smart automation system

Smart automation system (using social networks)
Army Institute of Technology, Dighi, Pune
Department of Electronics & Telecommunication
Engineering
A Seminar Report on
Submitted By
Abhishek Mishra (B120223004)
Abhishek Singh (B120223005)
Abhimanyu Bhatia (B120223003)
A Project report submitted as a partial fulfillment towards the Term- I of
B.E. (Electronics & Telecommunication)
Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune.
Guide
(Prof. Shilpa Pawar)
Department of E&TC Engineering
Army Institute of Technology, Dighi, Pune-411 015
2015-16
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C E R T I F I C A T E
This is to certify that
Abhishek Mishra (B120223004)
Abhishek Singh (B120223005)
Abhimanyu Bhatia (B120223003)
of Army Institute of Technology, Dighi, Pune
has submitted Seminar report on
“Smart Automation system(using social network)”
As a fulfillment of Term –I for award of degree of Bachelor of
E&TC, from Savitribai Phule Pune University, Pune, during the
Academic Year 2015-16.
Project Guide Projector Coordinator HOD E&Tc
Prof. Shilpa Pawar Prof. D.G Auradkar Prof. Surekha KS
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Index
Acknowledgement
List of Figure
Abstract
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE NO.
1 INTRODUCTION 7
1.1 Problem Definition/identification of project/
Objectives of project
2 LITERATURE SURVEY 13
3 BLOCK DIAGRAM / DESCRIPTION/ FLOW CHART / 15
ALGORITHM
4 IMPLEMENTATION 16
5. COMPONENTS 17
6.1 SOFTWARE USED
6.2 HARDWARE USED
7. ADVANTAGES 31
8. DISADVANTAGES 31
9. APPLICATIONS 32
10. SCOPE OF IMPROVEMENT 32
11. CONCLUSION 33
12. REFRENCES 34
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Many lives and destines are destroyed due to the lack of proper guidance, directions and
opportunities. It is in this respect I feel that I am in much better condition today due to
continuous process of motivation and focus provided by my parents, teachers and my dear
friends in general.
First of all we would like to express our sincere thanks, with deep sense of gratitude to
our project guide and mentor Prof. Shilpa Pawar for his professional guidance,
motivation and encouragement during this entire supervision period. His suggestions were
instrumental in the completion of this project.
We would also like to take this opportunity to extend our gratitude to our respectable
H.O.D Prof. KS Surekha and the entire department of Electronics and
Telecommunications for all the help that they provided us with for the project.
We would like to thank all those who have contributed towards the development and
completion of this project. The help provided by each person was invaluable and
necessary for our progress in this project. I am also thankful to my Hostel friends, all
visible and invisible hands which helped us to complete this project with a feeling of
success.
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LIST OF FIGURES
Name of figure Page No.
Fig.1. System block diagram and explanation 15
Fig.2. Implementation 16
Fig.3. Components used 17
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ABSTRACT
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or "things" embedded
with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which enables these objects
to collect and exchange data.
The Internet of Things allows objects to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing
network infrastructure, creating opportunities for more direct integration between the
physical world and computer-based systems, and resulting in improved efficiency,
accuracy and economic benefit. Each thing is uniquely identifiable through its embedded
computing system but is able to interoperate within the existing Internet infrastructure.
Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of almost 50 billion objects by 2020.
British entrepreneur Kevin Ashton first coined the term in 1999 while working at the
Auto-ID Labs (originally called Auto-ID centers - referring to a global network of RFID
connected objects). Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices,
systems, and services that goes beyond machine-to-machine communications (M2M) and
covers a variety of protocols, domains, and applications. The interconnection of these
embedded devices (including smart objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly
all fields, while also enabling advanced applications like a Smart Grid, and expanding to
the areas such as smart cities. "Things," in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety of
devices such as heart monitoring implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, electric
clams in coastal waters, automobiles with built-in sensors, or field operation devices that
assist firefighters in search and rescue operations. These devices collect useful data with
the help of various existing technologies and then autonomously flow the data between
other devices. Current market examples include smart thermostat systems and
washer/dryers that use Wi-Fi for remote monitoring.
The Internet of Things (IoT) is increasing the connectedness of people and things on a
scale that once was unimaginable. Connected devices outnumber the world's population
by 1.5 to 1. The pace of IoT market adoption is accelerating because of:
 Growth in analytics and cloud computing.
 Increasing interconnectivity of machines and personal smart devices.
 The proliferation of applications connecting supply chains, partners, and
customers.
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1. INTRODUCTION
Besides the plethora of new application areas for Internet connected automation to expand
into, IoT is also expected to generate large amounts of data from diverse locations that is
aggregated very quickly, thereby increasing the need to better index, store and process
such data.
Nowadays college campuses are in trend and they provide a helpful and good
environment for the students studying there. Various colleges are implementing different
techniques to overcome the problems regarding proper infrastructure, providing valuable
resources and proper accommodation.
A proposed development of the Internet in which everyday objects have network
connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data.
"If one thing can prevent the Internet of things from transforming the way we live and
work, it will be a breakdown in security"
Extending the current Internet and providing connection, communication, and inter-
networking between devices and physical objects, or "Things," is a growing trend that is
often referred to as the Internet of Things.
“The technologies and solutions that enable integration of real world data and services
into the current information networking technologies are often described under the
umbrella term of the Internet of Things (IoT)”
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What is internet of things?
A proposed development of the Internet in which everyday objects have network
connectivity, allowing them to send and receive data.
"If one thing can prevent the Internet of things from transforming the way we live and
work, it will be a breakdown in security"
Extending the current Internet and providing connection, communication, and inter-
networking between devices and physical objects, or "Things," is a growing trend that is
often referred to as the Internet of Things.
“The technologies and solutions that enable integration of real world data and services
into the current information networking technologies are often described under the
umbrella term of the Internet of Things (IoT)”
The Internet of Things (IoT) is the network of physical objects or
"things" embedded with electronics, software, sensors, and network connectivity, which
enables these objects to collect and exchange data. The Internet of Things allows objects
to be sensed and controlled remotely across existing network infrastructure,[2]
creating
opportunities for more direct integration between the physical world and computer-based
systems, and resulting in improved efficiency, accuracy and economic benefit. Each thing
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is uniquely identifiable through its embedded computing system but is able to interoperate
within the existing Internet infrastructure. Experts estimate that the IoT will consist of
almost 50 billion objects by 2020.[9]
British entrepreneur Kevin Ashton first coined the term in 1999 while working at the
Auto-ID Labs (originally called Auto-ID centers - referring to a global network of RFID
connected objects).]
Typically, IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices,
systems, and services that goes beyond machine-to-machine communications (M2M)and
covers a variety of protocols, domains, and applications. The interconnection of these
embedded devices (including smart objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly
all fields, while also enabling advanced applications like a Smart Grid, and expanding to
the areas such as smart cities.
"Things," in the IoT sense, can refer to a wide variety of devices such as heart
monitoring implants, biochip transponders on farm animals, electric clams in coastal
waters,automobiles with built-in sensors, or field operation devices that assist firefighters
in search and rescue operations. These devices collect useful data with the help of various
existing technologies and then autonomously flow the data between other devices. Current
market examples include smart thermostat systems and washer/dryers that use Wi-Fi for
remote monitoring.
Besides the plethora of new application areas for Internet connected automation to
expand into, IoT is also expected to generate large amounts of data from diverse locations
that is aggregated very quickly, thereby increasing the need to better index, store and
process such data
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The near overnight mass adoption of social networking portals, such as Facebook,
Myspace twitter and google+ is the latest chaptering the story of people’s willingness to
embrace technology that allows them to better connect with each other, following in the
wake of instant messaging services, personal web pages and even email Now the idea is to
integrate our home status to these social networking sites that is, creating a “Galileo link”.
Home status will be comprised of various readings taken by the sensors like IR sensor,
LDR, temperature sensor.
Sensors send data to Intel Galileo then Galileo acts as a client and sends that data to the
social networking site.
Early history
As of 2014, the vision of the Internet of Things has evolved due to a convergence of
multiple technologies, ranging from wireless communication to the Internet and from
embedded systems to micro-electromechanical systems(MEMS). This means that the
traditional fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, systems,
automation (including home and building automation), and others all contribute to
enabling the Internet of Things (IoT).
The concept of a network of smart devices was discussed as early as 1982, with a
modified Coke machine at Carnegie Mellon University becoming the first internet-
connected appliance, able to report its inventory and whether newly loaded drinks were
cold.Mark Weiser's seminal 1991 paper on ubiquitous computing, "The Computer of the
21st Century", as well as academic venues such as UbiComp and PerCom produced the
contemporary vision of IoT. In 1994 Reza Raji described the concept in IEEE Spectrumas
"[moving] small packets of data to a large set of nodes, so as to integrate and automate
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everything from home appliances to entire factories" Between 1993 and 1996 several
companies proposed solutions like Microsoft's at Work or Novell's NEST. However, only
in 1999 did the field start gathering momentum. Bill Joy envisioned Device to Device
(D2D) communication as part of his "Six Webs" framework, presented at the World
Economic Forum at Davos in 1999.
The concept of the Internet of Things first became popular in 1999, through the Auto-
ID Center at MIT and related market-analysis publications. Radio-frequency identification
(RFID) was seen by Kevin Ashton (one of the founders of the original Auto-ID Center) as
a prerequisite for the Internet of Things at that point. If all objects and people in daily life
were equipped with identifiers, computers could manage and inventory them. Besides
using RFID, the tagging of things may be achieved through such technologies asnear field
communication, barcodes, QR codes and digital watermarking.
In its original interpretation, one of the first consequences of implementing the Internet
of Things by equipping all objects in the world with minuscule identifying devices or
machine-readable identifiers would be to transform daily life. For instance, instant and
ceaseless inventory control would become ubiquitous. A person's ability to interact with
objects could be altered remotely based on immediate or present needs, in accordance
with existing end-user agreements.]
For example, such technology could grant motion-
picture publishers much more control over end-user private devices by remotely
enforcing copyright restrictions and digital restrictions management, so the ability of a
customer who bought a Blu-ray disc to watch the movie becomes dependent on so-called
"copyright holder's" decision, similar to Circuit City's failed DIVX.
The following is a list of countries by IoT devices online per 100 inhabitants as
published by the OECD in 2015.
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1.1 Problem statement:
SOCIAL NETWORK OF SENSORS: USING INTEL GALILEO
The idea is to create a social network of sensors in which various sensors integrated to
intel Galileo will send the data to the user.
Nowadays using various social networking sites like Facebook, twitter, google+ has
become too mainstream.
Now the idea is to integrate our home status to these social networking sites that is,
creating a “Galileo link”.
Status will be comprised of various readings taken by the sensors like IR sensor, LDR,
temperature sensor.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
MARKET GROWTH
“According to a study conducted by Frost & Sullivan in 2014, the global RFID market
of $3 billion to $4 billion (in 2011) will grow by twelve percent per year through 2016 and
reach a volume of approximately $6.5 billion to almost $9 billion.”
80 percent of all households in the European Union are expected to have intelligent
power meters by 2020.
A building’s energy management can then be monitored and administered remotely via
a smartphone or a PC. Market experts predict that this global market, which represented
$5.3 billion in 2011.
In February 2012 the Chinese government therefore decided to set up a fund of
approximately $775 million to support this field in the next five years. It will grow to $11
billion by 2015.
This sector is expected to grow to $116 billion by 2015, according to a report published
by the Xinhua News Agency in late 2012
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In 2008, the number of things connected to the internet exceeded the the number of
people on earth, and it is expected by the time we reach 2020 there will be 50 billion
things connected to the internet
And in the near future things connected to the internet will increases exponential as
now a day we are getting more technology dependent.
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3. BLOCK DIAGRAM:
p
FIG.1
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5. IMPLEMENTATION
The idea is to create a social network of sensors in which various sensors integrated to
Intel Galileo will send the data to the user.
Nowadays using various social networking sites like Facebook, twitter, google+ has
become too mainstream.
 Now the idea is to integrate our home status to these social networking sites that is,
creating a “Galileo link”.
 Status will be comprised of various readings taken by the sensors like IR sensor,
LDR, temperature sensor.
 Sensors send data to Intel Galileo then Galileo acts as a client and sends that data
to the social networking site.
 For example in Facebook an account is created and that account is registered on
Facebook developer. As soon as the account is registered on Facebook developer it
creates an access token.
 Access token is then included in python script running in the Galileo device.
 Hence our data can be seen in our news feed and we just have to add the registered
account as our friend.
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Fig 2
6. COMPONENTS
6.1 Software used:-
• We have used Intel Galileo so we did the coding in the Arduino v1.6. In the
coding part we used Python sdk for Facebook to code for various module of the
project.
• PYTHON
Python is a widely used general-purpose, high-level programming language. Its design
philosophy emphasizes code readability, and its syntax allows programmers to express
concepts in fewer lines of code than would be possible in languages such as C++ or Java.
The language provides constructs intended to enable clear programs on both a small and
large scale.
Python supports multiple programming paradigms, including object-oriented,
imperative and functional programming or procedural styles. It features a dynamic type
system and automatic memory management and has a large and comprehensive standard
library.
Python interpreters are available for installation on many operating systems, allowing
Python code execution on a wide variety of systems. Using third-party tools, such as
Py2exe or Pyinstaller, Python code can be packaged into stand-alone executable programs
for some of the most popular operating systems, allowing for the distribution of Python-
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based software for use on those environments without requiring the installation of a
Python interpreter.
6.2 Hardware Used:
6.2.1 Microcontroller: Intel Galileo
Intel Galileo is the first in a line of Arduino-certified development boards based on Intel
x86 architecture and is designed for the maker and education communities.
Intel Galileo combines Intel technology with support for Arduino ready-made hardware
expansion cards (called "shields") and the Arduino software development environment
and libraries. The development board runs an open source Linux operating system with
the Arduino software libraries, enabling re-use of existing software, called "sketches".
Intel Galileo can be programmed through OS X, Microsoft Windows and Linux host
operating software. The board is also designed to be hardware and software compatible
with the Arduino shield ecosystem.
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Intel Galileo features the Intel Quark SoC X1000, the first product from the Intel
Quark technology family of low-power, small-core products. Intel Quark represents Intel's
attempt to compete within markets such as the Internet of Things and wearable
computing. Designed in Ireland, the Quark SoC X1000 is a 32-bit, single core, single-
thread, Pentium (P54C/i586) instruction set architecture (ISA)-compatible CPU, operating
at speeds up to 400 MHz’s
In addition to supporting the Arduino shield ecosystem, the Intel development board
comes with several computing industry standard I/O interfaces, including ACPI, PCI
Express, 10/100 Mbit Ethernet, Micro SD or SDHD, USB 2.0 device and EHCI/OHCI
USB host ports, high-speed UART, RS-232 serial port, programmable 8 MB NOR flash,
and a JTAG port for easy debug. Intel Galileo supports the Arduino IDE running atop an
unmodified Linux software stack, supported by a common open source tool chain.
6.2.1.1Features Intel Galileo:-
Intel and Arduino’s announcement about the new Galileo board is big news. It’s a Linux-
based board that I’ve found to be remarkably compatible with the Arduino ecosystem
based on my first few steps with a prerelease version of the board. Here are some of the
best features of this groundbreaking collaboration between Intel and Arduino:
To get started, simply connect the board to power with the 5V AC-to-DC adapter and then
connect to the computer with the micro-USB cable. By default they measure from ground
to 5 volts.
I2C bus, TWI: SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin.
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library.
SPI:Defaults to 4MHz to support Arduino Uno shields. sing the board.
Arduino Shield Supported Features Galileo is compatible with Arduino UNO shields and
is designed to support 3.3V or 5V shields, following the Arduino Uno Revision 3,
including:
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14 digital input/output pins, of which 6 can be used as Pulse Width Modulation (PWM)
outputs;
Each of the 14 digital pins on Galileo can be used as an input or output, using pinMode(),
digitalWrite(), and digitalRead() functions.
They operate at 3.3 volts or 5 volts. Each pin can provide a maximum of 10 mA or receive
a maximum of 25 mA and has an internal pull-up resistor (disconnected by default) of
5.6k to 10 kOhms.
A0 – A5: 6 analog inputs, via an AD7298 A-to-D converter
Each of the 6 analog inputs, labeled A0 through A5, provides 12 bits of resolution (i.e.,
4096 different values). By default they measure from ground to 5 volts.
I2C bus, TWI: SDA and SCL pins that are near to the AREF pin.
TWI: A4 or SDA pin and A5 or SCL pin. Support TWI communication using the Wire
library.
SPI:
Defaults to 4MHz to support Arduino Uno shields. Programmable to 25 MHz.
Note: While Galileo has a native SPI controller, it will act as a master and not as an SPI
slave. Therefore, Galileo cannot be a SPI slave to another SPI master. It can act, however,
as a slave device via the USB Client connector.
UART (serial port): Programmable speed UART port (digital pins 0 (RX) and 1 (TX))
ICSP (SPI): a 6 pin in-circuit serial programming (ICSP) header, located appropriately to
plug into existing shields. These pins support SPI communication using the SPI library.
VIN: The input voltage to the Galileo board when it's using an external power source (as
opposed to 5 volts from the regulated power supply connected at the power jack). You can
supply voltage through this pin, or, if supplying voltage via the power jack, access it
through this pin.
Warning: The voltage applied to this pin must be a regulated 5V supply otherwise it
could damage the Galileo board or cause incorrect operation.
5V output pin: This pin outputs 5V from the external source or the USB connector.
Maximum current draw to the shield is: 800 mA
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3.3V output pin: A 3.3 volt supply generated by the on-board regulator. Maximum current
draw to the shield is: 800 mA
GND: Ground pins.
IOREF: The IOREF pin on Galileo allows an attached shield with the proper
configuration to adapt to the voltage provided by the board. The IOREF pin voltage is
controlled by a jumper on the board, i.e., a selection jumper on the board is used to select
between 3.3V and 5V shield operation.
RESET button/pin: Bring this line LOW to reset the sketch. Typically used to add a reset
button to shields that block the one on the board.
AREF is unused on Galileo. Providing an external reference voltage for the analog inputs
is not supported.
For Galileo it is not possible to change the upper end of the analog input range using the
AREF pin and the analogReference() function.
Details of Intel Architecture Supported Features:
The genuine Intel processor and surrounding native I/O capabilities of the Clanton SoC
provides for a fully featured offering for both the maker community and students alike. It
will also be useful to professional developers who are looking for a simple and cost
effective development environment to the more complex Intel® Atom processor and
Intel® Core processor-based designs.
1. 400MHz 32-bit Intel® Pentium instruction set architecture (ISA)-compatible
processor o 16KBytes on-die L1 cache
2. 512 KBytes of on-die embedded SRAM
3. Simple to program: Single thread, single core, constant speed
4. ACPI compatible CPU sleep states supported
5. An integrated Real Time Clock (RTC), with an optional 3V “coin cell” battery for
operation between turn on cycles.
6. 10/100 Ethernet connector
7. Full PCI Express* mini-card slot, with PCIe 2.0 compliant features
8. Works with half mini-PCIe cards with optional converter plate
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9. Provides USB 2.0 Host Port at mini-PCIe connector
10. USB 2.0 Host connector
11. Support up to 128 USB end point devices
12. USB Device connector, used for programming
13. Beyond just a programming port - a fully compliant USB 2.0 Device controller
14. 10-pin Standard JTAG header for debugging
15. Reboot button to reboot the processor
16. Reset button to reset the sketch and any attached shields
Storage options:
1. Default - 8 MByte Legacy SPI Flash main purpose is to store the firmware (or
bootloader) and the latest sketch. Between 256KByte and 512KByte is dedicated
for sketch storage. The download will happen automatically from the development
PC, so no action is required unless there is an upgrade that is being added to the
firmware.
2. Default 512 KByte embedded SRAM, enabled by the firmware by default. No
action required to use this feature.
3. Default 256 MByte DRAM, enabled by the firmware by default.
4. Optional micro SD card offers up to 32GByte of storage
5. USB storage works with any USB 2.0 compatible drive
6. 11 KByte EEPROM can be programmed via the EEPROM library
6.2.1.2 Block Diagram intel galileo:
Intel Galileo features the Intel Quark SoC X1000, the first product from the Intel Quark
technology family of low-power, small-core products. Intel Quark represents Intel's
attempt to compete within markets such as the Internet of Things and wearable
computing. Designed in Ireland, the Quark SoC X1000 is a 32-bit, single core, single-
thread, Pentium (P54C/i586) instruction set architecture (ISA)-compatible CPU, operating
at speeds up to 400 MHz.
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6.2.1.4 Why Intel Galileo???
Shield Compatibility
The expansion header on the top of Galileo should look familiar since it’s compatible with
5V and 3.3V Arduino shields designed for the Uno R3 (also known as the Arduino 1.0
pinout). This means that it has 14 digital I/O pins, 6 analog inputs, a serial port, and an
ICSP header.
Familiar IDE
The Intel-provided integrated development environment for the Galileo looks exactly like
the Arduino IDE on the surface. Under the Boards menu, you’ll see addition of the Galileo
under “Arduino X86 Boards.” The modified IDE also is capable of upgrading the
firmware on the board.
Ethernet Library Compatibility
Using the Ethernet port on the board is as simple as using Arduino’s Ethernet library. I
was able to get a HTTP connection to Google without even modifying the standard
WebClient example.
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Real Time Clock
Most Linux boards rely on a connection to the Internet to get the current date and time.
But with Galileo’s on-board RTC (real time clock), you’ll be able to track time even when
the board is powered off. Just wire up a 3.0V coin cell battery to the board.
Works with PCI Express Mini Cards
On the bottom of the board is an expansion slot for PCI Express Mini cards. This means
you can connect WiFi, Bluetooth, GSM cards for connectivity, or even a solid state drive
for more storage. When you connect a WiFi card, it will work with Arduino’s Wifi
library.
USB Host Port
Galileo’s dedicated USB On-The-Go port will let you use the the Arduino USB Host
library to act as a keyboard or mouse for other computers.
MicroSD Support
If you want to store data, a microSD card slot is accessible from your code by using the
standard Arduino SD card library.
TWI/I2C, SPI Support
Using the standard Arduino Wire library or SPI library, you can connect TWI/I2C or SPI
components to the Galileo.
Serial Connectivity
Not only is there the typical serial port for your sketches on pins 0 and 1 of the Arduino
pinout, but there’s also a separate serial port for connecting to the Linux command line
from your computer. You’ll connect to it through the audio jack interconnect next to the
Ethernet port. This port is only used for serial.
Linux on Board
A very light distribution of Linux is loaded onto the 8 MB of flash memory. If you want
to use tools like ALSA (for sound), V4L2 (for video input), Python, SSH, node.js (for web
projects), and openCV (for computer vision), you can boot Galileo from an SD card image
that Intel provides.
6.2.2 LM35 sensor:
LM35 is a precision IC temperature sensor with its output proportional to the temperature
(in oC). The sensor circuitry is sealed and therefore it is not subjected to oxidation and
other processes. With LM35, temperature can be measured more accurately than with a
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thermistor. It also possess low self-heating and does not cause more than 0.1 oC
temperature rise in still air.
The operating temperature range is from -55°C to 150°C. The output voltage varies by
10mV in response to every oC rise/fall in ambient temperature, i.e., its scale factor is
0.01V/ oC.
Pin no. Function Name
1 Supply voltage; 5V (+35V to -2V) Vcc
2 Output voltage (+6V to -1V) Output
3 Ground (0V) Ground
LM35
6.2.4.1 LDR sensor:
A Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) or a photo resistor is a device whose resistivity is a
function of the incident electromagnetic radiation. Hence, they are light sensitive devices.
They are also called as photo conductors, photo conductive cells or simply photocells.
They are made up of semiconductor materials having high resistance. There are many
different symbols used to indicate a LDR, one of the most commonly used symbol is
shown in the figure below. The arrow indicates light falling on it.
Working Principle of LDR
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A light dependent resistor works on the principle of photo conductivity. Photo
conductivity is an optical phenomenon in which the materials conductivity (Hence
resistivity) reduces when light is absorbed by the material.
When light falls i.e. when the photons fall on the device, the electrons in the valence band
of the semiconductor material are excited to the conduction band. These photons in the
incident light should have energy greater than the band gap of the semiconductor material
to make the electrons jump from the valence band to the conduction band. Hence when
light having enough energy is incident on the device more & more electrons are excited to
the conduction band which results in large number of charge carriers. The result of this
process is more and more current starts flowing and hence it is said that the resistance of
the device has decreased.This is the most common working principle of LDR
Characteristics of LDR:
LDR’s are light dependent devices whose resistance decreases when light falls on them
and increases in the dark. When a light dependent resistor is kept in dark, its resistance is
very high. This resistance is called as dark resistance. It can be as high as 1012 Ω. And if
the device is allowed to absorb light its resistance will decrease drastically. If a constant
voltage is applied to it and intensity of light is increased the current starts increasing.
Figure below shows resistance vs. illumination curve for a particular LDR.
Photocells or LDR’s are nonlinear devices. There sensitivity varies with the
wavelength of light incident on them. Some photocells might not at all response to a
certain range of wavelengths. Based on the material used different cells have different
spectral response curves.
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When light is incident on a photocell it usually takes about 8 to 12ms for the change in
resistance to take place, while it takes seconds for the resistance to rise back again to its
initial value after removal of light. This phenomenon is called as resistance recovery rate.
This property is used in audio compressors.
Also, LDR’s are less sensitive than photo diodes and photo transistor. (A photo diode and
a photocell (LDR) are not the same, a photo-diode is a p-n junction semiconductor device
that converts light to electricity, whereas a photocell is a passive device, there is no p-n
junction in this nor it “converts” light to electricity).
Types of Light Dependent Resistors:
Based on the materials used they are classified as:
i) Intrinsic photo resistors (Un doped semiconductor): These are pure semiconductor
materials such as silicon or germanium. Electrons get excited from valance band to
conduction band when photons of enough energy falls on it and number charge carriers
increases.
ii) Extrinsic photo resistors: These are semiconductor materials doped with impurities
which are called as dopants. Theses dopants create new energy bands above the valence
band which are filled with electrons. Hence this reduces the band gap and less energy is
required in exciting them. Extrinsic photo resistors are generally used for long
wavelengths.
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6.2.7 Resistors
Resistors are electronic components which have a specific, never-changing electrical resistance.
The resistor’s resistance limits the flow of electrons through a circuit. They
are passive components, meaning they only consume power (and can’t generate it). Resistors
are usually added to circuits where they complement active components like op-amps,
microcontrollers, and other integrated circuits. Commonly resistors are used to limit
current, divide voltages, and pull-up I/O lines.
6.2.8 Rxd Piezo Buzzer
A buzzer is a device which may be mechanical, electromechanical, or piezoelectric.
Typical uses of buzzers and beepers include alarm devices, timers and confirmation of
user input such as a mouse click or keystroke.
This is a small 12mm round speaker that operates around the audible 2 kHz range.
You can use these speakers to create simple music or user interfaces. Each speaker is PTH
solderable and requires an operating voltage of 3.5-5V with a mean current of 35mA max.
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These speakers also have a typical sound output of 95 dB and a coil resistance of 42 ±6.3
ohms.
6.2.16 Connecting wires
A female connector is a connector attached to a wire, cable, or piece of hardware, having
one or more recessed holes with electrical terminals inside, and constructed in such a way
that a plug with exposed conductors ( male connector ) can be inserted snugly into it to
ensure a reliable physical and electrical connection . A female connector is also known as
a jack, outlet, or receptacle. This type of connector can be recognized by the fact that,
when it is disconnected or removed, the electrical conductors are not directly exposed, and
therefore are not likely to make accidental contact with external objects or conductor s.
The most common female connector is a two- or three-prong electrical outlet, also
known as a wall outlet. Other often-encountered examples include telephone jacks , the
jacks for headsets, the chassis connectors for coaxial cable, and some D-shell connectors
for computer serial and parallel port s.
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7. Advantages
• Latest technology.
• Monitors all hazards and threats.
• Alert message to mobile phone for remote information.
• Use of social network instead of cloud computing.
• Since Galileo is more power full more device can be connected
8. Disadvantage:
• This system require continuous internet on receiver side.
• Network connection is essential factor.
• Device must be kept at a secure place where there are fewer chances that
whole system will destroy before giving signals.
• Power failure
• Need maintence ,at least overall system check
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9. Application
• Can be implemented on any institution.
• Smart everything concept.
• This system also can be interfaced with any operating system.
10. Scopes of Advancement
• We are planning to register our device on cobweb which is also known as
social network of sensors and data received will be processed between
different sensors and desired result in any form will be provided to the user.
• This can also be developed by interconnecting a camera to the controller
module that takes the photograph of the spot that makes the analyzing easier.
• In the near future real world things like car and trucks homes machine and
tools will connect to internet in order to make our life better so over module
can fit into any requirement as per the industry demands
• We are also planning to put wireless sensor in place of wired sensor .which
will make our module more intelligent and portable
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11. CONCLUSION
This concept of Galileo link can reduce the amount of expenditure in any institution
and a well-balanced result is obtained after every analysis.
Internet of Things and its services are becoming part of our everyday life, ways of working, and business.
The long-standing visions of the personal digital assistant, smart home, smart car and the smart environment
are now becoming reality with the help of mobile computing and the Internet of Things. Our IoT program is
developing crucial building blocks and models for the next generation of Internet services supported by a
plethora of connected things
The concept of internet of things is to connect everything to the network and a time
will come when things connected to the internet will be greater than the population of
world.
Everything will become what we are calling smart today.
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