The living world class XI

The living world class XI

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   Ernst Mayor– The Darwin of the 20th century  He almost single the central question also pioneered the currently biological species. biological species.  Mayr was awarded triple crown of biology International Prize 1999. The Darwin of the 20th century’. single-handedly made the origin of species div the central question of evolutionary biology that it is toda the currently accepted definition of a biological species. 2 biological species. was awarded the three prizes widely regarded as th of biology: the Balzan Prize in 1983, the International Prize for Biology in 1994, and the Crafoord Pr
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  Thus, growth inliving things is internal, while in non It is to be noted that a dead organism do not grow. 4 Thus, growth in living things is internal, while in non-living things, it is externa It is to be noted that a dead organism do not grow.
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  ular organisation ofthe body is the defining feature organisation of the body is the defining feature of life forms. 7
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  Consciousness Consciousness 8
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  Diversity in theLiving world  The term biological diversity refers to the variety of life forms and habitats found in a defined area. defined area.  Biodiversity represents the totality of genes, species and ecosystems of a region. Diversity in the Living world 9
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  stematics includes thefollowing: Identification – It aims at finding the correct name appropriate position of an organism. morphological and anatomical characters are examined for proper identification. Classification – classification is the process by Classification – classification is the process by organisms are grouped into categories based on easily observable characters. Nomenclature – Nomenclature is the system naming living organism in a way that a particular organism is known by the same name all over world. name and The examined which 12 which on some system of particular over the
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  Classification t helps toidentify an organism easily. New organisms easily get correct place in their respective groups t makes study of fossils easy. t also helps in building evolutionary pathways t becomes easy to know the features of whole group by studying the group. all living organisms are classified into different all living organisms are classified into different orphology (External characters) natomy (Internal structure) ytology (cell structure) hysiology (life Processes) ntogeny (development) eproduction ehaviour ochemistry organisms easily get correct place in their respective groups. also helps in building evolutionary pathways. becomes easy to know the features of whole group by studying one or two organism living organisms are classified into different taxa based on following characteristics : 13 living organisms are classified into different taxa based on following characteristics :
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  Nomenclature i. Common Names ntagesof Common Names : Common names are easy to pronounce and are short, e.g., Cat or People are familiar to these names since childhood. They are based on some features of organisms, e.g., dvantages of Common Names : dvantages of Common Names : All the organisms cannot be named by this method as there are organism of different sizes and An organism may have several names in a given language, e.g., A common names may have different meanings in different countries, e.g., Common names may have little relevance, e.g., Lady’s finger (okra), widows tears ( Common names may be incorrect, e.g., Jelly fish (a coelenterate), These names are not useful for scientific studies. Nomenclature Common Names Common names are easy to pronounce and are short, e.g., Cat or billi. They are based on some features of organisms, e.g., Cowa (crow—sound). 16 All the organisms cannot be named by this method as there are organism of different sizes and shapes. An organism may have several names in a given language, e.g., water lily has 15 English names. A common names may have different meanings in different countries, e.g., custard apple/sitaphal/pumpkin. Common names may have little relevance, e.g., Lady’s finger (okra), widows tears (Tradescantia-Rhoeo), etc. Common names may be incorrect, e.g., Jelly fish (a coelenterate), starfish (an echinoderm) are not real fishes.
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  Nomenclature ii. Scientific Names hesystem of providing scientific names is called he scientific names must be a) acceptable in every part of the world. b) assigned on agreed principles and criteria. b) assigned on agreed principles and criteria. c) different for each species and not used for other Nomenclature Scientific Names he system of providing scientific names is called binomial nomenclatur a) acceptable in every part of the world. b) assigned on agreed principles and criteria. 17 b) assigned on agreed principles and criteria. c) different for each species and not used for other organisms earlier.
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  ules of BinomialNomenclature  Initially framed by Linnaeus in his books, Species Systema Naturae.  The rules were revised again by the following nomenclature codes (i) International Code for Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). (i) International Code for Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). (ii) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). (iii) International Code of Bacteriological Nomenclature (ICBN). (iv) International Code of Viral Nomenclature (ICVN). (v) International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants (ICNCP). ules of Binomial Nomenclature Linnaeus in his books, Species Plantarum and The rules were revised again by the following nomenclature codes ) International Code for Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). 19 ) International Code for Botanical Nomenclature (ICBN). (ii) International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). (iii) International Code of Bacteriological Nomenclature (ICBN). (iv) International Code of Viral Nomenclature (ICVN). (v) International Code of Nomenclature for Cultivated Plants
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  he rules ofnomenclature by Linnaeus and he first word in a biological name represent the genus while, the second omponent denotes the specific epithet oth the words in a biological name, when handwritten are separately nderlined or printed in italics to indicate their Latin origin he first word denoting the genus starts with capital letter while, the spec pithet starts with a small letter, e.g., Mangifera pithet starts with a small letter, e.g., Mangifera eneric and common names may be same, e.g., Gorilla he name of categories higher than the rank of genus are not printed in ita old letters can, however be used. When a species is transferred or revised, the name of the original worker tained but in parenthesis, e.g., Syzygium Linnaeus and other codes first word in a biological name represent the genus while, the second omponent denotes the specific epithet. the words in a biological name, when handwritten are separately nderlined or printed in italics to indicate their Latin origin. first word denoting the genus starts with capital letter while, the spec Mangifera indica. 20 Mangifera indica. and common names may be same, e.g., Gorilla gorilla. name of categories higher than the rank of genus are not printed in ita a species is transferred or revised, the name of the original worker Syzygium cumini (L) Skeels.
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  dvantages of BinomialNomenclature Binomial names are universally acceptable and recognised They remain same in all languages. The names are small and comprehensive There is a mechanism to provide a scientific name to every newly There is a mechanism to provide a scientific name to every newly discovered organisms. The names indicate relationship of a species with other species present the same genus. A new organism can be easily provided with a new scientific name. dvantages of Binomial Nomenclature names are universally acceptable and recognised. . names are small and comprehensive. is a mechanism to provide a scientific name to every newly 21 is a mechanism to provide a scientific name to every newly names indicate relationship of a species with other species present new organism can be easily provided with a new scientific name.
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  axonomic Categories Intermediate Categories Thetaxonomic categories from species to kingdom are broad categories or obligate categories. However, taxonomists have also developed sub-categories in this hierarchy to facilitate more sound and scientific placement of various taxa. These sub-categories are sub species (or varieties), sub-genera, sub-families, sub species (or varieties), sub-genera, sub-families, sub orders, sub-classes and sub-phyla. These sub-categories are referred to as intermediate categories. axonomic Categories The taxonomic categories from species to kingdom are broad categories or obligate categories. However, categories in this hierarchy to facilitate more sound and scientific categories are sub- families, sub- 22 families, sub- categories are referred to as intermediate Keep Pot Clean Or Family G
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  Uses of Herbaria usesof herbaria are listed below : hese are used for identification of plants. ompilation of floras, monographs and manuals are mainly erbaria are useful in locating wild varieties and relatives of erbaria are useful in locating wild varieties and relatives of hey help in knowing the morphological variations found in erbaria are useful for research in plant taxonomy, morphology, Herbaria ompilation of floras, monographs and manuals are mainly based on the specimens in herba erbaria are useful in locating wild varieties and relatives of economically important plants. 25 erbaria are useful in locating wild varieties and relatives of economically important plants. hey help in knowing the morphological variations found in species. erbaria are useful for research in plant taxonomy, morphology, ecological distribution, etc.
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  otanical Garden botanical gardenhas following important Botanical gardens have aesthetic appeal and provide recreation facility to people A wide variety of plant species grow there, so they provide ready material for A wide variety of plant species grow there, so they provide ready material for research. These gardens also play an important role in conservation of endangered plant species and genetic diversity. There are more than 500 botanical gardens all over the world. These provide free exchange of seeds. These improve the environment, provide greenery, help in creating pollution free environment and some serves as habitat for animals. botanical garden has following important roles : gardens have aesthetic appeal and provide recreation facility to people. wide variety of plant species grow there, so they provide ready material for 26 wide variety of plant species grow there, so they provide ready material for gardens also play an important role in conservation of endangered plant are more than 500 botanical gardens all over the world. These provide free improve the environment, provide greenery, help in creating pollution free environment and some serves as habitat for animals.
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  Museums Significance of Museums:  Specimens are preserved for longer duration by placing them in chemical preservatives. preservatives.  Plants like algae, fungi, mosses and ferns, parts of gymnosperms are preserved as they cannot be maintained in botanical gardens.  Preserved plants also inform about the habitat, nature of soil and flora of area.  A catalogue is prepared which helps in future reference and taxonomical studies.  They provide first hand information about the characters, identification, naming a classification of the organisms. Specimens are preserved for longer duration by placing them in chemical 27 Plants like algae, fungi, mosses and ferns, parts of gymnosperms are preserved as they cannot be maintained in botanical gardens. Preserved plants also inform about the habitat, nature of soil and flora of area. A catalogue is prepared which helps in future reference and taxonomical studies. They provide first hand information about the characters, identification, naming a
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  oological Parks ole ofZoological Parks ) The zoological parks increase understanding of wildlife. ) The zoological parks increase understanding of wildlife. ) These are the centres for recreation and education. ) Zoos are the centres for conservation of threatened and rare animal ecies. ) These provide sites for ex situ breeding of endangered animals. nservation through captive breeding of endangered animals. ) The zoological parks increase understanding of wildlife. 28 ) The zoological parks increase understanding of wildlife. ) These are the centres for recreation and education. ) Zoos are the centres for conservation of threatened and rare animal ) These provide sites for ex situ breeding of endangered animals. nservation through captive breeding of endangered animals.
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  ey is also ataxonomical aid used for identification of plants and animals based on the similarities and milarities. lps in the identification of plants and animals by selecting and eliminating the characters according t presence or absence in the organism under study. keys generally use two contrasting characters called couplet. This results in acceptance of one prese nism and rejection of the other. Each statement in the key is called a lead. is also a taxonomical aid used for identification of plants and animals based on the similarities and lps in the identification of plants and animals by selecting and eliminating the characters according t keys generally use two contrasting characters called couplet. This results in acceptance of one prese nism and rejection of the other. Each statement in the key is called a lead. 29
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