Validity:
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure.
Types of Validity:
1. Logic valididty:
Validity which is in the form of theory, statements. It has 2 types.
I. Face Validity:
It is the extent to which the measurement method appears “on its face” to measure the construct of interest.
• Example:
• suppose you were taking an instrument reportedly measuring your attractiveness, but the questions were asking you to identify the correctly spelled word in each list
II. Content Validity:
Measuring all the aspects contributing to the variable of the interest.
Example:
For physical fitness temperature, height and stamina are supposed to be assess then a test of fitness must include content about temperatures, height and stamina.
2. Criterion
It is the extent to which people’s scores are correlated with other variables or criteria that reflect the same construct
Example:
An IQ test should correlate positively with school performance.
An occupational aptitude test should correlate positively with work performance.
Types of Criterion Validity
Concurrent validity:
• When the criterion is something that is happening or being assessed at the same time as the construct of interest, it is called concurrent validity.
• Example:
Beef test.
Predictive validity:
• A new measure of self-esteem should correlate positively with an old established measure. When the criterion is something that will happen or be assessed in the future, this is called predictive validity.
• Example:
GAT, SAT
Other types of validity
Internal Validity:
It is basically the extent to which a study is free from flaws and that any differences in a measurement are due to an independent variable and nothing else
External Validity
• It is the extent to which the results of a research study can be generalized to different situations, different groups of people, different settings, different conditions, etc.
Validity:
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure.
Types of Validity:
1. Logic valididty:
Validity which is in the form of theory, statements. It has 2 types.
I. Face Validity:
It is the extent to which the measurement method appears “on its face” to measure the construct of interest.
• Example:
• suppose you were taking an instrument reportedly measuring your attractiveness, but the questions were asking you to identify the correctly spelled word in each list
II. Content Validity:
Measuring all the aspects contributing to the variable of the interest.
Example:
For physical fitness temperature, height and stamina are supposed to be assess then a test of fitness must include content about temperatures, height and stamina.
2. Criterion
It is the extent to which people’s scores are correlated with other variables or criteria that reflect the same construct
Example:
An IQ test should correlate positively with school performance.
An occupational aptitude test should correlate positively with work performance.
Types of Criterion Validity
Concurrent validity:
• When the criterion is something that is happening or being assessed at the same time as the construct of interest, it is called concurrent validity.
• Example:
Beef test.
Predictive validity:
• A new measure of self-esteem should correlate positively with an old established measure. When the criterion is something that will happen or be assessed in the future, this is called predictive validity.
• Example:
GAT, SAT
Other types of validity
Internal Validity:
It is basically the extent to which a study is free from flaws and that any differences in a measurement are due to an independent variable and nothing else
External Validity
• It is the extent to which the results of a research study can be generalized to different situations, different groups of people, different settings, different conditions, etc.
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Webscience is an affiliate project of Sciencetutors. All Slideshare presentation by sciencetutors + Webscience. Please for more resources visit: www.sciencetutors.zoomshare.com or www.slideshare.net/sciencetutors.
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Macroeconomics- Movie Location
This will be used as part of your Personal Professional Portfolio once graded.
Objective:
Prepare a presentation or a paper using research, basic comparative analysis, data organization and application of economic information. You will make an informed assessment of an economic climate outside of the United States to accomplish an entertainment industry objective.
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The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
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http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. What is internal validity?
Any relationship observed between
two or more variables.
*should be unambiguous as to what it
is mean to something else:
a.Number of factor (age, level, grade
etc.)
b.Type of material which is used
3. Example of internal validity:
A researcher wants to know the correlation
between students high and ability in
speaking.
The result says “the taller students have better
ability in speaking rather than the shorter
students.”
= the taller students are in 3-4 grade and the
shorter students are in 1-2 grade.
5. 1. Subject characteristic
The result in individual or group differ from one
to another in united ways.
Example: why English 2011 often lose from
lectures in the pulling rope competition?
-subject characteristic:
a.Nutrient consumption
b.Weight
c. Height
6. 2. Loss of subject
Loss of participant.
Example:
Firstly there is 100 participants, a week later
there are only 88, then where 22 students go?
May be they got:
• Illness
• Dying
• Absent etc.
7. 3. Location
The particular place which the data are
collected.
Example: Doing an interview with students in
the classroom and students lounge will give
different result
8. 4. Instrumentation
The way in which the instrument is used.
Instrument decay (is not used properly)
Example: Checking a bunch of questionnaires,
firstly the researcher is firing up to do
checking, later on he gets tired and messily
checking.
9. 5. Collector characteristic
Sometimes data collector is gathered and
inevitable part of instrumentation.
Example: A researcher wants to know how the
society opinion towards police’s duties, in
case the researcher dress up like a police.
Therefore people tend to give a positive
opinion.
10. 6. Collector bias
Collector preference or judgment
Example: what do you think about WIFI?
-since the collector is “sensitive” with Wi-Fi,
sometime he neglect the rubric and tend
interrogating the participant.
11. 7. Testing
Where data are collected over a
period of time, it is common to test subjects at
the beginning of the intervention(s).
Testing using an instrument.
However in some case the researcher use the
same instrument so the students are not
really filling the test instead of memorizing the
answer from the previous test.
12. • Another case of testing.
A researcher wants to see the effectiveness on
collaborative method. He create an
experiment and applied collaborative method
in group A. However he doesn’t apply it in
group B
13. 8. History
The condition which effecting the participant
(experience).
Example: The participant really nervous during
the interview because the participant
remembered about the previous interview
which gives “complicated questions”.
14. 9. Maturation
Naturally participants will have development
both cognitive and physical.
Example: A researcher doing an experiment
about a grow up supplement to a young child
at 7th
. After a year that child has grow up.
It is bias whether it caused by the supplement or
the child is naturally grow up.
15. 10. Attitude of subject
To provide the control or comparison group(s)
with a special or novel treatment comparable
to that received by the experimental group.
How to treat the participants properly.
16. A researcher want to know the effectiveness of
suggestopedia.
He played a music in class A but not in class B.
He said to students in class B that music can not
played in the class.
In this case the researcher does not treat the
participants properly.
17. 11. Regression
there is no fix reasons to explains regression in
research.
Example: first test student A get 10 but in the
second test with the same test but different
days he gets 5.
18. 12. Implementation
The possibility that the experimental group may
be treated in ways that are unintended and
not necessarily part of the method.
It is occur because:
• First- assigned to implement different
methods, so the out comes will different
• Second-have a personal bias in favor of one
• method over the other
19. How to minimize the threat
1. Standardize the condition, procedure and
information
2. More information for the subject /
participant
(avoiding: subject characteristic, mortality,
regression, maturation)
3. More information on the detail of the study
(avoiding: location, instrument, history,
subject attitude, and implementation)
4. Choose proper design