Climate resilience is the ability to anticipate, prepare for, and respond to hazardous events, trends, or disturbances related to climate. Improving climate resilience involves assessing how climate change will create new, or alter current, climate related risks, and taking steps to better cope with these risks. It is the use of climate smart technologies for cropping in inappropriate climate to counteract the problems.
Through the adoption of inventive methodologies and the facilitation of knowledge sharing, the worldwide horticulture sector can mitigate climate-related uncertainties and plays an important role in ensuring food security and the well-being of rural communities.
Climate resilient horticulture for sustainable development: Adaptation and Mi...HARISH Kumar H R
1) The document discusses climate resilient horticulture for sustainable development. It covers topics like the effects of climate change, climate vulnerability assessments in India, horticulture production trends, impacts of climate change on horticulture crops, and strategies for climate adaptation and mitigation.
2) Major strategies discussed include using climate resilient varieties, micro-irrigation techniques, improved crop and soil management practices, and government schemes to boost adaptation.
3) The implementation of climate resilient approaches has led to increased horticultural production and reduced the impacts of climate change related stresses.
The document discusses soil and climatic conditions prevalent in rainfed agriculture. It notes that 60% of India's cultivated area is rainfed, covering many states. Rainfed soils tend to be of poor quality with low fertility and organic matter. They are susceptible to erosion and suffer from excess salts or acidity. Climate is also challenging, with rainfall being uncertain and unevenly distributed. Dry spells during the monsoon season can significantly impact crop growth. Temperature and humidity fluctuations further impact water availability and evapotranspiration. Overall, the key issues for crop production in these areas are inadequate and irregular rainfall, dry spells, low soil moisture retention, and poor soil fertility.
This document provides information about dryland farming and drought management strategies. It defines dryland farming as crop cultivation under rainfed conditions with annual rainfall less than 750 mm. It notes that about 70% of India's rural population lives in dryland farming areas. The document discusses various climatic and soil constraints to crop production in dryland regions such as variable rainfall, high temperatures, and low soil moisture and fertility. It also describes different types of drought based on duration and impact. The document concludes by outlining some strategies for drought management, including adjusting plant populations, mulching, water harvesting, and adopting alternate land use systems.
Climate change and its impact on Vegetable productionMajid Rashid
The document provides information on the impacts of climate change on vegetable production. It discusses how rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events are negatively affecting vegetable growth, development, yields and quality. Key points mentioned include vegetables being very sensitive to changes in temperature and rainfall, leading to crop failures and reduced yields. Climate change is also altering pest and disease pressures on vegetable crops. The document then outlines some mitigation strategies like using improved crop varieties, mulching, drip irrigation, and agronomic practices that help vegetable farmers adapt to climate impacts.
Greenhouse cooling is needed to remove excess heat trapped inside the greenhouse by the cover. There are several methods for greenhouse cooling, including ventilation, evaporative cooling, and heat prevention. Ventilation works by replacing warm inside air with cooler outside air through openings. Evaporative cooling uses the evaporation of water to lower air temperature. Heat prevention techniques like shading or radiation filters aim to reduce the solar heat load entering the greenhouse. Composite systems that combine multiple approaches, such as using the earth's constant underground temperature via earth-to-air heat exchangers or aquifer water, can also help cool greenhouse air.
Climate resilient agriculture adaptation and mitigation strategiesDevegowda S R
This document discusses climate resilient agriculture and its importance in India. It provides definitions of key terms like climate resilience, adaptation, and mitigation. It outlines various strategies for climate resilient practices in agriculture, including developing drought/heat tolerant crop varieties, improved water management, and diversifying crops and farm practices. The National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) is described as the major government project focused on building resilience through strategic research, technology demonstrations, and capacity building. Several case studies on awareness, adoption and impact of climate resilient practices by farmers in India are summarized.
Global climate change and increasing climatic variability are recently considered a huge concern worldwide due to enormous emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and its more apparent effect on fruit crops because of its perennial nature. The changed climatic parameters affect the crop physiology, biochemistry, floral biology, biotic stresses like disease-pest incidence, etc., and ultimately resulted to the reduction of yield and quality of fruit crops. So, it is big challenge to the scientists of the world.
Climate resilient horticulture for sustainable development: Adaptation and Mi...HARISH Kumar H R
1) The document discusses climate resilient horticulture for sustainable development. It covers topics like the effects of climate change, climate vulnerability assessments in India, horticulture production trends, impacts of climate change on horticulture crops, and strategies for climate adaptation and mitigation.
2) Major strategies discussed include using climate resilient varieties, micro-irrigation techniques, improved crop and soil management practices, and government schemes to boost adaptation.
3) The implementation of climate resilient approaches has led to increased horticultural production and reduced the impacts of climate change related stresses.
The document discusses soil and climatic conditions prevalent in rainfed agriculture. It notes that 60% of India's cultivated area is rainfed, covering many states. Rainfed soils tend to be of poor quality with low fertility and organic matter. They are susceptible to erosion and suffer from excess salts or acidity. Climate is also challenging, with rainfall being uncertain and unevenly distributed. Dry spells during the monsoon season can significantly impact crop growth. Temperature and humidity fluctuations further impact water availability and evapotranspiration. Overall, the key issues for crop production in these areas are inadequate and irregular rainfall, dry spells, low soil moisture retention, and poor soil fertility.
This document provides information about dryland farming and drought management strategies. It defines dryland farming as crop cultivation under rainfed conditions with annual rainfall less than 750 mm. It notes that about 70% of India's rural population lives in dryland farming areas. The document discusses various climatic and soil constraints to crop production in dryland regions such as variable rainfall, high temperatures, and low soil moisture and fertility. It also describes different types of drought based on duration and impact. The document concludes by outlining some strategies for drought management, including adjusting plant populations, mulching, water harvesting, and adopting alternate land use systems.
Climate change and its impact on Vegetable productionMajid Rashid
The document provides information on the impacts of climate change on vegetable production. It discusses how rising temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events are negatively affecting vegetable growth, development, yields and quality. Key points mentioned include vegetables being very sensitive to changes in temperature and rainfall, leading to crop failures and reduced yields. Climate change is also altering pest and disease pressures on vegetable crops. The document then outlines some mitigation strategies like using improved crop varieties, mulching, drip irrigation, and agronomic practices that help vegetable farmers adapt to climate impacts.
Greenhouse cooling is needed to remove excess heat trapped inside the greenhouse by the cover. There are several methods for greenhouse cooling, including ventilation, evaporative cooling, and heat prevention. Ventilation works by replacing warm inside air with cooler outside air through openings. Evaporative cooling uses the evaporation of water to lower air temperature. Heat prevention techniques like shading or radiation filters aim to reduce the solar heat load entering the greenhouse. Composite systems that combine multiple approaches, such as using the earth's constant underground temperature via earth-to-air heat exchangers or aquifer water, can also help cool greenhouse air.
Climate resilient agriculture adaptation and mitigation strategiesDevegowda S R
This document discusses climate resilient agriculture and its importance in India. It provides definitions of key terms like climate resilience, adaptation, and mitigation. It outlines various strategies for climate resilient practices in agriculture, including developing drought/heat tolerant crop varieties, improved water management, and diversifying crops and farm practices. The National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) is described as the major government project focused on building resilience through strategic research, technology demonstrations, and capacity building. Several case studies on awareness, adoption and impact of climate resilient practices by farmers in India are summarized.
Global climate change and increasing climatic variability are recently considered a huge concern worldwide due to enormous emissions of greenhouse gases to the atmosphere and its more apparent effect on fruit crops because of its perennial nature. The changed climatic parameters affect the crop physiology, biochemistry, floral biology, biotic stresses like disease-pest incidence, etc., and ultimately resulted to the reduction of yield and quality of fruit crops. So, it is big challenge to the scientists of the world.
Climate change and mitigation strategy for fruit productionpriyankakatara2
Priyanka katara gave a seminar on climate change and mitigation strategies for fruit production. She discussed how climate change is impacting fruit crops through increasing temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. Rising temperatures and humidity are leading to flower and fruit drop in citrus, pre-mature ripening in mango, and increased incidence of diseases and pests across fruit crops. Adaptation strategies presented included using drought and disease resistant varieties, mulching, shelter belts, high density planting, shifting to new crop schedules, and water management techniques like drip irrigation. Genetic approaches involve utilizing genetic diversity through field gene banks and selection of rootstocks tolerant to stresses. The seminar emphasized the need for research
The document discusses rainfed agriculture, which many people worldwide rely on for food and livelihood. Communities in arid and semi-arid areas often face food deficits due to crop failure from lack of water. Water scarcity is the biggest threat to food self-sufficiency in these areas. In-situ rainwater harvesting techniques are crucial for semi-arid areas with short growing periods and high runoff. Alternate land use systems and horticultural crops can help conserve moisture, diversify farming, and increase income in rainfed areas vulnerable to degradation. Developing water-use efficiency and conservation technologies is needed to support rainfed agriculture.
This document provides an overview of a village-level crop and weather analysis project conducted by students in an agricultural meteorology program. It introduces the group members and describes the objectives of their Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) program, which aims to give students hands-on experience analyzing rural institutions, farms, and the impacts of traditions on farming communities. The document then provides background on agrometeorology and its relevance to agriculture before describing the study village of Darjeepara and presenting findings on its water resources, hydrological map, cropping patterns, irrigation sources, and monthly farm operations. Water balances and phenological analyses are also given for specific crops grown by two farmers.
Citrus (Production Technology and diseases)Zohaib Hassan
Citrus is major fruit crop all over the world. it faces many cultural as well as disease problems. This presentation give you the knowledge about basic requirement for citrus .
This document discusses plant growth analysis methodologies. It provides background on the classical approach of calculating relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) between two harvests. More recent methods use curve-fitting to model plant weight and leaf area over time. The objectives are to quantify effects of environmental influences on growth rates and analyze differences between crop varieties. The literature review discusses studies on sugar beet growth response to potassium fertilizer. Key growth parameters discussed include leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), and relative growth rate (RGR). Formulas for calculating each parameter are provided.
This document provides information about Bengalgram or chickpea. It discusses the plant family, origin, nutritional value, production areas and yields, soil and climate requirements, varieties, and cultivation practices like seed treatment, sowing, fertilizer use, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, threshing, and cropping systems. India is the largest producer of chickpeas, with 77% of global area and production. Common varieties include Desi and Kabuli types. Proper sowing time, fertilizer use, irrigation, and weed control are needed to optimize yields, which average 20-25 quintals per hectare.
1) The document discusses rainfed agriculture in India, which occupies 67% of cultivated land but produces 44% of food grains. It defines dry farming, dryland farming and rainfed farming based on annual rainfall.
2) It provides a brief history of developments in rainfed agriculture in India starting from the 1920s, including establishment of research stations and institutions.
3) The document outlines several problems faced in rainfed agriculture like inadequate and uneven rainfall distribution, long gaps between rainfall, early/late monsoon onset, early cessation of rains, and prolonged dry spells. It provides solutions to address each problem.
This document discusses renewable energy gadgets. It describes 10 different renewable energy gadgets including solar cookers, dryers, water pumps, greenhouses, insect traps powered by solar energy as well as biogas plants. It provides details on how each gadget works, with many relying on solar panels to generate electricity or harnessing the sun's thermal energy to power devices like water pumps or produce steam for cooking.
SEED PRODUCTION IN Broccoli (CSK HPKV) by: ajay chauhanStudent
- Broccoli is a cool season vegetable crop belonging to the Brassicaceae family. It is rich in vitamins A, C, and K as well as antioxidants like sulforaphane.
- There are early, mid, and late season varieties of broccoli suitable for different climates. Varieties also differ based on heading type and heat tolerance. Common varieties include Palam Kanchan, Palam Vichitra, and Flash.
- Broccoli grows best in sandy loam soils with a pH of 5.5-6.8 and requires moderate fertilizer and irrigation. Pests like diamond back moths and diseases like downy mildew must be controlled through integrated pest management.
Crop regulation and off season fruit productionsukhjinder mann
The document discusses crop regulation and off-season fruit production. The main objectives of crop regulation are to force trees to rest and produce abundant blossoms and fruits during specific flushing periods, regulate uniform fruit quality, and maximize production and profits. Commonly used methods for crop and off-season regulation include withholding irrigation, hand thinning, pruning, smudging, and chemical applications. Specific techniques are discussed for regulating crops of guava, pomegranate, citrus, and grapes to produce fruits off-season through cultural practices, protected cultivation, and growth regulators. Benefits and challenges of off-season production are also summarized.
Genetical and agronomical principles of seed 'production , methods of seed pr...DHANUKA AGRI ACADEMY
This document discusses principles and practices of vegetable seed production. It outlines genetic and agronomic principles that must be followed to produce high quality, genetically pure seeds. These include using approved seed sources, isolation distances to prevent natural crossing, roguing to remove off-types, and following quality control standards. It then describes the specific process for onion seed production, including selecting bulbs, land preparation, planting, irrigation, harvesting, curing, storing bulbs, and planting the next season for seed production. Pest and disease management is also covered. The goal is to apply these principles to obtain true-to-type seeds through the seed production process.
Insect & disease management inside green houseRakesh Pattnaik
The document discusses integrated pest management for greenhouse crops. It emphasizes using a combination of preventative measures like maintaining hygiene, controlling access, using disease-resistant varieties, and monitoring environmental conditions and crops. If diseases are present, actions like removing infected plants, applying fungicides appropriately, and properly disposing of waste are recommended. Common insect and mite pests found in Indian greenhouses include aphids, caterpillars, leafminers, mites, thrips, and whiteflies.
COMMERCIAL VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS IN CABBAGE AND CAULIFLOWERAdhiyamaan Raj
This document provides information on various cabbage and cauliflower varieties grown in India. For cabbage, it discusses early, mid-season and late varieties and their characteristics like Golden Acre, Late Drum Head, Pusa Drum Head. For cauliflower, it outlines varieties categorized by season including early, mid-early and mid-late varieties like Early Kunwari, Pusa Deepali, Pusa Sharad and their key traits. It also shares details on hybrid varieties of both crops and their advantages.
This document provides information on growing roses in a greenhouse. It discusses ideal soil and climate conditions, common rose varieties classified by stem length and yield, and methods of propagation including budding, grafting and layering. It also outlines best practices for bed preparation, temperature and humidity control in the greenhouse, lighting, carbon dioxide supplementation, bending, disbudding, pinching, pruning, water and fertilizer management, and harvesting and post-harvest handling of roses. The goal is to produce quality roses and maintain plant vigor through careful control of the growing environment and use of horticultural techniques.
Rabi crop varieties ( release or recommended by IGKV)janhavimaurya
This document provides recommendations for crop varieties suitable for rabi season cultivation in Chhattisgarh, India. For wheat, the varieties Chhattisgarh Genhu-3 and Chhattisgarh Amber Wheat are recommended. For barley, the variety RD2899 is suitable. Recommended linseed varieties include R1, R7, and R17. The mustard variety Chhattisgarh Sarson and sesame variety Suprava are also listed. Details on suitable varieties for other crops such as safflower, chickpea, lentil, field pea, and their traits are provided.
abiotic stress and its management in fruit cropsrehana javid
This document discusses various types of stresses that affect fruit crops, including temperature, water, radiation, wind, and soil stresses. It defines stress, describes different stress classifications, and outlines the effects of specific stresses like high temperature, low temperature, water deficit, flooding, wind, salt, and radiation on fruit crop growth, development, and yield. It also discusses various cropping systems used in fruit crops and strategies for contingency planning and mitigation of different stress situations, including the use of tolerant varieties, cultural practices, protection methods, and rainwater harvesting.
1. The document provides information about the crops Mustard and Rapeseed, including their botanical names, uses, cultivation practices, and yields.
2. Mustard and Rapeseed are the third most important edible oilseed crops worldwide. They are grown in many countries including India, where they account for nearly one-third of edible oil production.
3. The document discusses the crops' origins, varieties, seed rates, land preparation, irrigation needs, harvesting, and expected yields. Mustard yields are typically higher than Rapeseed at 2.0-2.5 tons/hectare compared to 1.4-2.0 tons/hectare.
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
Strategies to overcome climate change effect on fruitParshant Bakshi
This document discusses strategies for mitigating the impacts of climate change on subtropical fruits. It provides evidence that human activities are changing the climate through greenhouse gas emissions. The key impacts of climate change on horticulture that are predicted by 2050 include increased CO2, sea level rise, higher temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and increased storminess. These climate changes will affect fruit crops like citrus, grapes, mangoes, and guavas through issues like increased disease pressure, reduced yields, and decreased fruit quality. The document recommends strategies for fruit crops to adapt to or mitigate the effects of climate change.
Climate change poses serious threats to Indian agriculture that could undermine food security. Studies project cereal production may decrease 10-40% by 2100 due to increased temperatures, with wheat facing greater losses. Every 1°C rise in temperature could reduce wheat production by 4-5 million tons. Adaptation strategies like new crop varieties, water management, and insurance can help minimize impacts but require significant research and policy support. Immediate action is needed on low-cost adaptation options while determining costs and policies for long-term mitigation through practices like agroforestry and soil carbon sequestration. Failure to act risks substantial economic and social damages from climate impacts on India's agricultural sector and food system.
A Study on the Effect of Climate Emergency in Urban India and with Growing Po...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study on the effects of climate emergency in urban India and how the region is tackling it. It finds that urban areas utilize more natural resources and produce more greenhouse gases than rural areas due to transportation, industries, and lack of climate-resilient planning. Climate change is causing problems like droughts, floods, cyclones, and heat waves which impact populations and economies. The government is implementing schemes to promote renewable energy, green buildings, electric vehicles, and sustainable development. However, solid waste management and air pollution remain issues. Adapting smart green technologies and upgrading infrastructure in urban slums will be key to addressing climate change as the urban population increases 50% by 2050.
Climate change and mitigation strategy for fruit productionpriyankakatara2
Priyanka katara gave a seminar on climate change and mitigation strategies for fruit production. She discussed how climate change is impacting fruit crops through increasing temperatures, changing precipitation patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. Rising temperatures and humidity are leading to flower and fruit drop in citrus, pre-mature ripening in mango, and increased incidence of diseases and pests across fruit crops. Adaptation strategies presented included using drought and disease resistant varieties, mulching, shelter belts, high density planting, shifting to new crop schedules, and water management techniques like drip irrigation. Genetic approaches involve utilizing genetic diversity through field gene banks and selection of rootstocks tolerant to stresses. The seminar emphasized the need for research
The document discusses rainfed agriculture, which many people worldwide rely on for food and livelihood. Communities in arid and semi-arid areas often face food deficits due to crop failure from lack of water. Water scarcity is the biggest threat to food self-sufficiency in these areas. In-situ rainwater harvesting techniques are crucial for semi-arid areas with short growing periods and high runoff. Alternate land use systems and horticultural crops can help conserve moisture, diversify farming, and increase income in rainfed areas vulnerable to degradation. Developing water-use efficiency and conservation technologies is needed to support rainfed agriculture.
This document provides an overview of a village-level crop and weather analysis project conducted by students in an agricultural meteorology program. It introduces the group members and describes the objectives of their Rural Agricultural Work Experience (RAWE) program, which aims to give students hands-on experience analyzing rural institutions, farms, and the impacts of traditions on farming communities. The document then provides background on agrometeorology and its relevance to agriculture before describing the study village of Darjeepara and presenting findings on its water resources, hydrological map, cropping patterns, irrigation sources, and monthly farm operations. Water balances and phenological analyses are also given for specific crops grown by two farmers.
Citrus (Production Technology and diseases)Zohaib Hassan
Citrus is major fruit crop all over the world. it faces many cultural as well as disease problems. This presentation give you the knowledge about basic requirement for citrus .
This document discusses plant growth analysis methodologies. It provides background on the classical approach of calculating relative growth rate (RGR) and net assimilation rate (NAR) between two harvests. More recent methods use curve-fitting to model plant weight and leaf area over time. The objectives are to quantify effects of environmental influences on growth rates and analyze differences between crop varieties. The literature review discusses studies on sugar beet growth response to potassium fertilizer. Key growth parameters discussed include leaf area, leaf area index (LAI), crop growth rate (CGR), and relative growth rate (RGR). Formulas for calculating each parameter are provided.
This document provides information about Bengalgram or chickpea. It discusses the plant family, origin, nutritional value, production areas and yields, soil and climate requirements, varieties, and cultivation practices like seed treatment, sowing, fertilizer use, irrigation, weed control, harvesting, threshing, and cropping systems. India is the largest producer of chickpeas, with 77% of global area and production. Common varieties include Desi and Kabuli types. Proper sowing time, fertilizer use, irrigation, and weed control are needed to optimize yields, which average 20-25 quintals per hectare.
1) The document discusses rainfed agriculture in India, which occupies 67% of cultivated land but produces 44% of food grains. It defines dry farming, dryland farming and rainfed farming based on annual rainfall.
2) It provides a brief history of developments in rainfed agriculture in India starting from the 1920s, including establishment of research stations and institutions.
3) The document outlines several problems faced in rainfed agriculture like inadequate and uneven rainfall distribution, long gaps between rainfall, early/late monsoon onset, early cessation of rains, and prolonged dry spells. It provides solutions to address each problem.
This document discusses renewable energy gadgets. It describes 10 different renewable energy gadgets including solar cookers, dryers, water pumps, greenhouses, insect traps powered by solar energy as well as biogas plants. It provides details on how each gadget works, with many relying on solar panels to generate electricity or harnessing the sun's thermal energy to power devices like water pumps or produce steam for cooking.
SEED PRODUCTION IN Broccoli (CSK HPKV) by: ajay chauhanStudent
- Broccoli is a cool season vegetable crop belonging to the Brassicaceae family. It is rich in vitamins A, C, and K as well as antioxidants like sulforaphane.
- There are early, mid, and late season varieties of broccoli suitable for different climates. Varieties also differ based on heading type and heat tolerance. Common varieties include Palam Kanchan, Palam Vichitra, and Flash.
- Broccoli grows best in sandy loam soils with a pH of 5.5-6.8 and requires moderate fertilizer and irrigation. Pests like diamond back moths and diseases like downy mildew must be controlled through integrated pest management.
Crop regulation and off season fruit productionsukhjinder mann
The document discusses crop regulation and off-season fruit production. The main objectives of crop regulation are to force trees to rest and produce abundant blossoms and fruits during specific flushing periods, regulate uniform fruit quality, and maximize production and profits. Commonly used methods for crop and off-season regulation include withholding irrigation, hand thinning, pruning, smudging, and chemical applications. Specific techniques are discussed for regulating crops of guava, pomegranate, citrus, and grapes to produce fruits off-season through cultural practices, protected cultivation, and growth regulators. Benefits and challenges of off-season production are also summarized.
Genetical and agronomical principles of seed 'production , methods of seed pr...DHANUKA AGRI ACADEMY
This document discusses principles and practices of vegetable seed production. It outlines genetic and agronomic principles that must be followed to produce high quality, genetically pure seeds. These include using approved seed sources, isolation distances to prevent natural crossing, roguing to remove off-types, and following quality control standards. It then describes the specific process for onion seed production, including selecting bulbs, land preparation, planting, irrigation, harvesting, curing, storing bulbs, and planting the next season for seed production. Pest and disease management is also covered. The goal is to apply these principles to obtain true-to-type seeds through the seed production process.
Insect & disease management inside green houseRakesh Pattnaik
The document discusses integrated pest management for greenhouse crops. It emphasizes using a combination of preventative measures like maintaining hygiene, controlling access, using disease-resistant varieties, and monitoring environmental conditions and crops. If diseases are present, actions like removing infected plants, applying fungicides appropriately, and properly disposing of waste are recommended. Common insect and mite pests found in Indian greenhouses include aphids, caterpillars, leafminers, mites, thrips, and whiteflies.
COMMERCIAL VARIETIES AND HYBRIDS IN CABBAGE AND CAULIFLOWERAdhiyamaan Raj
This document provides information on various cabbage and cauliflower varieties grown in India. For cabbage, it discusses early, mid-season and late varieties and their characteristics like Golden Acre, Late Drum Head, Pusa Drum Head. For cauliflower, it outlines varieties categorized by season including early, mid-early and mid-late varieties like Early Kunwari, Pusa Deepali, Pusa Sharad and their key traits. It also shares details on hybrid varieties of both crops and their advantages.
This document provides information on growing roses in a greenhouse. It discusses ideal soil and climate conditions, common rose varieties classified by stem length and yield, and methods of propagation including budding, grafting and layering. It also outlines best practices for bed preparation, temperature and humidity control in the greenhouse, lighting, carbon dioxide supplementation, bending, disbudding, pinching, pruning, water and fertilizer management, and harvesting and post-harvest handling of roses. The goal is to produce quality roses and maintain plant vigor through careful control of the growing environment and use of horticultural techniques.
Rabi crop varieties ( release or recommended by IGKV)janhavimaurya
This document provides recommendations for crop varieties suitable for rabi season cultivation in Chhattisgarh, India. For wheat, the varieties Chhattisgarh Genhu-3 and Chhattisgarh Amber Wheat are recommended. For barley, the variety RD2899 is suitable. Recommended linseed varieties include R1, R7, and R17. The mustard variety Chhattisgarh Sarson and sesame variety Suprava are also listed. Details on suitable varieties for other crops such as safflower, chickpea, lentil, field pea, and their traits are provided.
abiotic stress and its management in fruit cropsrehana javid
This document discusses various types of stresses that affect fruit crops, including temperature, water, radiation, wind, and soil stresses. It defines stress, describes different stress classifications, and outlines the effects of specific stresses like high temperature, low temperature, water deficit, flooding, wind, salt, and radiation on fruit crop growth, development, and yield. It also discusses various cropping systems used in fruit crops and strategies for contingency planning and mitigation of different stress situations, including the use of tolerant varieties, cultural practices, protection methods, and rainwater harvesting.
1. The document provides information about the crops Mustard and Rapeseed, including their botanical names, uses, cultivation practices, and yields.
2. Mustard and Rapeseed are the third most important edible oilseed crops worldwide. They are grown in many countries including India, where they account for nearly one-third of edible oil production.
3. The document discusses the crops' origins, varieties, seed rates, land preparation, irrigation needs, harvesting, and expected yields. Mustard yields are typically higher than Rapeseed at 2.0-2.5 tons/hectare compared to 1.4-2.0 tons/hectare.
High Density Planting is a method of densely planting plant with plant population more than the optimum to get higher productivity in terms of quality and yield by manipulating the tree architecture and planting systems such as use of dwarfing rootstock, interstocks, scions, spurs; intensive use of growth regulators, training and pruning, cultural practices and reducing the spacing. The main principle is to improve efficiency of horizontal and vertical space utilisation per unit time, and resources and input utilisation. There is a balance between the vegetative and fruiting structures without affecting the plant health. Advantages include increased productivity, high income, efficient use of resources and mechanisation and operational efficacy
Strategies to overcome climate change effect on fruitParshant Bakshi
This document discusses strategies for mitigating the impacts of climate change on subtropical fruits. It provides evidence that human activities are changing the climate through greenhouse gas emissions. The key impacts of climate change on horticulture that are predicted by 2050 include increased CO2, sea level rise, higher temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and increased storminess. These climate changes will affect fruit crops like citrus, grapes, mangoes, and guavas through issues like increased disease pressure, reduced yields, and decreased fruit quality. The document recommends strategies for fruit crops to adapt to or mitigate the effects of climate change.
Climate change poses serious threats to Indian agriculture that could undermine food security. Studies project cereal production may decrease 10-40% by 2100 due to increased temperatures, with wheat facing greater losses. Every 1°C rise in temperature could reduce wheat production by 4-5 million tons. Adaptation strategies like new crop varieties, water management, and insurance can help minimize impacts but require significant research and policy support. Immediate action is needed on low-cost adaptation options while determining costs and policies for long-term mitigation through practices like agroforestry and soil carbon sequestration. Failure to act risks substantial economic and social damages from climate impacts on India's agricultural sector and food system.
A Study on the Effect of Climate Emergency in Urban India and with Growing Po...ijtsrd
This document summarizes a study on the effects of climate emergency in urban India and how the region is tackling it. It finds that urban areas utilize more natural resources and produce more greenhouse gases than rural areas due to transportation, industries, and lack of climate-resilient planning. Climate change is causing problems like droughts, floods, cyclones, and heat waves which impact populations and economies. The government is implementing schemes to promote renewable energy, green buildings, electric vehicles, and sustainable development. However, solid waste management and air pollution remain issues. Adapting smart green technologies and upgrading infrastructure in urban slums will be key to addressing climate change as the urban population increases 50% by 2050.
Climate Resilient Agriculture an Approach to Reduce the Ill-Effect of Climate...UditDebangshi
Climate resilient agriculture (CRA) is a sustainable
approach for converting and reorienting agricultural systems to
support food security under the new realities of climate change
through different adaptation and mitigation mechanisms.
Agricultural systems are extremely vulnerable to climate change, given their sensitivity to variations in different threats like temperature, precipitation and incidence of natural events and disasters such as droughts and floods with this on an average the extreme weather patterns can impact farm incomes in the range of 15-18 %. Threats can be reduced by increasing the adaptive capacity of farmers as well as increasing resilience and resource use efficiency in agricultural production systems. CRA promotes synchronized actions by farmers, government, scientist, private sector, and policy-makers through three main action areas: (1) Building the capacity to identify the threats; (2) Curing the threats through adaptation and mitigation process (3) Sustain their adaptive mechanisms over a long time. The vulnerability of existing conditions of poverty, malnutrition and increasing populations puts intense pressure on finite natural resources, especially land, water and energy – all of which are integral to agricultural systems. In this context, it becomes imperative to adopt Climate-Resilient Agriculture (CRA) measures at cooperative scale to address the impending impact of climate change on agriculture.
A Workflow to Predict the Present-day in-situ Stress Field in Tectonically Stable Regions
Are Environmental Vanguard Firms More Proactive Towards Environmental Conservation? An Empirical Study of Power Sector Firms in India
Effect of Elevated [CO2] and Nutrient Management on Grain Yield and Milling Quality of Rice in Subtropical India
Paleo-environmental Conditions, Paleoclimatic Significance and Effects of Weathering on Clay Deposits in the Lower Benue Trough, Nigeria. Mineralogical Approach
Warming Changed Soil Respiration Dynamics of Alpine Meadow Ecosystem on the Tibetan Plateau
CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS AND VULNERABILITY: HOW BANGLADESH RESPONSE?Sakib Farhaz
Bangladesh is one of the most vulnerable countries to climate-related hazards such as cyclones and floods, despite its negligible contribution to global warming (less than 0.47% of global emissions). The rise of sea levels by 1-2 feet by the end of the century poses a risk of flooding to 17% of its land area. The frequency and damage caused by natural disasters have increased 4-5 times and 6 times, respectively, since the 1950s. The increasing temperatures and changes in rainfall patterns have reduced crop yields by up to 20% in some areas and caused saltwater intrusion, affecting over 2 million people in coastal areas and reducing access to drinking water. The costs of natural disasters could increase from 0.5% of GDP in 2010 to 2% of GDP by 2050. Scientists predict that 1.5°C of global warming will result in heat waves, changes in seasons and precipitation patterns, affecting flooding and drought occurrences. Climate sensitive agrarian economies of the region will face serious crisis unless the temperature is checked and new technologies, practices and lifestyles are adapted. Climate change adaptation will sustain food security, increase resilience to disaster and climate change, protect and enhance local ecosystems, and enhance human resources, reducing overall vulnerability. To cope with this Bangladesh is taking various actions to address climate change, such as promoting renewable energy, implementing coastal zone management strategies, increasing public transportation, developing alternative livelihood options, and increasing awareness and education. Additionally, they are planting more trees, enhancing disaster risk reduction, encouraging energy-efficient technologies, investing in early warning systems, and collaborating with international organizations.
Attitude of the farmers towards climate change effect on agricultureAbdullaAlAsif1
Global climate change has triggered the increased incidence of extreme disasters like cyclone, flood, soil salinity, etc. in the coastal region of Bangladesh. In the recent past, an amplified number of fatalities happened and the greater impact also acted upon the attitude of coastal people. Badarpur Union under Patuakhali Sadar upazila of Patuakhali District was the selected locale of the concerned study. Data for this research work were personally collected from a randomly sampled 121 farmers from different villages of Badarpur union by using an interview schedule. Attitude of the farmers was ascertained through a five-point-Likert type scale. Coefficient of correlation (r) was computed to explore the relationships between farmers " attitude and their selected characteristics. The findings revealed that 51.2 percent of the farmers had moderately favourable attitude towards climate change effect while 42.1 percent had slightly favourable and 6.6 percent had highly favourable attitude. The correlation test showed that the education, farming experience, farm size, annual income, training received and agricultural knowledge had positive significant relationships with farmers " attitude towards climate change effect on agriculture while the rest of the characteristics had no relationship in the present study. The focus findings of the present study were that, the attitude of the farmers is changing due to changes in the climatic conditions and there was a positive effect of it on agriculture.
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This document summarizes the impacts of climate change on agriculture in India. It discusses how climate change can negatively affect crop yields and production through increased temperatures, changing rainfall patterns, and more frequent extreme weather events. It provides examples of studies that project declines in the production of crops like rice, wheat and sorghum in different parts of India due to climate change. The document also discusses how climate change may reduce milk production in India. It identifies adaptation strategies like altered cropping practices and integrated farming as ways for agriculture to build resilience against climate impacts.
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Food Security Production Challenges in Indonesia as Impact of Global Climate ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
— Global food availability, including national as well as local, is highly dependent on the natural resources that will affect crop production. Although there is rain, soil temperatures and conditions have formed a natural system that will support agricultural efforts, but this state is unstable and always changes according to atmospheric conditions in an integrated manner. Human beings on certain boundaries can intervene with the natural resources. Climate (generally a combination of rain, temperature, and sunlight) is the most important growth factor in crop production in the field. Any change in climatic conditions will have far-reaching effects on global food production. Global climate change, excessive land and land exploitation, inaccurate land management, in its time will have an impact on the food production and availability of a region. Knowing well the of nature characteristics, then anticipating the impact that will arise and determine the ways of handling it, is a series of business and activities that must be done to achieve food security. To anticipate climate change and its impacts on crop production, a broad outline can be made by considering the following physical technic aspects: 1) adjusting cropping patterns; 2) increasing the area of forest cover and catchment areas; 3) application of land and crop management technology. Some application of land and crop management technologies include: organic farming, implementation of Surjan system, food diversification, large tree planting, water pond production, etc. The policies that need to be taken as a solution in anticipating the impact of global climate change are 1) the preparation and stipulation of special food agriculture scenarios, including the zoning of production potential and zonation of climate risk (drought, flood, landslide, etc.) with the updating of data every year; 2) reducing the conversion of agricultural land (food); 3) incentives for farmers; 4) changing the consumption pattern of the people, from the consumption of rice to alternative staple foods; 5) subsidies and protection of food farming; 6) climate monitoring and prediction (early rainy season, long growing period, and potential water availability; 7) Revitalization of watershed (DAS) functions; 8) Multiply the artificial water absorption area.
The HortFlora Research Spectrum (HRS), is an international-peer reviewed, open access journal that serves as a forum for the exchange and dissemination of R & D advances and innovations in all facets of Horticultural Sciences (Pomology, Olericulture, Floriculture, Post Harvest Technology, Plant Biotechnology, and Medicinal & Aromatic Plants etc.) and its allied branches on an international level. HRS is officially published quarterly (March, June, September and December) every year, in English (print & online version), under the keen auspices of Biosciences & Agriculture Advancement Society (BAAS), Meerut (India)
www.hortflorajournal.com
Drought risk mitigation and management in India is important given observed climate changes like increasing temperatures, changing monsoon patterns, and rising sea levels. The National Action Plan for Climate Change aims to promote adaptation and mitigation strategies across several sectors through various national missions. However, rural populations remain highly vulnerable to climate impacts due to dependencies on climate-sensitive resources for livelihoods. Integrated approaches that enhance adaptive capacities, promote diversification of livelihoods, and empower local communities can help reduce vulnerabilities.
Agriculture is a core part of India's economy, providing livelihoods for much of the population. The Indian Agricultural Research Institute studied how climate change could impact agriculture across India. Their models predict higher temperatures will reduce yields of wheat and rice in most areas. Yields may decrease more for rain-fed crops compared to irrigated crops. Shifting climate zones may also change suitable areas for certain crops. These changes could significantly impact food security, trade, livelihoods, and water policy. Further research is needed to better understand regional impacts and adaptation options for agriculture under climate change.
Climate change and farming vulnerability in the coast ofAlexander Decker
This document summarizes a study on the impacts of climate change on farming in coastal Bangladesh. It finds that farmers in the study region face many climate-related hazards like river erosion, salinity intrusion, flooding, and heavy rainfall. Most farmers have small landholdings below 0.2 hectares. The main crops are rice varieties, though some areas experience too much salinity for certain rice types. Many farmers rely on rainwater instead of river water for irrigation. The study found that around 37% of farmers migrate seasonally due to climate impacts, with 21% migrating permanently. During rainy season, over 25% of households face waterlogging and flooding issues. Farmers also suffer from diseases linked to climate change like
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Climate change is not global warming; it is only one component of climate change as defined by WMO/IPCC/
UNFCCC. The two main climatic parameters that play vital role in agriculture production are temperature
and precipitation. Temperature presents high seasonal and annual variations, which form irregular variations
part under natural variability of climate change. Since, around the past two decades groups are polluting
agriculture research under the disguise of global warming which is insignificant when compared to seasonal
and annual variations. Agriculture is adopted to such vagaries. Countries like USA and Australia moving
past to renewable energy but country like India, second most populous after China contributing to around
50% of thermal power production similar to USA; and USA and India contributing to around 25% of the
nuclear and hydropower, respectively. The modern agriculture system from 1960, new seeds are tailored to
chemical inputs and now genetically modified (GM) seeds entered India. In such scenarios, reports say that,
the two major crops, namely, rice and wheat that are distributed under Public Distribution System (PDS).
Reports also say that the strength and nutrition quality are reduced by 45% by now and will be reducing to
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40% for India excluding illegal exports; PDS rice entering black market.
Climate Change and Sustainable Management of Salinity in Agriculture: Crimson...CrimsonpublishersMedical
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The document discusses community climate change adaptation concepts and applications. It aims to provide an overview of community climate change adaptation, identify resources and partnerships needed to strengthen climate programming, delineate policies to improve community participation and resilience, and acknowledge challenges and pathways. It discusses key concepts like climate change impacts, community-based adaptation, climate-smart agriculture, and the role of extension services. It outlines methodologies, background on climate impacts and adaptation, and highlights challenges like uncertainty and deficits in adaptive capacities. Overall, the document presents a framework for community climate change adaptation through approaches like integration into development planning, capacity building, knowledge sharing, and education.
Crop farmers' knowledge level of climate change in ilorin east local governme...Alexander Decker
This document summarizes a study that examined crop farmers' knowledge level of climate change in Ilorin East Local Government Area of Nigeria. It found that most farmers were between 41-60 years old and married, with over half having no formal education. While farmers had knowledge of various climate change effects, the study found that 68.6% of farmers had a low knowledge level of climate change. Factors like age, marital status, and farming as the primary occupation were found to positively correlate with higher knowledge levels. The study recommends providing training to farmers and increasing efforts by governmental and non-governmental organizations to raise awareness of climate change issues among farmers.
Wheat crop responds to climate change in rainfed areas of District Mansehra, ...Innspub Net
Agriculture in many ways is affected by climate change and has impact for productivity of crops particularly in rainfed areas. Climate change related research remained a poorly investigated area in KP and instant study filled that gap by investigating impacts of change in climate on farm productivity. The secondary data, spread over 30 years from 1984 to 2013 pertaining to temperature, precipitation, area under cultivation and yield of crops was collected. Analytical models used are ARDL Model. The results pertaining to impact of temperature and precipitation on wheat yield suggest long run relationship among the variables. Temperature is positively and significantly related in Mansehra. The precipitation is positively and significantly related. Short run relationship implies that around 100% deviations from long-term equilibrium are adjusted every year in case of Mansehra. The results wheat areas suggest long run relationship among the variables based on F Statistics value. Both temperature and precipitation are positively and significantly related to the area under wheat in the long run in case of Mansehra. Based on objectives of the research study and field findings recommendations offered include; farmers awareness drive, policies to promote adaptation measures, enhancing farmers’ adaptive capacity to strengthen local resilience, participation of farming community in formulation of policies, making meteorological information available to farmers, Design research plans to evolve crops varieties addressing changing climatic challenges, construct water harvesting structures for high efficiency irrigation and further research to estimate range of temperature and precipitation within which crops under study perform better.
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Integrating Climate-Resilient Practices for Sustainable Development of Horticulture
1. Integrating Climate-Resilient Practices
for Sustainable Development of
Horticulture
Parshant Bakshi1, Megha Patidar1, Kiran Kour1, Syarifah Iis Aisyah2, Iskandar Z. Siregar2,
Vikas Sharma3, Manpreet Singh4 and Rafiq Ahmed Shah1
1Division of Fruit Science, Faculty of Horticulture & Forestry, 3 Coordinator, NAHEP-IDP,
Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agriculture Sciences and Technology, Jammu, 180009, J&K
2Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB, University, Campus Dramaga, Bogor, 16680, Indonesia
4Graphic Era Hill University, Dehradun 248001
2. Speaker Introduction
✉ parshantskuastj@gmail.com
📞 +91 - 9419101601
https://www.krishisandesh.com
Dr. Parshant Bakshi, Professor & Head, Fruit Science and Head, Centre for
Organic and Natural Farming, Chatha SKUAST-Jammu, J&K UT, India is
having more than 20 years of experience in research, teaching & extension
activities. He visited Israel, Indonesia, China and Thailand.
Dr. Bakshi is having more than 120 publications in national and international
journals of repute.
He has been adjudged for best poster and oral presentation at various
national and International platforms.
He has one granted patent from U.K. and has applied for two patents in India
He has guided 14 research students (08 M.Sc. and 06 Ph.D.) as chairman
and 34 as co-chairman and authored 8 books and 9 manuals.
He handled 03 externally funded project as P.I. and 14 as Co-P.I. He is the life
member of 12 societies of Horticulture and is the fellow of Hi-Tech
Horticultural Society.
He developed varieties of fruit crops viz., 01 each of Mango (Jammu Mango)
and Lime (Jammu Lime 1) and 02 of Walnut (JWSP06 and SJPW 01).
He has RG score of 25.64; h-index 14.0 and planted 12,000+ fruit plants
under Save Horticulture mission and awarded.
The Walk and Talk video in Strawberry was awarded Best Video by
MANAGE, Director
3. Content
• Introduction
• Climate Change Scenarios Across India
• Climate Change as a Threat
• Effect of Climate Change on Horticulture Crops
• Climate Resilient Practices
• National Programmes for Climate Change Adaptation
4. Introduction
Climate change
Refers to long-term shifts
in temperatures and
weather patterns. Such
shifts can be natural, due
to changes in the sun's
activity or large volcanic
eruptions.
Climate Resilience
Climate resilience is the ability to
anticipate, prepare for, and
respond to hazardous events,
trends, or disturbances related to
climate. Improving climate
resilience involves assessing how
climate change will create new, or
alter current, climate-related
risks, and taking steps to better
cope with these risks.
5. Climate Resilient
Horticulture
It is the use of
climate smart
technologies for
cropping in
inappropriate
climate to
counteract the
problems.
Sustainable Farming
Sustainable farming respects
and renews natural resources
and utilizes them with
consideration for future
generations. A renewable
garden incorporates eco-
friendly gardening practices
in harmony with Mother
Nature.
7. Countries most at Risk from Climate Change
Andrea D. Steffen,
2020
Risk of climate change
based on how much
carbon dioxide each
country emits yearly to
indicate its contribution
to climate change. That
way, there is a
comparison between a
given country’s likeliness
to survive changes
against its responsibility
for causing it in the first
place.
8. Asian Countries at Risk
Andrea D. Steffen,
3rd CO2 Emission Country 1st CO2 Emission Country 5th CO2 Emission Country
Country CO₂ emission
(Million ton
CO₂ )
1. China 11,680.42
2. United States 4,535.30
3. India 2,411.73
4. Russia 1,674.23
5. Japan 1,061.77
6. Iran 690.24
7. Germany 636.88
8. South Korea 621.47
9. Saudi Arabia 588.81
10. Indonesia 568.27
Top 10 Countries with the Highest
CO₂ Emissions in the World
European Union's Emissions Database for
Global Atmospheric Research (EDGAR)-2020
9. Source: IMD. Monthly Weather and Climate Summary for April 2022
India’s Climate Vulnerability Index
(CVI) and Heat Index (HI) estimation.
(A)CVI illustrated as Low, Moderate
and High levels across states.
(B) Estimated heatwave impact (HI) in
April 2022 using data from the India
Meteorological Department (IMD).
(C) Temperature anomaly caused in
India due to heatwaves in April 2022,
estimated using the IMD data
Climate Vulnerability
10. Of the total 35 states and Union
territories in the country, 27 are
vulnerable to climate risks, the
study highlighted. Assam,
Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra,
Karnataka and Bihar are most
vulnerable to extreme climate
events such as floods, droughts
and cyclones in India. This was
pointed out in a study conducted
by Council on Energy,
Environment and Water
(CEEW), a New Delhi-based not-
for-profit organization. Source: Gaon Connection
Updated: October 26th, 2021
11. Most Vulnerable zone of India
The study also highlighted that 463
out of 640 districts in India are
vulnerable to extreme floods,
droughts and cyclones. More than
45 per cent of these districts have
undergone unsustainable landscape
and infrastructure changes.
Source: Gaon Connection
Updated: October 26th, 2021
12.
13. India which is hugely populous and very significant in the context of biodiversity; it
becomes very important to be watchful. Effects of climate change in India is also
evident and is concerning.
In all likelihood, more than 40% of India population will be facing water scarcity by
2050 (Made for Minds, 2022).
Average temperature had already been risen by 0.7 degree Celsius during 1901-2018
(Krishnan et al., 2020).
It is expected that there is possibility of almost 4.4 degree celsius rise in average
temperature by the end of twenty first century (Krishnan et al., 2020).
Thousands of lives were killed in India and Pakistan by 2015 deadly heat waves. A
phenomenon of this kind can become very frequent in this region (IPCC, 2018).
There is a frightening possibility of rise in temperature by 5.3 degree Celsius in Delhi
by the end of century (IPCC, 2021).
Recently, Delhi recorded more than 49 degree Celsius. Gurgaon which falls under
national capital region also recorded 48 degree Celsius (Mint, 2022).
Climate Change Scenarios Across India
14. Source: Down To Earth: By Rajit Sengupta
Published: Tuesday 17 January 2023
15. Effect of Temperature
Projections in rate of increase in temperatures across India by 2020, 2050 and 2080
Source: Climate-Resilient Horticulture: Adaptation and Mitigation Strategies
16. Increase in annual temperature across various zones of India
S.No. Zone Increase in Temperature (0C)
Max (0C) Min (0C) Mean T (0C)
1. All India 0.76°C 0.22°C 0.49°C
2. West Coast of India 1.24°C 0.22°C 0.73°C
3. East Coast of India 0.67°C 0.36°C 0.52°C
4. Northeast India 1.04°C 0.19°C 0.63°C
5. Northwest India 0.55°C −0.14°C 0.20°C
6. North Central India 0.74°C 0.26°C 0.49°C
7. Interior Peninsular India 0.53°C 0.45°C 0.49°C
8. Western Himalayas of India 0.93°C 0.48°C 0.70°C
18. Climate change is a new
approaches to sustainable
development.
Therefore a need to consider
complex interactions between
climate, social and ecological
systems.
The challenges of achieving
sustainable development will
increase as the magnitude of
climate change increases.
Climate Change as a Threat
19. Factors that Cause Climate Change
Plate Tectonic Evaporation CO2, CH4 and Ashes CO2, CH4 and CFC
20. Potential stress combinations could
involve different biotic factors (e.g.,
virus, bacteria, insect, etc.), climate
change-driven weather events (e.g.,
flooding, extended droughts, heat
waves, etc.), man-made anthropogenic
stresses (e.g., pesticides, antibiotic,
heavy metal, etc.), and/or soil-
associated stress conditions (e.g.,
nutrient deficiency, salinity, decreased
microbial diversity, etc.). In different
combinations, these environmental
stress conditions could negatively
impact yield and cause food, feed, and
fiber shortages.
Source: Zandalinas et al. (2021)
21. Impact of Climate Change on Horticulture
Change in productivity, with reference to quantity and quality of crops.
Change in intercultural practices like water use and application of
fertilizers, insecticides, and herbicides etc.
Environmental influences, particularly in relation to the frequency and
intensity of soil drainage which may lead to loss of nitrogen through
leaching, soil erosion and reduction of crop diversity.
22. Kumari A, Lakshmi GA, Krishna GK, Patni B, Prakash S, Bhattacharyya M, Singh SK, Verma KK. Climate Change and Its
Impact on Crops: A Comprehensive Investigation for Sustainable Agriculture. Agronomy. 2022; 12(12):3008.
23. Effect of Climate Change on Horticulture Crops
• Climate change may increase production of potatoes in Punjab, Haryana and
western and central Uttar Pradesh by 3% to 7% in AIB 2030 scenario, but in the
rest of India, particularly West Bengal and Southern Plateau region, the
production may decline by 4-16%. It can increase the yields by 13-19% in
different scenarios, thereby increasing the overall production by about 20%.
• The prolonged droughts during summer generally affected the crops like cocoa,
black pepper, coconut, coffee, tea and cardamom along the west coast adversely
in 1982-83 and 2003-04. Increase in night temperature in several parts of the
country during winter 2010 adversely affected mango flowering
24. • The grape yields are expected to be reduced with the likelihood of change in the
incidence and pattern of attack of insect-pests like mealy bug, thrips and mites.
Similarly, the disease incidence pattern is also likely to be affected with a change in
climate. This is evidenced by decrease in productivity during recent years from > 25
t/ha to 8 t/ha during 2009-10 and 12 t/ha in 2010-11 due to unseasonal rains which led
to a serious infection of downy mildew
• Cloudy conditions, high relative humidity and heavy dew are favourable for
outbreak of insect-pests and diseases. Drought conditions also drastically reduce
cashew production
• The water requirement is estimated to increase by 10% for every 1°C rise in
temperature. Under such situations, when oil palm yield decreases, small and
marginal palm growers would be affected the most.
25. Effect of Climate change on Fruit Crops
Sun burn in apple and citrus Blossom end rot in Tomato Fruit cracking in different fruit
Rind puffing in Citrus High temperature effect on grape Heatwaves increases diseases in pear
26. Need of Climate Resilient
Climate change's detrimental impacts have been a subject of concern
for experts for a significant period. India has acknowledged this issue as
crucial, especially in ensuring food and nutritional security for its
burgeoning population.
The multifaceted reasons underlying the urgency for creating and
adopting climate-resilient crop varieties are complex. This necessity is
rooted in diverse aspects, spanning from safeguarding food security and
farmer incomes to advocating for sustainable agricultural practices and
counteracting the repercussions of climate change.
Consequently, India initiated the National Innovations in Climate
Resilient Agriculture (NICRA) program in 2011 under the umbrella of
the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR).
27. Objectives of Climate Resilient
In broad terms, the primary goals of climate-resilient cropping approaches
encompass three fundamental objectives:
Ensuring a sustainable boost in horticultural productivity and the income
of farmers.
Embracing and enhancing adaptability to climate change.
Mitigating or eliminating emissions of greenhouse gases.
28. Climate Resilient Pathway
Source: Werners et al. (2021), Advancing climate resilient development
pathways since the IPCC’s fifth assessment report
30. Climate-Resilient Crops
Crop varieties grown under drought stress
Crop Variety Seed availability
Apple York Imperial SKUAST-J
Apricot Badami, Inzhirnyl, Rannil SKUAST-J
Ber Seb, Mudia, Jogia, Gola SKUAST-J
Citrus Mosambi SKUAST-J
Guava Allahabad Safeda, Lucknow-49 SKUAST-J
Brinjal PKM-1, Kashi Sandesh, Kashi Taru HC & RI, Periyakulam & IIVR, Varanasi
Chillies Samrudhi, & Kashi Anmol GKVK, UAS & IIVR, Varanasi
Tomato Arka Meghali, Arka Vikas Private Sector
Onion Agrifound Dark Red, Arka Kalyan Private sector
Crop varieties suitable for cultivation under Heat Stress
Peach Flordasun and Sunlet SKUAST-J
Sweet orange Mosambi SKUAST-J
Okra Kaashi Kancha, Kashi Kranti IIVR, Varanasi
Bottle gourd Thar Samridhi CIAH, Bikaner
Crop varieties suitable for under cold stress
Cashew Indira Cashew IGKV, Raipur
Banana Poovan, Karura Vali NRC, Trichy
In several crops, genetic control
of both stress tolerance and
resource-use efficiency is
quantitatively inherited
involving many loci distributed
in different regions of the
genome. The availability of
climate resilient crop varieties
along with sufficient quantities
of quality seeds of these need to
be available to the farmers for
sustaining the production
system and meeting the
increasing demand of food
grains.
31. Elevated CO2 Impact on Trees
Elevated CO2 concentrations enhance the
availability of carbon in leaves, leading to
heightened Rubisco activity and greater
photosynthetic rates. This increased
photosynthesis results in higher non-
structural carbohydrate content within
leaves, potentially leading to greater starch
reserves and an augmentation in auxin
biosynthesis (Thompson et al., 2017).
Elevated carbon dioxide (CO2) levels notably
boost productivity in trees by enhancing
water use efficiency, elevating photosynthetic
rates, increasing sugar accumulation, and
facilitating enhanced biomass production.
32. GIS Modeling for Climate Suitability
Utilizing Geographic Information System (GIS)
tools to model the habitat requirements of crops
facilitates the generation of climate suitability maps
customized to particular regions. These maps
provide guidance for crop cultivation by
considering their unique climate prerequisites. The
advancement of climate-resilient crops is
significantly influenced by genetic enhancement
strategies, which emphasize traits like heightened
yield, optimized utilization of resources (such as
radiation, water, and nutrients), and increased
tolerance to stress. These strategies harness genetic
diversity, encompassing natural variations from
germplasm resources, induced variations from
mutant resources, and the application of genomic-
assisted breeding techniques.
33. Mathematical Models for Predicting Future Scenarios
Crop cultivation necessitates the creation of mathematical models to predict potential outcomes and consequences
stemming from occurrences like flooding, droughts, and elevated CO2 levels. It is vital to choose cultivars with
enhanced resilience that exhibit positive reactions to elevated CO2 and stressful conditions. Phenological scales or
significant developmental stages are pivotal in understanding how trees react to shifts in climate. Employing
models for crop production delivers valuable insights into agricultural yields under various climate change
scenarios and the impacts of implementing adaptation strategies.
Source: Tolomio and Casa, 2020
34. Integrated
resilience
practices
Biodiversity
Enhancement
Enhancing
soil resilience
Reduction of
greenhouse
gas emissions
and increase
carbon
sequestration
Diversification
of crop species
or cultivar
Enhancing
water
management
Adapting crop
varieties
Improving
C/N dynamics
Integrated
pest
management
Climate resilience is a foundational principle
in managing climate-related risks.
Resilience denotes an agricultural system’s
ability to anticipate, prepare for, adapt to,
absorb, and recover from the consequences
of climate changes and extreme weather
events.
Enhancing resilience entails implementing
both short and long-term strategies for
climate adaptation and mitigation.
It also requires transparent and inclusive
involvement of diverse stakeholders in
decision-making and management processes.
Climate Resilience Practices
35. Enhancing Soil Resilience
Soil function Recovery processes or mechanisms
Nutrient cycling Biological activity, biological diversity, plant growth
Partitioning of water Soil fauna activity, shrink swell cycle, freeze thaw cycle and
plant growth, aggregation processes
Productivity Carbon sequestration, aggregation processes, nutrient
cycling, biological diversity
Water storage Carbon sequestration, aggregation processes, biological
activity
Decomposition Biological activity
Absorbing and detoxifying
pollutants
Biological activity, Carbon sequestration, biological diversity,
mineral weathering, clay formation
Nutrient supplying capacity Biological activity, mineral weathering, nutrient cycling
36. Improving C/N dynamics
• Crops absorb carbon through photosynthesis, and this carbon enters the soil
as residues from both above-ground and below-ground biomass. Soil
organisms colonize the deceased organic matter, deriving energy for growth
from the oxidative breakdown of complex organic compounds.
• High-quality soil possesses the capability to sustain essential ecological
functions like the creation and decomposition of soil organic matter, as well as
the retention of substantial carbon amounts, which helps in sequestering
excess carbon, thereby mitigating the escalation of atmospheric CO2 levels.
37. Adapting Crop Varieties
Heat-Resilient Crops: Promoting crops or specific varieties that possess elevated heat
tolerance or perform optimally within a suitable heat range.
Reduced Growth Cycle: Minimizing the plant's exposure to heat by shortening the
duration of the growth cycle.
Optimized Planting Schedules: Employing optimal crop calendars based on historical
climate data and seasonal forecasts aids decision-making, averting heat stress during the
plant's vulnerable phenological stages and leading to increased yields.
Frost Protection: Utilizing row covers to enhance downward long-wave radiation during
the night and diminish heat losses through convection and advection.
38. Crop Rootstock Trait
Mango 13-1, Kurakkan, Nileshwar dwarf Salinity tolerant
Guava P. molle x P. guajava
P. friedrichsthalianum
Wilt resistance
Nematode tolerant
Grape Dogridge, 110R, Drought, salinity tolerant
Citrus Rangpur lime Drought, phytophthora tolerant
Sapota Khirni Drought tolerant
Anona Arka sahan Drought tolerant
Ber Ziziphus nummularia Drought tolerant and dwarf
stature
39. Enhancing Water Management
At present, the average efficiency of water use in
India’s existing irrigation projects is only 40%. A
significant portion of the water allocated for
agricultural purposes does not actually benefit the
crops. However, by implementing improved water
management practices that achieve a 60%
efficiency rate, there is the potential to expand
irrigation coverage by an additional 8 million
hectares of land using the existing irrigation
infrastructure in India.
40. The diversification of cropping systems holds a central role in achieving objectives
such as ensuring the availability of resources (such as nutrients, water, and land) for
future generations, increasing reliance on ecosystem services to replace external
inputs, promoting varied diets, cultivating healthy agroecosystems, and securing
livelihoods (IPES-Food, 2016). These three categories of crop diversification
practices can be defined as follows:
Diversified crop rotations involve planting different types of crops in a sequential
manner on the same field.
Cover crops are typically grown during intervals between main crops and are not
harvested for food or feed, serving purposes like enhancing soil quality or reducing
nutrient losses.
Species mixtures are employed to increase within-field crop diversity, such as
intercropping, which involves the simultaneous growth of two or more species in
the same field during a specific period.
Diversification of Crop Species or Cultivar
42. Biodiversity Enhancement
Horticultural production plays a crucial role in
safeguarding and enhancing biodiversity by
incorporating a mix of modern varieties and,
increasingly, indigenous and often overlooked or
underutilized horticultural crops.
A remarkable diversity among fruit and
vegetables from various species, the horticultural
sector offers numerous opportunities to diversify
smallholder agriculture, establish new markets,
mitigate risks, and adapt to the emerging
challenges linked to climate change.
44. Benefits of Climate Resilient Horticulture
Enhanced Productivity- Increase quality and quantity, leading to
improved nutrition and farmer income. The target of this focus is
on 75% of the world’s poor who live in rural areas and are agri-
dependent.
Resilience- Reduce susceptibility to water scarcity, pests, and
other climate-related adverse events, and improve the capacity to
adapt and grow in the face of longer-term stresses like shortened
seasons and erratic weather patterns.
Carbon Sequestration- Reduce emissions in the process of food
production, avoid deforestation, and promote methods to capture
and remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.
45. National Programmes for Climate Change Adaptation
The National Mission on Sustainable Agriculture was initiated in 2010 as part of the
National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC) with the aim of promoting
responsible management of resources.
The Green India Mission, inaugurated by the Government of India in 2014 under
the NAPCC, primarily focuses on safeguarding, rehabilitating, and expanding
India's diminishing forest cover to mitigate the adverse effects of climate change.
Under the NICRA project, several resilient technologies have been developed to
address climate change. Climate-resilient technologies, including stress-tolerant crop
varieties, intercropping systems resilient to climatic challenges, conservation
horticulture, crop diversification, zero tillage drilling, integrated farming systems,
have been created and assessed in farmers' fields for potential adoption.
Pradhan Mantri Fasal Bima Yojna (PMFBY)
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY)
Mission for Integrated Development of Horticulture (MIDH)
47. Conclusion
Incorporating climate-resilient techniques into sustainable horticulture is a
complex effort that demands cooperation among researchers, policymakers,
extension services, and farmers which emphasizes the significance of preemptive
adaptation strategies to secure the enduring viability of crop production systems
amid the challenges of climate change. Through the adoption of inventive
methodologies and the facilitation of knowledge sharing, the worldwide
horticulture sector can mitigate climate-related uncertainties and plays an
important role in ensuring food security and the well-being of rural
communities.