have
a strong impact on our everyday life, i.e., the physical space around us. In the physical
space, the notion of time is so universal that the information there is often combined
with timestamps. To make them consistent among IoT nodes, applications need a clock
synchronization mechanism, which has been an important topic in the research commu-
nity. Whereas earlier studies focused mainly on improving synchronization accuracy, we
focus on improving efficiency to achieve a given synchronization accuracy in a given en-
vironment. This viewpoint is important because applications do not always require the
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8. best synchronization accuracy and only limited resources are available for IoT nodes. We
propose methods to identify and verify appropriate parameters for clock synchronization
protocols. Because our methods are not limited to a specific protocol, we introduce a
clock synchronization protocol model that generalizes a class of clock synchronization
protocols and discuss our methods based on it. Our methods are demonstrated on a
trace of time information collected in our testbed.
Lara Srivastava et. al have presented a paper on ”Towards a narrative-aware design
framework for smart urban environments, The Future Internet: future internet assem-
bly”. Innovation in smart city systems is based on the principle that devices, places and
everyday things can each be enabled to serve people in a real-time and responsive manner.
This chapter presents a novel approach to the design of smart city systems that takes
into account not only technical installations in a future Internet of Things environment,
but also the power of human storytelling in an always-on networked world. It is only
when environments are both sensor-driven and socially-aware that a more holistic, and
therefore more useful, urban narrative can emerge in the future Internet context. The
present chapter proposes a new narrative-aware design framework and applies it to a
hypothetical city scenario in order to highlight its main components and the benefits it
may offer to a future Internet city’s actors.
Flavia C. Delicato , Paulo F. Pires et.al have published a paper entitled ” Towards an
IoT ecosystem, Proceedings of the First International Workshop on Software Engineering
for Systems-of-Systems”. In the near future, it will be possible that every object on
Earth can be identifiable and addressable. Such objects will be able to be monitored and
monitor their physical environments, and of executing actions on such environments in
benefit of human users. Moreover, these so-called smart objects will be endowed with
wireless communication capabilities. By being uniquely addressed, wireless endowed and
through the use of existing protocols and standardized formats, smart things can be
integrated in the Internet and accessed as any other Web resource. In this context, the
Internet of Things (IoT) emerges as a paradigm in which smart things actively collaborate
among them and with other physical and virtual objects available in the Web, providing
value-added information and functionalities for users. The IoT paradigm has recently
showed its potential of considerably impacting the daily lives of human beings mainly
due to the use and interaction of physical devices in several domains, including complex
systems composed of other systems. In this paper we discuss the IoT paradigm from the
perspective of Systems-of-Systems and present EcoDiF, a IoT platform that integrates
heterogeneous devices to provide real-time data control, visualization, processing, and
storage. In EcoDiF, devices, information, users and applications are integrated to create
an IoT ecosystem in which new ideas and products can be developed in an organic way.
Denis Carvin , Philippe Owezarski , Pascal Berthou et. al have published a paper
on ”Managing the upcoming ubiquitous computing, Proceedings of the 8th International
Conference on Network and Service Management” The Internet of Things (IoT) is a
promising theme of research. Covering subjects from micro-electronic to social sciences
with a major field in computing, network and telecommunication. It is judged as the
future of the today’s Internet. The main idea is to benefit from an ambient intelligence
instantiated by objects assisting humans in their daily tasks. One has already imagined
use cases and challenging projects in separate areas, but challenge often means perfor-
mances and requires expensive specific implementations or technologies. Paradoxically,
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9. this technology fragmentation starves us from a rapid growth of the IoT whereas it pre-
vents us to be flooded by the uncharacterized traffic it would generate [1]. Intersecting
three domains of research that are Systems Monitoring and Management, Ubiquitous
Computing and Cognitive Radio, we introduce our ongoing work on a new transversal
use case called Ubiquitous Cognitive Systems Management (UCSM) to tackle this para-
dox and originate the chatty object concept.
3 Motivation
The most of the cities adopted the underground drainage system to maintain the cleanli-
ness of cities. If the drainage maintenance is not proper the pure water gets contaminate
with drainage water and infectious diseases may get spread. The drainage gets blocked
during rainy season, it will create problem for routine life. The traffic may get jammed,
the environment becomes dirty, and totally it upsets the public. If the manhole lid is not
closed properly there is a chance of occurrence of accidents and also people or animals may
get fall into the drainage. This problem is very interesting, suppose imagine if we should
have a remote monitoring system to monitor the internal states of the manhole, and then
we can solve this problem efficiently. These problems occur due to environmental changes
like rainy season etc. There are many other remote monitoring systems, [refer] they have
adopted WSN to remotely monitor the conditions [refer crop monitoring journal patent].
We can improve this problem by designing WSN platform IoT applications.
4 Objective and Scope
The main objective of this project to keep the city clean, safety and healthy. If the
drainage maintenance is not proper it will create problem for routine life, traffic may
get jammed infectious diseases may get spread and there is a chance of occurrence of
accidents. The vital considerations of this design are low cost, low maintenance, fast
deployment, and high number of sensors, long life-time and high quality of service.
5 Design
To overcome the problem of open drainage system, most of the cities were adopted the
underground drainage system to keep the city clean, safety and healthy. This is a design
of WSN platform for IoT applications. Previous [patent] system fails to provide low cost,
low maintenance, fast deployment, and high number of sensors, long life-time and high
quality of service. This design provides three way alert systems, which include Route
map, LCD display and Speakers.
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10. Figure 5:Proposed model
6 Implementation and Results
Sensor unit senses all the physical parameters like temperature, water overflow, manhole
lid open or closed and convert these input into electrical output, this electrical output
received as a input to PIC 16F877A and programmed in such a way that to display all
the alert information into readable text messages and displayed on the monitor.
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11. Figure 6:Transmitter
Figure 7:Receiver
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12. Figure 8:Results
7 Work done so far
Hardware implementation has been done.
Three parameters such as overflow of water,over temperature and lid open notifications
are displayed on the LCD display.
All the three notification messages are accessed and displayed on the monitor through
serial communication
8 Work to be done
All the three notification messages such as overflow of water,over temperature alert and
lid open alert messages are going to be accessed and displayed on the internet.
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13. 9 Conclusion
WSNs are considered as the key enablers for the IoT paradigm. However, due to the
widening variety of applications, it is increasingly difficult to define common require-
ments for the WSN nodes and platforms. This paper addresses all phases of the practical
development of a full custom WSN platform for underground drainage and manhole
monitoring through IoT applications for metropolitan cities. A real-life, demanding ap-
plication is selected as reference to guide most of node and platform solution exploration
and the implementation decisions. Aspects of WSN platform considered are: platform
structure, flexibility and reusability, optimization of the sensor and gateway nodes, opti-
mization of the communication protocols for both in-field and long range, error recovery
from communications and node operation, high availability of service at all levels, appli-
cation server reliability and the interfacing with IoT applications. This paper can be used
to guide the specification, optimization and development of WSN Platforms for other IoT
application domains.
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14. 10 References
• Lazarescu, M.T., ”Design of a WSN Platform for Long-Term Environmental Moni-
toring for IoT Applications,” Emerging and Selected Topics in Circuits and Systems,
IEEE Journal on , vol.3, no.1, pp.45,54, March 2013
• Kelly, S.D.T.; Suryadevara, N.K.; Mukhopadhyay, S.C., ”Towards the Implementa-
tion of IoT for Environmental Condition Monitoring in Homes,” Sensors Journal,
IEEE , vol.13, no.10, pp.3846,3853, Oct. 2013
• Romer, K.; Mattern, F., ”The design space of wireless sensor networks,” Wireless
Communications, IEEE , vol.11, no.6, pp.54,61, Dec. 2004
• P. Harrop and R. Das,Wireless sensor networks 20102020, IDTechEx Ltd, Cam-
bridge, U.K., 2010
• Manhole cover type sensor node apparatus US 20120206270A1 publication date 16
Aug 2012
• MONITORING SYSTEM AND METHOD US 7626508 B2 publication date 1 Dec
2009.
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