This document discusses validity and reliability in testing. Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is intended to measure. There are several types of validity including external, internal, content, face, criterion, construct, and predictive validity. Reliability refers to how consistently a test measures whatever it is measuring. The main types of reliability are stability (test-retest), equivalence (inter-item and parallel forms), and inter-observer reliability. A test must be reliable in order to validly measure a construct, so reliability is a necessary but not sufficient condition for validity.
It is a Presentation on the Meaning, types, methods of establishing validity, the factors influencing validity and how to increase the validity of a tool
Validity:
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure.
Types of Validity:
1. Logic valididty:
Validity which is in the form of theory, statements. It has 2 types.
I. Face Validity:
It is the extent to which the measurement method appears “on its face” to measure the construct of interest.
• Example:
• suppose you were taking an instrument reportedly measuring your attractiveness, but the questions were asking you to identify the correctly spelled word in each list
II. Content Validity:
Measuring all the aspects contributing to the variable of the interest.
Example:
For physical fitness temperature, height and stamina are supposed to be assess then a test of fitness must include content about temperatures, height and stamina.
2. Criterion
It is the extent to which people’s scores are correlated with other variables or criteria that reflect the same construct
Example:
An IQ test should correlate positively with school performance.
An occupational aptitude test should correlate positively with work performance.
Types of Criterion Validity
Concurrent validity:
• When the criterion is something that is happening or being assessed at the same time as the construct of interest, it is called concurrent validity.
• Example:
Beef test.
Predictive validity:
• A new measure of self-esteem should correlate positively with an old established measure. When the criterion is something that will happen or be assessed in the future, this is called predictive validity.
• Example:
GAT, SAT
Other types of validity
Internal Validity:
It is basically the extent to which a study is free from flaws and that any differences in a measurement are due to an independent variable and nothing else
External Validity
• It is the extent to which the results of a research study can be generalized to different situations, different groups of people, different settings, different conditions, etc.
It is a Presentation on the Meaning, types, methods of establishing validity, the factors influencing validity and how to increase the validity of a tool
Validity:
Validity refers to how well a test measures what it is purported to measure.
Types of Validity:
1. Logic valididty:
Validity which is in the form of theory, statements. It has 2 types.
I. Face Validity:
It is the extent to which the measurement method appears “on its face” to measure the construct of interest.
• Example:
• suppose you were taking an instrument reportedly measuring your attractiveness, but the questions were asking you to identify the correctly spelled word in each list
II. Content Validity:
Measuring all the aspects contributing to the variable of the interest.
Example:
For physical fitness temperature, height and stamina are supposed to be assess then a test of fitness must include content about temperatures, height and stamina.
2. Criterion
It is the extent to which people’s scores are correlated with other variables or criteria that reflect the same construct
Example:
An IQ test should correlate positively with school performance.
An occupational aptitude test should correlate positively with work performance.
Types of Criterion Validity
Concurrent validity:
• When the criterion is something that is happening or being assessed at the same time as the construct of interest, it is called concurrent validity.
• Example:
Beef test.
Predictive validity:
• A new measure of self-esteem should correlate positively with an old established measure. When the criterion is something that will happen or be assessed in the future, this is called predictive validity.
• Example:
GAT, SAT
Other types of validity
Internal Validity:
It is basically the extent to which a study is free from flaws and that any differences in a measurement are due to an independent variable and nothing else
External Validity
• It is the extent to which the results of a research study can be generalized to different situations, different groups of people, different settings, different conditions, etc.
Resume
Abid Zafar
PERSONAL DETAILS
DOB June 04, 1989
Email aabidzafarwarraich@gmail.com
Phone 0322 570 66 59
Address Chandni Chowk, Jalal Pur Jattan, Gujrat, Pakistan.
PROFILE
An enthusiastic individual I approach tasks with results in mind. I am well organized and I can work well as part of a team or on my own. I like completing things on time, and making sure that I keep learning how to do things well and quickly.
EDUCATION
M. Phil Media & Communication Studies Continues… (2014-2016)
International Islamic University Islamabad
MA Mass Communication & Media CGPA: 3.90/4.00 (2013)
University of Gujrat
Published Dissertation: “Comparative Analysis of Political Parties’ News and Advertisements Coverage of National Urdu Dailies Regarding Election 2013” ISBN 978-3-659-52287-1
B.ED Division 1st (2013-2014)
Alama Iqbal Open University, Islamabad
BA Political Science Division: 2nd (2011)
University of Gujrat
Diploma of Associate Engineering Division: 1st (2008)
(3-Year Diploma: Mechanical), Government Institute of Technology, Gujranwala.
Matriculation (Science) Division: 1st (2005)
Government Islamia High School, Jalal Pur Jattan, Gujrat
WORK EXPERIENCE
Worked as Reporter and Sub-editor in Online International Network from July 1, 2012 to August 31, 2012 Worked as Producer, Host and Reporter at FM- 106.6 from 21th November, 2012 to 25th May, 2013 I have great approach at Online Journalism, attended many seminars I have great experience of producing audio and video documentaries, news bulletins, features, Reports in two years Masters Degree Vast experience of writing, editing News stories, Columns, Features, Investigative reports I have great experience of Social Science Research where I got A+ in Final Thesis Regular Blogger
KEY STRENGTHS & SKILLS
I have great approach of Qualitative and Qualitative Research Methods I have great skills of writing Thesis and Research Papers I have great skills of Investigative Reporting I have skills about reporting and sub-editing in English journalism where I have reported number of seminars, National and International politicians, personalities and celebrities I have great skills of script writing, News stories, Investigative Reports, Online Journalism, Feature & columns writing I have multidimensional skills in the field of Mass Communication & Media where I got 3.90 CGPA out of 4.00, which presents my passions in this field Regular Bloggers I have great leadership abilities where I represent my class in two years Masters Degree President of Readers Club, which was about to improve reading and writing habits, conducted many seminar under my presidency
I am a great communicator, host many seminars, workshops and functions at university level I have great teaching skills where my teachers suggest me to join teaching as a profession I am a g
This short SlideShare presentation explores a basic overview of test reliability and test validity. Validity is the degree to which a test measures what it is supposed to measure. Reliability is the degree to which a test consistently measures whatever it measures. Examples are given as well as a slide on considerations for writing test questions that demand higher-order thinking.
A presentation on validity and reliability assessment of questionnaire in research. Also includes types of validity and reliability and steps in achieving the same.
Characteristics Of A Good Test, Measuring Instrument (Test)
Validity, Nature/Characteristics Of Validity
Types/Approaches To Test Validation
Validity: Advantages And Disadvantages
Reliability, Nature/Characteristics
Types Of Reliability
Methods Of Estimating Reliability
Practicality/Usability
Objectivity
Norms
Topic: Qualities of a Good Test
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2. Validity
Validity
Validity is the extent to which a test measures,
what it is supposed to measure.
The question of validity is raised in the context of
the three points:
the form of the test,
the purpose of the test and
the population for whom it is intended.
3. Types of Validity
Validity
Content Validity External validity
Face Validity Test Validity
Construct Validity
Internal Validity
Population Validity Ecological Validity
Criterion Validity Concurrent Validity
Convergent Validity Discriminant validity
Predictive Validity
4. Types of Validity
1. External Validity:
External validity occurs when the causal relationship discovered can be generalized
to other people, time and contexts.
Correct sampling will allow generalization and hence give external validity.
2. Internal validity:
Internal validity occurs when it can be concluded that there is a causal relationship
between the variables being studied.
It is related to the design of the experiment.
3. Content Validity:
When we want to find out if the entire content of the behavior/construct/area is
represented in the test we compare the test task with the content of the behavior.
This is a logical method, not an empirical one.
Example, if we want to test knowledge on American Geography it is not fair to
have most questions limited to the geography of New England.
5. Types of Validity
4. Face Validity:
Face validity occurs where something appears to be valid.
This depends very much on the judgment of the observer.
5. Test Validity:
a) Criterion: Correlation with the standards.
b) Predictive: Predicts future values of criterion.
c) Concurrent: Correlates with other test.
6. Construct Validity:
Construct validity accurately represent reality.
a) convergent: Simultaneous measure of same construct correlate.
b) Discriminant: Doesn’t measure what it shouldn’t.
6. Reliability
Reliability
Reliability is the degree to which a test consistently measures
whatever it measures.
When a measurement procedure yields consistent scores when
the phenomenon being measured is not changing
Degree to which scores are free of “Measurement Error
Consistency of the measurement
8. Types of Reliability
1. Stability Reliability:
Test-retest:
Test-retest reliability is the degree to which scores are
consistent over time. It indicates score variation that occurs
from testing session to testing session as a result of errors of
measurement.
Same test- different Times
Only works if phenomenon is unchanging
Example: Administering the same questionnaire at 2 different
times
9. Types of reliability
2. Equivalence Reliability:
a) Inter-item reliability: (internal consistency)
The association of answers to set of questions designed to
measure the same concept
Cronbach’s alpha is a statistic commonly used to measure
inter-item reliability which is based on the average of all the
possible correlations of all the split 1/2 s of set of questions on
a questionnaire.
10. Types of Reliability
b) Parallel form of Reliability
Split-Half Reliability:
Especially appropriate when the test is very long. The most
commonly used method to split the test into two is using the
odd-even strategy.
Since longer tests tend to be more reliable, and since split-half
reliability represents the reliability of a test only half as long as
the actual test.
C) Inter observer Reliability:
Correspondence between measures made by different observers.
11. Relationship between Validity & Reliability
Necessary but not sufficient
Reliability is prerequisite for measurement of
validity
One needs reliability but it is not enough