Wearable bi sensors combine wearable technology and biosensors to monitor physiological signals and biomarkers. They consist of a sensitive biological element, transducer, and associated electronics. The biological element interacts with the analyte while the transducer converts the biological response into an electronic signal. Wearable biosensors offer advantages like rapid continuous monitoring but also have disadvantages such as high initial costs, limited battery life, and inability to withstand heat sterilization. Future trends include developing more intelligent control systems and using nanotechnology and microfluidics.

1. WEARABLE BIOSENSORS H.S.RAJU

2. INTRODUCTION WEARABLES Objects that can be worn on body Ex: wrist watches, rings, clothes, spectacles, etc,. BIOSENSORS Detects analyte Biological component Physiochemical component WEARABLE BIOSENSORS = WEARABLES + BIOSENSORS

3. WEARABLE BIOSENSORS Fig 1: Photograph of ring sensor, size of the top board is 0.8 x 0.8 inch.

4. COMPONENTS Sensitive Biological Element Transducer Associated Electronics Fig2: Schematic diagram showing main components of a biosensor.

5. WORKING Fig 3: Working of Biosensor a – analyte b – Interferent c – immobilized biological molecule d – Biospecific immobilization surface e – chemical signal f - transducer g – amplification and control unit h – output of measured analyte

6. OPERATION WITHOUT BIOSENSORS

7. OPERATION WITH BIOSENSORS

8. TYPES OF BIOSENSORS Calorimetric biosensors Potentiometric biosensors Amperometric biosensors Optical biosensors Piezo-electric biosensors Immunosensors

9. MANUFACTURING OF BIOSENSORS Making of Base Electrode Developing the Transducer for the reaction Producing Individual Biosensors

10. DEVELOPMENTS Ring Sensor Smart Shirt

11. RING SENSOR Monitors heart rate and oxygen saturation It is a pulse oximetry sensor. Is mainly based on optical biosensors. CR2032 Battery ATmel ATmega 128L processor LED’S and photodiodes. Microprocessor (inside) Battery Transmitter

12. Continuous monitoring. Easy to use. Reducing hospitalization fee. Initial cost is high. Limited number of physiological parameters can be monitored Advantages Disadvantages

13. SMART SHIRT

14. Easy to wear and take off. Continuous monitoring. Initial cost is high. Battery life is less. Advantages Disadvantages

15. APPLICATIONS Health Care Industrial Process Control Online control. Offline control (Distant and Local). Military Applications Continuous Environmental Monitoring

16. ADVANTAGES of WEARABLE BIOSENSORS Rapid continuous control Facilitates continuous monitoring Detection of transient phenomena Easy to use Reducing hospitalization fee Accurate

17. Heat sterilization is not possible Membrane may be fouled by deposits Intoxication of cells present in biosensor Changes can put mechanical and chemical stress on the biosensor Initial cost is high Battery life is less DISADVANTAGES of WEARABLE BIOSENSORS

18. FUTURE TRENDS Magneto biosensors Flame retardants Personal care products Greater use of home-based monitoring and treatment Intelligent control of medication delivery (e.g. insulin delivery based directly on blood glucose levels) Greater use of nanotechnology and micro fluidics (“lab on a chip”) Implementation using biochemistry, chemistry, thin-film physics, and electronics

19. CONCLUSION Applied to a restricted area of the potential market Limitations: sensitivity, response time, and lifetime Immobilization techniques nanotechnology, miniaturization, and multisensor Improvement in the affinity, specificity, and mass production of the molecular recognition components Development of advanced receptors and molecular recognition elements

20. REFERENCES www.smartshirt.gatech.edu www.wearables.gatech.edu www.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biosensor www.lsbu.ac.uk/biology/enztech/biosensors www.molecular-plant-biotechnology.info/enzyme-technology/types-of-biosensors www.printedelectronicworld.com/articles/manufacturing_microfluidic_biosensors www.studentsguide.in/biotechnology-genomics/biosensor-biotechnology-tools/working-principle-of-biosensors www.google.com