This document provides an overview of nonexperimental research design. It begins with definitions of nonexperimental research as research that observes phenomena as they naturally occur without introducing external variables or controlling settings. The document then discusses reasons for using nonexperimental design such as when variables cannot be ethically or practically manipulated. It also outlines various types of nonexperimental research design including surveys, Delphi surveys, correlation design, methodological studies, and comparative studies.
This document discusses non-experimental research design. It defines non-experimental research as observing phenomena naturally without introducing external variables. The main types of non-experimental design discussed are descriptive research, which observes and documents characteristics; correlational/expost facto research, which examines how changes in one variable correlate with others; developmental research, which studies changes over time; epidemiological design including cohort and case-control studies; and survey research using questionnaires or interviews. Advantages of non-experimental design include studying real-world situations, researching topics that cannot be experimentally manipulated, and being suitable for nursing research.
The document provides an overview of quantitative research methodology. It discusses key concepts including population, sampling, samples, and qualitative scales. Specifically, it defines population as any complete group with at least one characteristic in common. It explains that sampling is used to select a subset of a population for a study. The document also outlines different types of measurement scales in quantitative research including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.
This document discusses quasi-experimental research design. Quasi-experimental design involves manipulating an independent variable to observe its effects on a dependent variable, but lacks random assignment of subjects to groups or a control group, unlike a true experiment. The two main types discussed are non-randomized control group design and time series design. Non-randomized control group design assesses the effect of a treatment by giving it to an experimental group and not a control group, without random assignment, while measuring the dependent variable before and after for both groups. Time series design measures the dependent variable multiple times before, during, and after administering a treatment over a long period, such as weekly measurements of student performance before and after a new teaching technique.
Descriptive Research Design - Techniques and TypesSundar B N
This ppt includes Introduction to Descriptive Research, Meaning of Descriptive Research Design and Methods used in Descriptive Research, Types of Descriptive Research and DIFFERENCE B/W EXPLORATORY AND CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH.
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The document discusses various sampling techniques used in qualitative research. It begins by defining key sampling concepts like sampling frame, sample design, and sample size. It then outlines prerequisites to consider for sampling like research objectives, target population, and budget. The main types of sampling covered are probabilistic, non-probabilistic, and mixed. Specific non-probabilistic strategies discussed include purposive sampling, convenience sampling, and quota sampling. The document concludes by noting biases that can occur in sampling and emphasizing that non-probabilistic techniques are commonly used in qualitative research.
True experimental studies aim to establish cause and effect through the manipulation of an independent variable. They require a control group, experimental group(s), random assignment, and a researcher-manipulated variable. The control group receives no treatment while the experimental group receives the treatment. Outcomes are then compared between groups. There are three main true experimental designs: post-test only, pre-test post-test, and Solomon four-group, which combines elements of the first two designs to reduce errors. An example true experiment tests whether Drug X reduces anxiety levels through random assignment of participants to control and experimental groups receiving different doses or a placebo.
This document discusses non-experimental research design. It defines non-experimental research as observing phenomena naturally without introducing external variables. The main types of non-experimental design discussed are descriptive research, which observes and documents characteristics; correlational/expost facto research, which examines how changes in one variable correlate with others; developmental research, which studies changes over time; epidemiological design including cohort and case-control studies; and survey research using questionnaires or interviews. Advantages of non-experimental design include studying real-world situations, researching topics that cannot be experimentally manipulated, and being suitable for nursing research.
The document provides an overview of quantitative research methodology. It discusses key concepts including population, sampling, samples, and qualitative scales. Specifically, it defines population as any complete group with at least one characteristic in common. It explains that sampling is used to select a subset of a population for a study. The document also outlines different types of measurement scales in quantitative research including nominal, ordinal, interval, and ratio scales.
This document discusses quasi-experimental research design. Quasi-experimental design involves manipulating an independent variable to observe its effects on a dependent variable, but lacks random assignment of subjects to groups or a control group, unlike a true experiment. The two main types discussed are non-randomized control group design and time series design. Non-randomized control group design assesses the effect of a treatment by giving it to an experimental group and not a control group, without random assignment, while measuring the dependent variable before and after for both groups. Time series design measures the dependent variable multiple times before, during, and after administering a treatment over a long period, such as weekly measurements of student performance before and after a new teaching technique.
Descriptive Research Design - Techniques and TypesSundar B N
This ppt includes Introduction to Descriptive Research, Meaning of Descriptive Research Design and Methods used in Descriptive Research, Types of Descriptive Research and DIFFERENCE B/W EXPLORATORY AND CONCLUSIVE RESEARCH.
Subscribe to Vision Academy
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCjzpit_cXjdnzER_165mIiw
The document discusses various sampling techniques used in qualitative research. It begins by defining key sampling concepts like sampling frame, sample design, and sample size. It then outlines prerequisites to consider for sampling like research objectives, target population, and budget. The main types of sampling covered are probabilistic, non-probabilistic, and mixed. Specific non-probabilistic strategies discussed include purposive sampling, convenience sampling, and quota sampling. The document concludes by noting biases that can occur in sampling and emphasizing that non-probabilistic techniques are commonly used in qualitative research.
True experimental studies aim to establish cause and effect through the manipulation of an independent variable. They require a control group, experimental group(s), random assignment, and a researcher-manipulated variable. The control group receives no treatment while the experimental group receives the treatment. Outcomes are then compared between groups. There are three main true experimental designs: post-test only, pre-test post-test, and Solomon four-group, which combines elements of the first two designs to reduce errors. An example true experiment tests whether Drug X reduces anxiety levels through random assignment of participants to control and experimental groups receiving different doses or a placebo.
This document provides an overview of different qualitative research designs, including their definitions, characteristics, data collection methods, advantages and disadvantages. It discusses phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, historical research, case studies, and action research. For each design, it provides examples of topics they may be applied to in nursing research. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to various qualitative research approaches.
It is a Presentation on the Meaning, types, methods of establishing validity, the factors influencing validity and how to increase the validity of a tool
Data collection in research involves systematically gathering factual information to test hypotheses or answer research questions. There are two main types of data: primary data collected directly by researchers through methods like surveys and interviews, and secondary data previously collected by others. The document outlines purposes of data collection like research design and sampling, as well as methods for primary data collection including questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, observation, and case studies. Both primary and secondary data have advantages and disadvantages for research.
Quasi-experimental research designs involve manipulating an independent variable to observe its effects on a dependent variable, unlike true experiments which require random assignment and control groups. Quasi-experiments lack one of these characteristics. There are two main types: non-randomized control group designs where experimental and control groups are not randomly assigned, and time series designs which measure the effects of a treatment over multiple time periods with an individual or small group. Quasi-experiments are more practical than true experiments but less reliable for establishing causation due to lack of control over extraneous variables.
The document provides information on various sampling techniques used in research. It defines key terms like population, sample, sampling, and element. It describes different probability sampling techniques like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic random sampling, and cluster sampling. It also covers non-probability sampling techniques such as purposive sampling and convenience sampling. The document discusses the purposes, processes, merits, and limitations of different sampling methods.
This document provides an overview of non-experimental research design. It describes non-experimental design as a method to construct a picture of a phenomenon without manipulating conditions. The document outlines various types of non-experimental design including descriptive, inter-relational, developmental, epidemiological, and survey designs. Key features and examples of each design type are provided.
1. Standardization of research conditions and obtaining detailed information about participants and procedures can help minimize threats to internal validity from various sources like history, instrumentation, selection, and mortality.
2. Choosing an appropriate research design like using a control group or avoiding pretests can further help control threats from history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, and regression.
3. Both internal and external validity are important to making accurate and confident interpretations and generalizations from research results. Various threats need to be addressed through study design and methodology.
This document discusses two types of pre-experimental design: one-shot case design and one group pre-test post-test design. The one-shot case design involves exposing a single experimental group to a treatment and observing the results with no control group. The one group pre-test post-test design selects an experimental group, takes a pre-test measurement, administers a treatment, then takes a post-test measurement to assess the treatment's effect with no control group. While simple and convenient, pre-experimental designs have high threats to internal validity and are weak for establishing causation between variables.
Experimental research design aims to test hypotheses about causal relationships. It involves manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable under controlled conditions. True experimental designs have three key features - manipulation, control, and randomization. Manipulation means consciously controlling the independent variable. Control involves using a control group to account for extraneous variables. Randomization ensures subjects are randomly assigned to conditions. Common true experimental designs include post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs. While powerful for establishing causation, experimental research also has limitations for studying humans.
This document outlines a pilot study prepared by Mrs. Deva Pon Pushpam.I on the topic of pilot studies. It defines a pilot study as a small preliminary version of a larger study used to test feasibility and refine methods and procedures. The purposes of a pilot study are to determine feasibility, identify weaknesses, test instruments and data collection, obtain preliminary outcome data to calculate sample size, and refine the methodology. A pilot study uses similar design and methods to the main study, including control groups, blinding, and outcome measures. Data collection and analysis in a pilot study aim to test instruments and address study objectives through descriptive statistics. The conclusion is that pilot studies avoid costly failures in main studies by testing procedures beforehand.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It defines qualitative research as research using text and pictures rather than numbers, taking a holistic approach to understand phenomena. The document outlines several major qualitative research designs including case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and content analysis. It discusses when a qualitative approach is appropriate and provides details on how to conduct and analyze data for a case study design. The goal of qualitative research is to provide a rich story and tentative hypotheses about observed social phenomena.
This document discusses ethical considerations in research. It defines ethics as rules that guide moral behavior and research principles. Ethics in research provides rules for appropriate and inappropriate research conduct and application of findings. The document outlines three main components of ethics in research: truthfulness, courtesy, and respect for human rights. It provides examples of each component, such as obtaining permission before collecting data, avoiding fraud/misconduct, and protecting participants' confidentiality, dignity, and right to withdraw. The overall summary is that the document defines ethics and its role in research, then outlines and gives examples of three key ethical components to consider which are truthfulness, courtesy, and respect for human rights.
This document discusses non-experimental research design. It defines non-experimental design as research where variables are observed as they naturally occur without manipulation. It lists several types of non-experimental designs including descriptive, correlational, developmental, epidemiological, and survey designs. Descriptive design aims to accurately describe characteristics of individuals, situations, or groups. Correlational design examines relationships between variables without manipulation. Developmental design studies phenomena over time. Epidemiological design investigates disease distribution and causes. Survey design collects self-reported data from a sample to describe populations. Advantages are that they study real-world situations, but disadvantages are relationships between variables cannot be definitely concluded as causal.
A pilot study is a small preliminary study conducted prior to a larger research study to test and refine aspects of the proposed research such as research instruments, sampling methods, recruitment strategies and data analysis techniques. It allows researchers to identify potential problems in their research design or methodology and make necessary revisions before embarking on the full-scale research project. Pilot studies help improve the quality, efficiency and validity of the final research study.
This document provides an outline for critiquing a research study. It includes sections to evaluate the problem statement, literature review, research design, instruments, data analysis, and conclusions. The critique examines aspects like variable definitions, sampling methods, reliability and validity of tools, appropriate use of statistics, and implications of the findings. The overall goal is to provide a systematic analysis of the strengths and limitations of the research.
The document discusses research design. It defines research design as a blueprint that outlines how, where, and on whom a research study will be conducted. Experimental research design specifically examines the effect of independent variables on dependent variables by manipulating the independent variable. True experimental designs allow researchers to control extraneous variables and isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Several true experimental designs are described including post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs.
Research designs for quantitative studies pptNursing Path
The document discusses research designs for quantitative studies. It describes the key components of a research design including the intervention, comparisons, controls for extraneous variables, and timing of data collection. It also outlines different types of research designs such as experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental designs. Experimental designs manipulate an intervention and include a control group, while quasi-experimental designs do not randomly assign subjects. Non-experimental designs do not involve manipulation of an intervention.
This document discusses the key aspects of qualitative research design. It explains that qualitative research relies on data from interviews, observations, and documents rather than testing hypotheses. The goal is to understand people's behaviors and meanings rather than measuring things. Some common qualitative designs mentioned are grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, case studies, and content analysis. Sample sizes are small and purposeful rather than random. Data collection methods include interviews, observations, and documents. Analysis uses an inductive approach to identify themes. Researchers are the main instrument and context is important for understanding findings.
This document discusses and defines different types of research designs, including experimental, non-experimental, and quasi-experimental designs. It also defines key concepts in experimental research like independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, treatments, and extraneous variables. Additionally, it describes different study designs based on contact with participants, such as cross-sectional, before-and-after, and longitudinal designs.
This document discusses research methodology and design. It covers topics such as research design, research locale, sampling, data collection, validity, reliability, and threats to validity. For sampling, it describes probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling. It also describes non-probability sampling methods like convenience sampling and snowball sampling. Experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental research designs are explained as well as threats to internal and external validity.
This document provides an overview of different qualitative research designs, including their definitions, characteristics, data collection methods, advantages and disadvantages. It discusses phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, historical research, case studies, and action research. For each design, it provides examples of topics they may be applied to in nursing research. Overall, the document serves as an introduction to various qualitative research approaches.
It is a Presentation on the Meaning, types, methods of establishing validity, the factors influencing validity and how to increase the validity of a tool
Data collection in research involves systematically gathering factual information to test hypotheses or answer research questions. There are two main types of data: primary data collected directly by researchers through methods like surveys and interviews, and secondary data previously collected by others. The document outlines purposes of data collection like research design and sampling, as well as methods for primary data collection including questionnaires, interviews, focus groups, observation, and case studies. Both primary and secondary data have advantages and disadvantages for research.
Quasi-experimental research designs involve manipulating an independent variable to observe its effects on a dependent variable, unlike true experiments which require random assignment and control groups. Quasi-experiments lack one of these characteristics. There are two main types: non-randomized control group designs where experimental and control groups are not randomly assigned, and time series designs which measure the effects of a treatment over multiple time periods with an individual or small group. Quasi-experiments are more practical than true experiments but less reliable for establishing causation due to lack of control over extraneous variables.
The document provides information on various sampling techniques used in research. It defines key terms like population, sample, sampling, and element. It describes different probability sampling techniques like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, systematic random sampling, and cluster sampling. It also covers non-probability sampling techniques such as purposive sampling and convenience sampling. The document discusses the purposes, processes, merits, and limitations of different sampling methods.
This document provides an overview of non-experimental research design. It describes non-experimental design as a method to construct a picture of a phenomenon without manipulating conditions. The document outlines various types of non-experimental design including descriptive, inter-relational, developmental, epidemiological, and survey designs. Key features and examples of each design type are provided.
1. Standardization of research conditions and obtaining detailed information about participants and procedures can help minimize threats to internal validity from various sources like history, instrumentation, selection, and mortality.
2. Choosing an appropriate research design like using a control group or avoiding pretests can further help control threats from history, maturation, testing, instrumentation, and regression.
3. Both internal and external validity are important to making accurate and confident interpretations and generalizations from research results. Various threats need to be addressed through study design and methodology.
This document discusses two types of pre-experimental design: one-shot case design and one group pre-test post-test design. The one-shot case design involves exposing a single experimental group to a treatment and observing the results with no control group. The one group pre-test post-test design selects an experimental group, takes a pre-test measurement, administers a treatment, then takes a post-test measurement to assess the treatment's effect with no control group. While simple and convenient, pre-experimental designs have high threats to internal validity and are weak for establishing causation between variables.
Experimental research design aims to test hypotheses about causal relationships. It involves manipulating an independent variable and observing its effect on a dependent variable under controlled conditions. True experimental designs have three key features - manipulation, control, and randomization. Manipulation means consciously controlling the independent variable. Control involves using a control group to account for extraneous variables. Randomization ensures subjects are randomly assigned to conditions. Common true experimental designs include post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs. While powerful for establishing causation, experimental research also has limitations for studying humans.
This document outlines a pilot study prepared by Mrs. Deva Pon Pushpam.I on the topic of pilot studies. It defines a pilot study as a small preliminary version of a larger study used to test feasibility and refine methods and procedures. The purposes of a pilot study are to determine feasibility, identify weaknesses, test instruments and data collection, obtain preliminary outcome data to calculate sample size, and refine the methodology. A pilot study uses similar design and methods to the main study, including control groups, blinding, and outcome measures. Data collection and analysis in a pilot study aim to test instruments and address study objectives through descriptive statistics. The conclusion is that pilot studies avoid costly failures in main studies by testing procedures beforehand.
This document provides an overview of qualitative research. It defines qualitative research as research using text and pictures rather than numbers, taking a holistic approach to understand phenomena. The document outlines several major qualitative research designs including case studies, ethnography, phenomenology, grounded theory, and content analysis. It discusses when a qualitative approach is appropriate and provides details on how to conduct and analyze data for a case study design. The goal of qualitative research is to provide a rich story and tentative hypotheses about observed social phenomena.
This document discusses ethical considerations in research. It defines ethics as rules that guide moral behavior and research principles. Ethics in research provides rules for appropriate and inappropriate research conduct and application of findings. The document outlines three main components of ethics in research: truthfulness, courtesy, and respect for human rights. It provides examples of each component, such as obtaining permission before collecting data, avoiding fraud/misconduct, and protecting participants' confidentiality, dignity, and right to withdraw. The overall summary is that the document defines ethics and its role in research, then outlines and gives examples of three key ethical components to consider which are truthfulness, courtesy, and respect for human rights.
This document discusses non-experimental research design. It defines non-experimental design as research where variables are observed as they naturally occur without manipulation. It lists several types of non-experimental designs including descriptive, correlational, developmental, epidemiological, and survey designs. Descriptive design aims to accurately describe characteristics of individuals, situations, or groups. Correlational design examines relationships between variables without manipulation. Developmental design studies phenomena over time. Epidemiological design investigates disease distribution and causes. Survey design collects self-reported data from a sample to describe populations. Advantages are that they study real-world situations, but disadvantages are relationships between variables cannot be definitely concluded as causal.
A pilot study is a small preliminary study conducted prior to a larger research study to test and refine aspects of the proposed research such as research instruments, sampling methods, recruitment strategies and data analysis techniques. It allows researchers to identify potential problems in their research design or methodology and make necessary revisions before embarking on the full-scale research project. Pilot studies help improve the quality, efficiency and validity of the final research study.
This document provides an outline for critiquing a research study. It includes sections to evaluate the problem statement, literature review, research design, instruments, data analysis, and conclusions. The critique examines aspects like variable definitions, sampling methods, reliability and validity of tools, appropriate use of statistics, and implications of the findings. The overall goal is to provide a systematic analysis of the strengths and limitations of the research.
The document discusses research design. It defines research design as a blueprint that outlines how, where, and on whom a research study will be conducted. Experimental research design specifically examines the effect of independent variables on dependent variables by manipulating the independent variable. True experimental designs allow researchers to control extraneous variables and isolate the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable. Several true experimental designs are described including post-test only, pretest-posttest, Solomon four-group, factorial, randomized block, and crossover designs.
Research designs for quantitative studies pptNursing Path
The document discusses research designs for quantitative studies. It describes the key components of a research design including the intervention, comparisons, controls for extraneous variables, and timing of data collection. It also outlines different types of research designs such as experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental designs. Experimental designs manipulate an intervention and include a control group, while quasi-experimental designs do not randomly assign subjects. Non-experimental designs do not involve manipulation of an intervention.
This document discusses the key aspects of qualitative research design. It explains that qualitative research relies on data from interviews, observations, and documents rather than testing hypotheses. The goal is to understand people's behaviors and meanings rather than measuring things. Some common qualitative designs mentioned are grounded theory, ethnography, phenomenology, case studies, and content analysis. Sample sizes are small and purposeful rather than random. Data collection methods include interviews, observations, and documents. Analysis uses an inductive approach to identify themes. Researchers are the main instrument and context is important for understanding findings.
This document discusses and defines different types of research designs, including experimental, non-experimental, and quasi-experimental designs. It also defines key concepts in experimental research like independent and dependent variables, experimental and control groups, treatments, and extraneous variables. Additionally, it describes different study designs based on contact with participants, such as cross-sectional, before-and-after, and longitudinal designs.
This document discusses research methodology and design. It covers topics such as research design, research locale, sampling, data collection, validity, reliability, and threats to validity. For sampling, it describes probability sampling methods like simple random sampling, stratified random sampling, and cluster sampling. It also describes non-probability sampling methods like convenience sampling and snowball sampling. Experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental research designs are explained as well as threats to internal and external validity.
This document discusses quantitative research and different types of variables used in quantitative research. It describes experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental research designs. Experimental research allows controlling variables to determine causation, while quasi-experimental and non-experimental designs observe phenomena naturally. The document also defines independent, dependent, intervening, control, and confounding variables and provides examples of each.
This document provides an overview of different types of educational research categorized by purpose and method. The main types discussed are:
1. Basic research which aims to develop theories without focusing on practical applications.
2. Applied research which seeks to solve practical problems in fields like education, medicine, and psychology.
3. Action research which is conducted by teachers to diagnose and address issues in their classrooms.
The document also examines research methods including descriptive research, experimental research, case studies, surveys, correlation research, causal comparative studies, and historical research. It provides examples and discusses the characteristics, procedures, advantages, and limitations of each type of educational research method.
This document discusses quantitative research methods, including its characteristics, strengths, weaknesses, and different design types. It notes that quantitative research uses numerical data and statistical analysis to make generalizations about problems. It identifies some key characteristics as using standardized instruments, objective measurement scales, and statistical analysis of relationships between variables. The document also outlines strengths like reliability and validity, and weaknesses such as being time-consuming and difficult. Finally, it describes different quantitative research design types, including experimental designs like true experiments and quasi-experiments, and non-experimental descriptive designs like surveys and correlational studies.
The document summarizes different types of research including quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods research. It provides details on non-experimental and experimental quantitative research designs, as well as survey research, correlation research, causal comparative research, and secondary data research. Descriptions of true experimental, pre-experimental, and quasi-experimental designs are also given. The summary highlights key aspects of research methodology discussed in the document.
This document discusses research design and different types of research methods. It begins by defining a research design as a systematic plan for studying a scientific problem that defines key aspects of a study such as the type of design, research questions, variables, and statistical analysis plan. It then describes different types of non-experimental designs including relational, comparative, and longitudinal designs. Within non-experimental designs, it distinguishes between exploratory and descriptive research. It also discusses experimental designs including causal and quasi-experimental designs. Finally, it contrasts cross-sectional and longitudinal study designs. In summary, the document provides an overview of key research design concepts and differentiates between experimental and non-experimental designs as well as specific types of designs within those two
CONCEPTUALIZATION AND PLANNING RESEARCH.pptxRuthJoshila
This document discusses the conceptual phase and design/planning phase of quantitative research. It covers developing a research problem by selecting and narrowing a topic, evaluating problems based on significance, researchability and feasibility. It also discusses formulating a final research problem statement. The conceptual phase also involves reviewing related literature and defining a theoretical framework. Developing hypotheses is also covered. The design/planning phase involves selecting a research design such as experimental, quasi-experimental, or pre-experimental designs. Key methodological decisions are made to ensure validity and credibility of study findings.
The document outlines different elements of research design including the approach, population and sampling, data collection methods, and data analysis. It discusses various types of research designs such as quantitative experimental designs like true experimental, quasi-experimental, and non-experimental designs. It also discusses qualitative research designs and provides examples of different research methods.
The document discusses key concepts in research design, including dependent and independent variables, extraneous variables, control, experimental and non-experimental designs, experimental and control groups, treatments, and experimental units. A good research design minimizes bias, maximizes reliability of data, and considers the objective, nature, and resources of the research problem. The design should allow for examining relationships between variables while limiting the effects of unrelated, confounding factors.
This document discusses health systems research and the research process. It defines research as seeking answers to unanswered questions through planned and systematic collection, analysis, and interpretation of data. The objectives of research can be theoretical, factual, or aimed at application. Characteristics of research include using valid methods to gather new knowledge or data and arriving at careful conclusions. Health systems research seeks to generate knowledge to promote population health. The research process involves selecting a problem, formulating hypotheses, developing a study plan, collecting and analyzing data, and formulating results.
There are several types of non-experimental research designs that are used to observe phenomena without manipulating variables. Descriptive designs aim to describe characteristics of a population through surveys, correlational studies examine relationships between variables, and developmental studies observe changes over time through longitudinal or retrospective/prospective approaches. While non-experimental designs cannot determine causation, they provide important exploratory information to help understand problems and guide future experimental research.
The document provides an overview of research design, defining it as a plan for how a research study will be completed. It discusses the purpose of research design, which is to help researchers make valid, objective, and economical decisions about how to complete the entire research process. The document then covers various classifications of research designs, including those based on the number of contacts with the study population, the reference period of the study, and the nature of the investigation in terms of whether variables are controlled or not. Both quantitative and qualitative research designs are discussed.
TYPES OF RESEARCH _ DIFFERENT TYPES OF RESEARCH.pdfMatiullahjan3
What is fundamental research?
What is applied research?
What is action research?
What is Qualitative Research?
What is Descriptive Research?
What is Correlation Research?
What is Experimental Research?
What is Quasi Experimental research?
What is Quantitative Research?
What is Historical Research?
What is Ethnographic Research?
What is Phenomenological Research?
What is Narrative Research?
What is Exploratory research?
What is Explanatory Research?
What is Case study research?
What is Survey Research?
perfect negative correlation
perfect positive correlation
an independent variable
dependent variable
The document discusses different types of research methods. It defines research as a systematic, scientific effort to gain new knowledge through processes like defining problems, formulating hypotheses, collecting and analyzing data, making deductions, and testing conclusions. Quantitative research is based on measurement and is suited for phenomena that can be expressed numerically using methods like surveys and statistical analysis. Qualitative research seeks in-depth understanding through naturalistic inquiry and methods like interviews. Experimental research strictly follows the scientific method to test hypotheses and determine causal relationships between variables. Nonexperimental research lacks manipulation of variables or random assignment.
Research design spells out the basic strategies researchers use to develop accurate and interpretable evidence. It incorporates important methodological decisions like whether the design is structured or flexible, between-subjects or within-subjects, cross-sectional or longitudinal, experimental or quasi-experimental. Different research designs feature different ways of collecting data, manipulating variables, using control groups, and measuring variables prospectively or retrospectively. Both quantitative and qualitative research traditions integrate various research methods to answer different types of research questions.
The document discusses experimental design in quantitative research. It explains that experimental design involves manipulating an independent variable and comparing its effects on a dependent variable between groups, while controlling for extraneous variables. Key aspects of experimental design discussed include having an intervention, making comparisons between groups, using control groups, determining when to collect data, selecting research sites, and communicating with subjects.
·IntroductionQuantitative research methodology uses a dedu.docxlanagore871
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Introduction
Quantitative research methodology uses a deductive reasoning process (Erford, 2015, p. 5). It is based on philosophical assumptions that are very different from those that support qualitative research. Quantitative studies fall under what is broadly described as a positivist perspective. Epistemologically, knowledge is something that is believed to be objective and measurable, and the nature of reality (that is, ontology) is such that there is one fixed, observable, and definable reality. Quantitative approaches to research emphasize the objectivity of the researcher, and because a goal is to uncover the one true reality, values (axiological assumptions) and the subjective nature of experience are not likely to be examined.
Quantitative Research Designs
Quantitative research can be categorized in different ways. Brief descriptions of some designs appear below. The chosen research design is determined by the nature of the inquiry, that is, what the researcher wants to learn by conducting the study.
Counseling Research: Quantitative, Qualitative, and Mixed Methods
thoroughly describes several major reseach.
Experimental Research
Experimental research, one of the quantitative designs, involves random selection and random assignment of subjects to two or more groups over which the researcher has control. This is what distinguishes experimental studies from the other designs. Experimental studies in counseling are not that common, because many research questions do not lend themselves to random selection and assignment for ethical reasons. Experimental studies compare the effect of one or more independent variables on one or more dependent variables. Independent variables fall into two broad categories. One type of independent variable involves measuring some characteristic inherent in the study's participants, such as their age, gender, IQ, personality traits, income, or education level. These demographic or blocking variables are not something which the researcher can manipulate, though the researcher can statistically control for them. The treatment or experimental conditions that the researcher sets up is the other type of independent variable, which is unique to experimental designs. The element of control is what permits researchers to conclude that one variable has caused a change in another variable.
Quasi-Experimental Research
Quasi-experimental research designs come in many different forms. Like experimental research, the researcher aims to compare the effect of the independent variable under their control on the dependent variable. However, the researcher does not or cannot randomly assign individual participants to treatment and control groups, so cause-and-effect relationships cannot be as strongly inferred from the results. Pre-existing conditions of one group in comparison to the other may confound the findings. An example might be a study to examine the potential effects of a new curriculum aimed at reducin.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Does Over-Masturbation Contribute to Chronic Prostatitis.pptxwalterHu5
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2. At the end of this session the candidate will be able to :-
DEFINE NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
LIST TYPES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
IDENTIFY THE REASONS FOR SELECTIONG
NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
DISCUSS TYPES OF NONEXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH DESIGN
Differentiate between method and methodology:
objectives
3. Introduction.
Definition
Reasons for Undertaking Non experimental Research.
Types of non experimental research design.
Delphi survey
Survey study
Correlation design
Methodological studies
Comparative studies
outlines
4. Many research problems cannot be addressed with
an experimental or quasi-experimental design.
In non experimental research, researchers collect
data without making changes or introducing
treatments.
introduction
5. Definition
Non experimental research design is one of the broad
categories of research designs, in which the researcher
observes the phenomena as they occur naturally, & no
external variables are introduced.
It is a research design in which variables are not deliberately
manipulated, nor is the setting controlled.
6. Non experimental research designs are used in
descriptive studies in which there is no manipulation
or control of variables & the researcher can only
describe the phenomenon as it exists.
Definition
7. A design in which the researcher is a passive agent,
who observes, measures, and describes a
phenomenon as it occurs or exists.
Definition
8. Example
The effect of widowhood on health status.
we cannot manipulate widowhood
taking two groups (widows and non widows)
naturally occur
widowhood versus non
widowhood
independent
variable
observation
9. Example
Do birthweights under 1,500 grams cause developmental
delays in children
Independent
variable
Babies’ weights
cannot manipulate birthweight
taking two groups
naturally occur
observation
10. Most studies involving human subjects, including
nursing studies, are non experimental.
Reasons for Undertaking Non experimental
Research
11. There are number of human characteristics are
inherently not subject to experimental manipulation
(e.g., blood type, personality, health beliefs, medical
diagnosis); the effects of these characteristics on
other phenomena cannot be studied experimentally.
(1)
12. in nursing research, as in other fields, there are many
variables that could technically be manipulated
but could not be manipulated ethically.
(2)
13. the effect of prenatal care on infant mortality
example
independent
variable the variable should not be
controlled experimentally
If manipulating the independent variable could cause physical or mental harm to subjects.
It would be unethical to provide such care to one group of pregnant women while deliberately
depriving a second group (two groups).
need to locate a naturally occurring group of pregnant women who had not received prenatal
care. Their birth outcomes could then be compared with those of women who had received
appropriate care
14. The problem, however, is that the two groups of women are
likely to differ in terms of many other characteristics, such as
age, education, nutrition, and health, any of which
individually or in combination could affect infant mortality,
independent of the absence or presence of prenatal care.
This is precisely why
experimental designs are so strong in demonstrating
cause-and-effect relationships.
15. there are many research situations in which it is
simply not practical to conduct a true experiment.
Constraints might involve
insufficient time.
lack of administrative approval.
excessive inconvenience to patients or staff.
lack of adequate funds.
(3)
16. there are some research questions for which an
experimental design is not appropriate. This is
especially true for descriptive studies, which seek to
document the characteristics, prevalence,
or full nature of phenomena.
(4)
17. Non experimental research is usually needed before an
experimental study can be planned. Experimental
interventions are developed on the basis of non
experimental research documenting the scope of a
problem and describing critical relationships between
relevant variables.
(5)
18. a number of independent variables, such as height
and gender, are not amenable to randomization;
(6)
20. . Surveys: Studies in which information is obtained
from a population or sample of individuals by means
of self-report.
Self reporting means that the subjects responses to a
series of questions posed by the researcher.
Survey study
21. Survey generally asks subjects to report their
attitudes, opinions, perception, or behaviors.
Nurse might use survey to gather data from patients,
as patients' health needs, their sleep pattern or their
perception of the nursing care they have received.
22. In surveys, participants may be studied using:
Cross-sectional approach:
subjects are studied at one point in time.
Longitudinal approach:
follow subjects over an extended period of time.
23. For example:
"The sleeping patterns among X
population …. ".
Breakfast – eating habits among students of university
(lack of time to eat was listed by 65%
While 28%stated that they did not want to eat early in the
morning).
25. Strengths of survey
Applied to a population or a real big sample.
Focus on a wide range of topics, i.e., too many variables.
Data collected by surveys can be used for many purposes.
In most cases, a lot of information is gathered with a
relatively short period of time.
26. Limitations of survey
The content of survey researches is limited by the
extent to which respondents are willing to report on
a topic .
It needs a lot of time for analysis of data
27. The Delphi technique is a widely used and accepted
method for gathering data from question a panel of
experts .
The technique is designed as a group
communication process which aims to achieve a
convergence of opinion on a specific issue.
Delphi survey
28. The Delphi technique is a widely used and accepted
method for gathering data from question a panel of
experts .
The technique is designed as a group
communication process which aims to achieve a
convergence of opinion on a specific issue.
29.
30. Initial questionnaire focusing on the identified problem is
developed by expert panels.
Appropriate expert group is selected and questionnaire is sent
to them .
Each participant answers the questionnaire independently.
the questionnaire responses are summarized.
Basic Delphi method process
31. Feedback summary and a second questionnaire is developed .
After reviewing the feedback summary,
respondents independently rate priority ideas.
The process is repeated until process committee feels
agreement on atopic is reached .
A final summary report is made and distributed.
Basic Delphi method process
32. The researcher examines the strength of relationship
between variables by determining how changes in variable
associated with changes in another variable.
-A correlation indicates the extent to which one variable
(x) is related to another variable (y).
-As (x) increases, does (y) increase or decrease?
Correlation design
33. Increased flexibility when investigating complex relationships
among variables
Efficient and effective method of collecting a
useful to describe data large amount of data
Potential for practical application in clinical settings
useful to clarify relationship between variables.
Advantages of correlation design
34. can not be used to establish causes and effect
relationship
dose not allow for manipulation of variables
Generalizability decreased as dealing with preexisting
groups
Unable to determine a causal relationship because of the
lack of manipulation, control.
Disadvantages
35. A relationship between two variables such that as
one increases or decreases the other does the same.
On a graph, a positive correlation will have a positive
slope.
positive correlation
36. -A relationship between two variables such that as
one increases the other decreases or vice versa. On a
graph, a negative correlation will have a negative
slope.
negative correlation
37. Examples
You could expect to see a strong positive correlation between height and
weight since taller people tend to weigh more than shorter people as seen on
a Body Mass Index chart. You could expect to see a weak or non-existent
KEY CONCEPTS EXPLAINED
Positive Correlation - as values on one variable increase, the values on
the other measure also increases.
Example - As height goes up, weight goes up.
Negative Correlation - as values of one variable increases, the value of
the other decreases.
38.
39. Coefficient of Correlation- a number (the measure of correlation) that
indicates the size and direction of the relationship between two variables.
Example:
A correlation of .15 suggests a weak relationship and .75 suggests a very
strong relationship. A correlation of +.15means it is a positive correlation
and, -.75 indicates a negative correlation.
Correlation Equal Cause? Although a correlation indicates t he size and
direction of the relationship between variables, it does not indicate that one
causes the other.
40. 1.A science of studying how research is done
scientifically • A way to systematically solve the
research problem by logically adopting various steps
2. Methodology helps to understand not only the
products of scientific inquiry but the process itself
Research Methodology
41. • Methodological studies are concerned with the
development, testing and evaluation of research
instruments and methods.
Methodological studies
42. Method is simply a research tool, a component of
research–say for example, a qualitative method such
as interviews.
Methodology is the justification for using a particular
research method.
Difference between method and
methodology
43. 1. Advancement of wealth of human knowledge
Benefits of Research Methodology
44. Develops a critical and scientific attitude, disciplined
thinking or a ‘bent of mind’ to observe objectively
(scientific deduction & inductive thinking); Skills of
research will pay-off in long term particularly in the
‘age of information’ (or too often of misinformation)
45. 3. Enriches practitioner and his practices; Provides
chance to study a subject in depth; Enable us to
make intelligent decisions; Understand the material
which no other kind of work can match
Benefits of Research Methodology
46. 3. As consumers of research output helps to inculcate
the ability to evaluate and use results of earlier
research with reasonable confidence and take
rational decisions
4. Doing research is the best way to learn to read
and think crucially
47. In the methodological part, the work plan is
described to show how the project will be
implemented to meet its objectives. In case of
research project, this will contain details about how
the research will be conducted.
48. For example, the name of design, the sample, the
kind of data to be collected to answer the research
question, and how data will be collected and
analyzed. Followed by this, the expected limitations
may be demonstrated. Then, available facilities and
equipment are described.
49.
50. Comparative studies Examine the differences
between intact groups on some dependent variable
of interest. This description may sound like the aim
of many experimental studies.
The difference between comparative studies and
experimental studies lies in the researchers ability
to manipulate the independent variable .in
comparative studies, there is no manipulation of the
independent variable.
3-Comparative studies
51. Ex: A researcher could not examines the effect of child abuse
as an independent variable on self-steem as an dependent
variable in an experimental study. It would not be ethical to
select one group of children who would receive abusive
treatment and another group of children who would not
receive abusive treatment.
While in comparative studies, the researcher would choose a
group of children who had experienced abuse during their
life and compare them with group of children who hadn't
been abused .
52.
53. Comparative studies are frequently classified as
prospective or retrospective.
In prospective studies :
The independent variable or presumed cause (high
blood cholesterol levels)is identified at the present
time, and then subjects are followed in the future to
observe the dependent variable (incidence of
coronary artery disease).
54. the dependent variable (effect)is identified in the
present (disease condition ,for example). And an
attempt is made to determine the independent
variable (cause of the disease) that occurred in the
past.
-Retrospective studies are frequently called ( ex
post facto )
In retrospective studies
55. Data are collected “after the fact”.
variations in the independent variable are studied after the variations
have occurred rather than at the time of occurrence.
Ex :a researcher might be interested in the fear responses of children
during physical examination . A determination would be made of
previous unpleasant experience during physical exam that might have
influenced the children's present behavior.
Ex post facto studies
56. Strengths and Weaknesses of prospective studies
Quality of data is high
Completeness and
accuracy of collected
data
Weaknesses
Time consuming and
very expensive
Not suitable for
diseases with long
latency
Require very large
sample
Strengths
57. Strengths and Weaknesses of retrospective studies
Strengths
Very time efficient.
Elegant way of
answering new
questions with
existing data.
Weaknesses
one has no choice
other than to work with
what has been
measured in the past.
58. DENIS FPOLIT ,NURSING RESEARCH PRINCIPLES AND
METHODS ,SEVEN EDITION
https://study.com/academy/lesson/non-experimental-and-
experimental-research-differences-advantages-
disadvantages.html
http://open.lib.umn.edu/psychologyresearchmethods/chapter
/7-1-overview-of-nonexperimental-research/
REFERENCE: