The document discusses the establishment and components of a fruit nursery. Some key points:
1. A nursery is where young plants are raised until ready for outplanting. It aims to produce healthy, disease-free stock and introduce exotic species.
2. A nursery should have permanent structures like offices and storage, areas for seed beds and nursery beds, a pot yard, packing area, and water management systems.
3. Propagation structures like greenhouses, net houses, and mist chambers provide controlled environments for seed germination and hardening young seedlings. These are important for successful planting during unfavorable months.
EVERYTHING UNDER PLANNING AND SEETING UP OF AN ORCHARD. A COMPLETE GUIDE FOR HORTICULTURE STUDENTS. VARIOUS PLANTING SYSTEMS, THEIR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.
1) Plant tissue testing helps monitor crop nutrient status for optimal production, ensure balanced nutrient levels for quality produce, and predict nutrient problems to avoid losses. Samples should be taken when symptoms first appear from similar abnormal plants.
2) Information provided with samples includes crop type, variety, soil type, fertilization history, irrigation, and visual appearance. Young, old, diseased or damaged plants should be avoided.
3) Proper sampling techniques vary by crop, such as collecting the upper 1/3 of cotton plants before bloom or recently mature soybean leaves from the top of plants. Timely sampling and handling is important to get the best results.
1. The document summarizes the hands-on training activities carried out by horticulture students on nursery management techniques over several dates.
2. The activities included re-potting ornamental plants, planting and maintaining forestry species, cleaning the nursery, identifying plant species, pruning, sowing cashew seeds, preparing hardwood, semi-hardwood and softwood cuttings, maintaining the lawn, weeding, watering, and conducting grafting and air layering.
3. Through these activities, the students gained practical exposure in various propagation techniques and nursery management operations.
This document provides an overview of floriculture and the history and development of gardening in India. It discusses key aspects of floriculture including cut flowers, ornamental plants, and essential oils/medicines. It then describes the long history of gardening in India from ancient times through Mughal and British periods. Specific styles and features of different historical periods are highlighted. The document also discusses components of modern gardens like lawns, trees, hedges, and paths. Various plant species used in different garden components are listed.
The document discusses seed packaging, labeling, and storage. It describes the different types of containers used for packaging seeds, including moisture-proof and hermetically sealed containers for long-term storage. The key steps in seed packaging include preparing and weighing seeds, filling labeled containers, sealing containers to maintain moisture content, and recording packaging information. Quality control checks ensure containers are sealed properly and don't leak. Labels contain important information about the seed accession for identification and tracking.
Gladiolus is a popular flowering plant grown for its inflorescences and cutflowers. There are several types of gladiolus classified based on flower and plant characteristics. Grandiflorus types have large flowers arranged closely on long spikes, while primulinus types have smaller spaced flowers on shorter spikes. Gladiolus is propagated through corms and cormels and prefers well-draining, nutrient-rich soil with a pH between 5.5-6.5. Planting is done in fall and corms are spaced 15-20cm apart. Pests like thrips and diseases like fusarium rot must be controlled. Flower spikes are harvested when lower florets open and
This document discusses various methods of vegetative propagation, specifically grafting. It defines grafting as attaching the shoot of a superior plant to the root stock of an inferior plant to multiply the superior plant. Several types of grafting are described, including approach grafting, whip grafting, cleft grafting, top grafting, veneer grafting, epicotyl grafting, and budding. Budding is defined as a form of grafting where a bud is inserted into the rootstock and allowed to grow. Different budding techniques like T-budding, patch budding, chip budding, flap budding, and ring budding are also outlined.
EVERYTHING UNDER PLANNING AND SEETING UP OF AN ORCHARD. A COMPLETE GUIDE FOR HORTICULTURE STUDENTS. VARIOUS PLANTING SYSTEMS, THEIR ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES.
1) Plant tissue testing helps monitor crop nutrient status for optimal production, ensure balanced nutrient levels for quality produce, and predict nutrient problems to avoid losses. Samples should be taken when symptoms first appear from similar abnormal plants.
2) Information provided with samples includes crop type, variety, soil type, fertilization history, irrigation, and visual appearance. Young, old, diseased or damaged plants should be avoided.
3) Proper sampling techniques vary by crop, such as collecting the upper 1/3 of cotton plants before bloom or recently mature soybean leaves from the top of plants. Timely sampling and handling is important to get the best results.
1. The document summarizes the hands-on training activities carried out by horticulture students on nursery management techniques over several dates.
2. The activities included re-potting ornamental plants, planting and maintaining forestry species, cleaning the nursery, identifying plant species, pruning, sowing cashew seeds, preparing hardwood, semi-hardwood and softwood cuttings, maintaining the lawn, weeding, watering, and conducting grafting and air layering.
3. Through these activities, the students gained practical exposure in various propagation techniques and nursery management operations.
This document provides an overview of floriculture and the history and development of gardening in India. It discusses key aspects of floriculture including cut flowers, ornamental plants, and essential oils/medicines. It then describes the long history of gardening in India from ancient times through Mughal and British periods. Specific styles and features of different historical periods are highlighted. The document also discusses components of modern gardens like lawns, trees, hedges, and paths. Various plant species used in different garden components are listed.
The document discusses seed packaging, labeling, and storage. It describes the different types of containers used for packaging seeds, including moisture-proof and hermetically sealed containers for long-term storage. The key steps in seed packaging include preparing and weighing seeds, filling labeled containers, sealing containers to maintain moisture content, and recording packaging information. Quality control checks ensure containers are sealed properly and don't leak. Labels contain important information about the seed accession for identification and tracking.
Gladiolus is a popular flowering plant grown for its inflorescences and cutflowers. There are several types of gladiolus classified based on flower and plant characteristics. Grandiflorus types have large flowers arranged closely on long spikes, while primulinus types have smaller spaced flowers on shorter spikes. Gladiolus is propagated through corms and cormels and prefers well-draining, nutrient-rich soil with a pH between 5.5-6.5. Planting is done in fall and corms are spaced 15-20cm apart. Pests like thrips and diseases like fusarium rot must be controlled. Flower spikes are harvested when lower florets open and
This document discusses various methods of vegetative propagation, specifically grafting. It defines grafting as attaching the shoot of a superior plant to the root stock of an inferior plant to multiply the superior plant. Several types of grafting are described, including approach grafting, whip grafting, cleft grafting, top grafting, veneer grafting, epicotyl grafting, and budding. Budding is defined as a form of grafting where a bud is inserted into the rootstock and allowed to grow. Different budding techniques like T-budding, patch budding, chip budding, flap budding, and ring budding are also outlined.
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold.African marigold(Tagetes erecta).CN- 2n=24.Family-Composity/Asteraceae. Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula).CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Seed quality is determined by physical, physiological, genetic, and storability attributes. Physiological attributes include germination percentage and vigor. Genetic attributes ensure the seed is the correct variety and adapted to local conditions. Seed can be classified as breeder's, pre-basic, basic, or certified based on generation and quality controls. Germination occurs through epigeal or hypogeal modes and requires water, air, temperature, and sometimes light.
The document provides information on rose cultivation practices in India. It discusses the importance of roses, describes various rose varieties like hybrid tea and floribunda, and outlines cultivation methods including propagation, spacing, pruning, and pest and disease management. The main rose cultivation states in India are Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and West Bengal.
This document provides information about seed production of tomatoes. It begins with an introduction and then discusses the botanical description, importance, floral biology, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, nutrition, weed management, pests and diseases, harvesting, seed extraction techniques, hybrid seed production, and field and seed standards. The key steps described include soil preparation, raising seedlings, transplanting, irrigation, fertilization, pest and disease management, support structures, roguing, harvesting ripe fruits, seed extraction after fermentation or chemical treatment, grading and packing seeds, and storing seeds with proper moisture levels and pest control.
This document provides information on irrigation, weed, nutrient, pest, and disease management for nursery plants. It discusses best practices for irrigation such as using sprinklers instead of flood irrigation. Weed management includes timely weeding and using decomposed organic matter instead of fresh compost. Nutrient management involves using organic fertilizers like compost and manures. Common pests like aphids, caterpillars, and diseases like damping off and powdery mildew are described along with symptoms and organic control methods.
Power point presentation About Asparagus plant By Soudip Nandi [A Student of B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture]
Here I describe about the valuable Asparagus plant .
Peach is the temperate region fruit crops.The cultivation of peach requires some specific climatic conditions. It requires some chilling hours to break the dormancy and to become fruit ful. In this presentation, you will get the detail information of ideal peach cultivation, high density planting in peach and much more.
This document provides information about roses, including their botanical classification, major importers and exporters, uses, cultivation practices, and more. It discusses that roses belong to the genus Rosa in the family Rosaceae. Germany is the largest importer of roses, while the top exporter is the Netherlands. The document describes different types of roses and their classifications. It also outlines soil, climate, propagation, planting, pruning, and other cultivation practices required for successful rose production.
Chrysanthemums are a popular commercial flower crop that originated in Asia and Europe. They are classified based on plant growth as standards, sprays, or pot mums. Standards have a single large flower, while sprays have many small flowers and are used for garlands. Chrysanthemums prefer sandy loam soil and require pinching, disbudding, and other care techniques to promote branching and optimal flowering. They are harvested based on flower development and can be packed for domestic or export markets.
This document discusses nursery management. Some key points:
1. A nursery is a place where planting materials are raised through seeds or vegetative means with care before being transplanted elsewhere. Proper nursery management is important for mass producing quality planting materials.
2. The main phases of nursery management include planning, demand assessment, establishing a mother block, land and infrastructure requirements, and plant protection. Key elements are the nursery site, the plants being grown, and the nursery manager.
3. Proper media, containers, growing structures and environmental control are needed to successfully propagate plants. Root trainers can develop strong root systems to aid in plant establishment. The nursery manager must understand
Taining and pruning in horticultural cropslovelynagra
This document discusses training and pruning techniques for horticultural crops. It describes three common training systems: central leader, open center, and modified leader. Central leader features a main trunk with side branches, but trees can grow too tall. Open center removes the main trunk to allow more sunlight, but trees are weaker. Modified leader combines aspects of the first two systems. The document also covers pruning types like heading back and thinning cuts, goals of training and pruning like productivity and quality, and principles and objectives like controlling growth. Tools and impacts on growth, hormones, fruiting and more are also summarized.
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Canopy management & pruning of fruits treesshafi seddeqi
This document provides information on training courses for canopy management and pruning of fruit trees. It discusses the objectives of canopy management, which includes controlling plant growth, increasing production and quality. Canopy management deals with developing and maintaining the structure of fruit trees in relation to size and shape for maximum yield. It also discusses different canopy shapes including pyramid, vase, conical, and horizontal. Methods for creating dwarf trees include using rootstocks, growth regulators, and pruning. The document outlines various pruning systems and the purposes of pruning, including balancing vegetative and productive growth and developing desired tree shapes.
This document provides information on the cultivation practices of carnation. It begins with an introduction to carnations, describing their importance as a cut flower, uses including decorations for special occasions, and composition of volatile oils extracted from the flowers.
It then discusses the three main types of garden carnations - border/malmaision, perpetual flowering, and marguerite or chabud. The document also covers carnation varieties, ideal soil and climate conditions, propagation through cuttings, bed preparation, planting, nutrient and water management, pruning and training techniques, and pest and disease control.
It concludes with sections on harvesting and yields, post-harvest handling including grading, packing and storage, and a brief thank you.
Raddish cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
The document provides information on key elements of nursery management, including planning the nursery, crop development, and propagation. It discusses selecting an appropriate site and layout for the nursery. The three phases of crop development - establishment, rapid growth, and hardening - are outlined. Different structures used for plant propagation, like greenhouses and shade houses, are described. The importance of planning crops and developing propagation protocols is emphasized. Hardening plants before field planting to prepare them for stress is also highlighted.
Garden peas are a cool season annual plant grown for their edible green seeds contained within pods. Peas originated in southwest Asia and spread to Europe. There are several varieties of peas categorized by pod type, plant height, and maturity time. Peas thrive best in cool weather between 12.8-18°C and a soil pH of 6.0-7.5. They are usually sown in the rabi season from October to November in plains or March to May in hills. Proper sowing, weeding, staking, and irrigation are important cultivation practices to obtain optimal yields. Peas are harvested when pods are well-filled and seeds change color from dark to light green, ranging from 45-
This document provides information on mango production. It discusses the origin and characteristics of mangoes, important cultivars, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, pest and disease management, harvesting, postharvest handling, and storage. It also covers other topics such as irrigation, fertilization, physiological disorders, and production of guava.
Nursery Management and Certification SystemJunaid Abbas
There are several types of nurseries classified based on the plants propagated, type of sale, ownership, and irrigation facilities. The main types include fruit, vegetable, ornamental, forest and medicinal plant nurseries. Nurseries are also classified as retail, wholesale, private, and mail order based on the type of sale. Additionally, nurseries can be public, private, cooperative or assisted based on ownership. They can be dry, wet, seedling or transplant nurseries based on irrigation and size of seedlings. Nurseries are either temporary or permanent based on duration of use. Temporary nurseries are smaller and suitable for hilly regions while permanent nurseries are larger and intended to meet long term requirements.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
Cultivation of marigold. production technology of marigold .Arvind Yadav
Genomic classification of marigold.African marigold(Tagetes erecta).CN- 2n=24.Family-Composity/Asteraceae. Origin ---Maxico and South america.
French marigold(Tagetes patula).CN-2n=48
.Family-composity/Asteraceae
.Origin-Maxico and South america
There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)There are about 33 species of the genus tagetes. Some of important are fallows1-Tagetes erecta(African marigold)2-Tagetes ptula(French marigold ). Other important species1-Tagetes tenuifolia-(Bushy type, Less than 30cm)2-Tagetes lacera-(Grow upto 120-150cm in height)3-tagetes lemmonii(Glow upto 60-70cm height besrs small slowers)
Seed quality is determined by physical, physiological, genetic, and storability attributes. Physiological attributes include germination percentage and vigor. Genetic attributes ensure the seed is the correct variety and adapted to local conditions. Seed can be classified as breeder's, pre-basic, basic, or certified based on generation and quality controls. Germination occurs through epigeal or hypogeal modes and requires water, air, temperature, and sometimes light.
The document provides information on rose cultivation practices in India. It discusses the importance of roses, describes various rose varieties like hybrid tea and floribunda, and outlines cultivation methods including propagation, spacing, pruning, and pest and disease management. The main rose cultivation states in India are Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Karnataka, and West Bengal.
This document provides information about seed production of tomatoes. It begins with an introduction and then discusses the botanical description, importance, floral biology, climate and soil requirements, propagation methods, nutrition, weed management, pests and diseases, harvesting, seed extraction techniques, hybrid seed production, and field and seed standards. The key steps described include soil preparation, raising seedlings, transplanting, irrigation, fertilization, pest and disease management, support structures, roguing, harvesting ripe fruits, seed extraction after fermentation or chemical treatment, grading and packing seeds, and storing seeds with proper moisture levels and pest control.
This document provides information on irrigation, weed, nutrient, pest, and disease management for nursery plants. It discusses best practices for irrigation such as using sprinklers instead of flood irrigation. Weed management includes timely weeding and using decomposed organic matter instead of fresh compost. Nutrient management involves using organic fertilizers like compost and manures. Common pests like aphids, caterpillars, and diseases like damping off and powdery mildew are described along with symptoms and organic control methods.
Power point presentation About Asparagus plant By Soudip Nandi [A Student of B.Sc. (Hons.) Agriculture]
Here I describe about the valuable Asparagus plant .
Peach is the temperate region fruit crops.The cultivation of peach requires some specific climatic conditions. It requires some chilling hours to break the dormancy and to become fruit ful. In this presentation, you will get the detail information of ideal peach cultivation, high density planting in peach and much more.
This document provides information about roses, including their botanical classification, major importers and exporters, uses, cultivation practices, and more. It discusses that roses belong to the genus Rosa in the family Rosaceae. Germany is the largest importer of roses, while the top exporter is the Netherlands. The document describes different types of roses and their classifications. It also outlines soil, climate, propagation, planting, pruning, and other cultivation practices required for successful rose production.
Chrysanthemums are a popular commercial flower crop that originated in Asia and Europe. They are classified based on plant growth as standards, sprays, or pot mums. Standards have a single large flower, while sprays have many small flowers and are used for garlands. Chrysanthemums prefer sandy loam soil and require pinching, disbudding, and other care techniques to promote branching and optimal flowering. They are harvested based on flower development and can be packed for domestic or export markets.
This document discusses nursery management. Some key points:
1. A nursery is a place where planting materials are raised through seeds or vegetative means with care before being transplanted elsewhere. Proper nursery management is important for mass producing quality planting materials.
2. The main phases of nursery management include planning, demand assessment, establishing a mother block, land and infrastructure requirements, and plant protection. Key elements are the nursery site, the plants being grown, and the nursery manager.
3. Proper media, containers, growing structures and environmental control are needed to successfully propagate plants. Root trainers can develop strong root systems to aid in plant establishment. The nursery manager must understand
Taining and pruning in horticultural cropslovelynagra
This document discusses training and pruning techniques for horticultural crops. It describes three common training systems: central leader, open center, and modified leader. Central leader features a main trunk with side branches, but trees can grow too tall. Open center removes the main trunk to allow more sunlight, but trees are weaker. Modified leader combines aspects of the first two systems. The document also covers pruning types like heading back and thinning cuts, goals of training and pruning like productivity and quality, and principles and objectives like controlling growth. Tools and impacts on growth, hormones, fruiting and more are also summarized.
Gerbera - introduction and uses – varieties – media and environment- Fumigation - filed preparation - planting systems – nutrition and fertigation - weed management – training and pruning – special horticultural practices - role of growth regulators- physiological disorders and its control measures- harvest index and yield
Canopy management & pruning of fruits treesshafi seddeqi
This document provides information on training courses for canopy management and pruning of fruit trees. It discusses the objectives of canopy management, which includes controlling plant growth, increasing production and quality. Canopy management deals with developing and maintaining the structure of fruit trees in relation to size and shape for maximum yield. It also discusses different canopy shapes including pyramid, vase, conical, and horizontal. Methods for creating dwarf trees include using rootstocks, growth regulators, and pruning. The document outlines various pruning systems and the purposes of pruning, including balancing vegetative and productive growth and developing desired tree shapes.
This document provides information on the cultivation practices of carnation. It begins with an introduction to carnations, describing their importance as a cut flower, uses including decorations for special occasions, and composition of volatile oils extracted from the flowers.
It then discusses the three main types of garden carnations - border/malmaision, perpetual flowering, and marguerite or chabud. The document also covers carnation varieties, ideal soil and climate conditions, propagation through cuttings, bed preparation, planting, nutrient and water management, pruning and training techniques, and pest and disease control.
It concludes with sections on harvesting and yields, post-harvest handling including grading, packing and storage, and a brief thank you.
Raddish cultivation based on botany, plant characteristic, soil, climate, variety and varietal characteristic, problem in cultivation and their management practices and storage and post harvest handling.
The document provides information on key elements of nursery management, including planning the nursery, crop development, and propagation. It discusses selecting an appropriate site and layout for the nursery. The three phases of crop development - establishment, rapid growth, and hardening - are outlined. Different structures used for plant propagation, like greenhouses and shade houses, are described. The importance of planning crops and developing propagation protocols is emphasized. Hardening plants before field planting to prepare them for stress is also highlighted.
Garden peas are a cool season annual plant grown for their edible green seeds contained within pods. Peas originated in southwest Asia and spread to Europe. There are several varieties of peas categorized by pod type, plant height, and maturity time. Peas thrive best in cool weather between 12.8-18°C and a soil pH of 6.0-7.5. They are usually sown in the rabi season from October to November in plains or March to May in hills. Proper sowing, weeding, staking, and irrigation are important cultivation practices to obtain optimal yields. Peas are harvested when pods are well-filled and seeds change color from dark to light green, ranging from 45-
This document provides information on mango production. It discusses the origin and characteristics of mangoes, important cultivars, soil and climate requirements, propagation methods, pest and disease management, harvesting, postharvest handling, and storage. It also covers other topics such as irrigation, fertilization, physiological disorders, and production of guava.
Nursery Management and Certification SystemJunaid Abbas
There are several types of nurseries classified based on the plants propagated, type of sale, ownership, and irrigation facilities. The main types include fruit, vegetable, ornamental, forest and medicinal plant nurseries. Nurseries are also classified as retail, wholesale, private, and mail order based on the type of sale. Additionally, nurseries can be public, private, cooperative or assisted based on ownership. They can be dry, wet, seedling or transplant nurseries based on irrigation and size of seedlings. Nurseries are either temporary or permanent based on duration of use. Temporary nurseries are smaller and suitable for hilly regions while permanent nurseries are larger and intended to meet long term requirements.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
This document discusses the rejuvenation of old mango orchards. Senility occurs when trees lose the ability to produce vigorous new growth after long periods of fruiting. Rejuvenation involves pruning trees to activate dormant buds and promote new shoot growth from the existing root system. It aims to improve productivity by lowering the canopy, creating space for intercropping, and enhancing shoot development through techniques like paclobutrazol application. Rejuvenation has been shown to successfully restore productivity in mango orchards over 3 years by stimulating profuse new shoot growth and flowering.
This document discusses nursery management techniques for raising vegetable seedlings. It begins by grouping vegetables into those that are direct sown versus transplanted. Advantages of nursery growing are then outlined, including providing favorable growing conditions and avoiding weather issues. Principles around optimizing plant growth through rapid leaf canopy development are covered. Factors to consider when choosing a nursery site like environmental conditions and infrastructure access are also summarized. The document provides details on media, facilities, and procedures for raising healthy seedlings of various vegetable crops in nurseries.
Mango trees can grow over 35-40 meters tall and live for over 300 years. They produce small, sweet-smelling white flowers in panicles and bear fruit over a wide variety of varieties that ripen during the summer months.
The mango has been cultivated in India for over 4000 years and was first introduced outside of India in the 7th century. It was an important crop during Mughal rule in India, when the Mughal emperor Akbar planted an orchard of 100,000 mango trees.
Mango trees thrive in tropical and subtropical climates between 10-65 degrees Celsius, with an optimum temperature of 21-27 degrees. They grow best in areas with distinct dry
STRATEGIES FOR ENHANCING HORTICULTURE PRODUCTION IN RAIN-FED AREAS OF SUB-MON...Parshant Bakshi
The document discusses strategies for enhancing horticulture production in rain-fed areas of Jammu division. It outlines the major challenges of fruit production in these areas, including low and erratic rainfall, poor soil quality, lack of irrigation, and lack of suitable varieties. It recommends selecting drought-tolerant fruit crops suited to different rainfall zones and developing varieties specifically adapted to rain-fed conditions like the early maturing 'Goma Kirti' ber variety. Germplasm collections and field gene banks of fruits are also mentioned as important resources for developing improved cultivars.
Seed orchard establishment and management shambhu tiwarisahl_2fast
This document provides an overview of seed orchards, including their establishment, management, and purpose. Seed orchards are stands established to mass produce genetically superior seeds. The first documented pine seed orchard was established in Sweden in 1949, though the concept was applied earlier for other species. Seed orchards can be either seedling or clonal, and are carefully located, designed, established, and managed to promote outcrossing pollination and maximize seed production. Key activities include site preparation, genetic rouging, thinning, pruning, and flower induction. The overall goal of seed orchards is to efficiently produce high quality forest tree seeds to improve forests through subsequent plantings.
Oral Presentation on Maturity indices for harvesting of low chilling peach cultivars at National Conference of Horticulture Society of India held at CITH, Srinagar
The document provides information on fruit production in the Jammu region of India. It discusses the current status and future strategies for fruit production by the Sher-e-Kashmir University of Agricultural Sciences and Technology of Jammu (SKUAST-J). The Jammu region has three agro-climatic zones suitable for different fruit crops. The document outlines the major fruit crops grown in each zone and district. It identifies thrust areas like expanding irrigation and introducing new varieties to boost production and productivity. Constraints facing fruit growth like small landholdings and lack of irrigation are also summarized. The goal is to increase productivity, farmer returns, and employment opportunities through horticultural development.
This document discusses high density planting (HDP) of apple trees. HDP involves planting a greater number of trees per unit area to increase fruit production. Key aspects covered include:
- Types of HDP systems ranging from semi-intensive to super-intensive with thousands of trees per hectare.
- Components of successful HDP include use of dwarfing rootstocks, pruning, and crop management practices.
- Advantages are best land and resource use, higher yields, and easier harvesting.
- Training systems discussed include bush, pyramid, espalier, and cordon styles to manage tree canopy in dense orchards.
Status of Protected Cultivation in India and AbroadParshant Bakshi
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation in India and abroad. It discusses how protected structures like greenhouses, net houses, and plastic tunnels allow crops to be grown under controlled climatic conditions, leading to early production, higher quality, and protection from pests and diseases. In India, protected cultivation is a relatively new technology introduced around 30 years ago, while countries like China, Israel, the US, and several European nations have practiced it for over a century. The document also outlines the various types of protected structures used for different fruit crops and describes the environmental parameters that can be controlled inside structures like polyhouses to optimize plant growth.
This document discusses canopy management techniques for high density orchards in temperate regions. It begins by outlining the objectives and principles of canopy management, which involves operations on the above-ground portion of plants to maximize production of quality fruits per unit canopy area. Some key techniques discussed include selecting appropriate planting systems, developing the tree frame through pruning young branches, training plants in an open center system, and opening the center of mature trees to improve fruiting and disease resistance.
Strategies to overcome climate change effect on fruitParshant Bakshi
This document discusses strategies for mitigating the impacts of climate change on subtropical fruits. It provides evidence that human activities are changing the climate through greenhouse gas emissions. The key impacts of climate change on horticulture that are predicted by 2050 include increased CO2, sea level rise, higher temperatures, changes in precipitation patterns, and increased storminess. These climate changes will affect fruit crops like citrus, grapes, mangoes, and guavas through issues like increased disease pressure, reduced yields, and decreased fruit quality. The document recommends strategies for fruit crops to adapt to or mitigate the effects of climate change.
Techniques of in vitro clonal propagation for fruit cropsPawan Nagar
This document discusses techniques for in vitro clonal propagation of fruit crops. It describes the four stages of micropropagation: establishment, shoot multiplication, root formation, and acclimatization. The establishment stage involves disinfesting explants and initiating shoot development. In the multiplication stage, shoots are subcultured to expand into clusters. Root formation prepares plantlets for transplanting. Finally, acclimatization conditions plantlets for greenhouse and field conditions. The document also outlines types of tissue culture systems and developmental patterns for plantlet formation.
This document discusses intercropping systems in fruit crop orchards. It describes how certain short-term fruit crops and vegetables can be grown as intercrops during the early stages of establishment of perennial fruit trees. Some examples given include papaya, peach, and guava as fruit crop intercrops in mango orchards. Vegetables like tomato, cauliflower, and beans are also mentioned as suitable intercrops in citrus and grape orchards. The document outlines principles for selecting intercrops and highlights benefits like increased productivity and income generation from intercropping in fruit crops.
Role of protected cultivation in fruit cropsPraveen Mishra
This document discusses the role of protected cultivation in fruit crops. It defines protected cultivation as intensive agricultural systems that use structures like greenhouses, tunnels, shade nets, and mulches to control the environment and minimize pesticide use. These structures allow year-round production, higher yields, better quality, and less impact from weather events. The document provides examples of different protected cultivation technologies and their benefits for various fruit crops like strawberries, bananas, cherries, peaches, and blueberries. It summarizes research showing increased yields, reduced pest problems, and improved quality and harvest times with protected cultivation systems.
- Apple is the king of temperate fruits and is widely cultivated in northern India, especially Himachal Pradesh. It has various nutritional and economic benefits.
- Apple cultivation requires specific climatic conditions including temperatures between 21-24°C and annual rainfall of 100-125 mm. Various varieties such as Red Delicious and Golden Delicious are commonly grown.
- While apple production is important for India's economy, the industry faces challenges like disease, lack of quality planting materials, poor post-harvest management, and lack of processing facilities. Future efforts should focus on introducing new varieties, improving irrigation, integrated pest management, and developing infrastructure for storage, packaging and value addition.
B.sc. agri i po h unit 5.2 cultivation practices of apple.Rai University
This document provides information on the cultivation practices of apples. It begins with the scientific classification of apples, then discusses their introduction, climate needs, soil requirements, common varieties, rootstocks, nursery practices, tree spacing, irrigation, harvest dates, water stress management, fertilization, diseases and pests, frost protection, pruning, and yields. The optimal practices outlined include planting dwarf varieties at high densities, deficit irrigation to save water, thinning fruits to improve size, adjusting the canopy through pruning, and fertilizing based on tree age and needs.
The document provides details on the layout and components of an ideal nursery, including:
1. Major components include a mother block, seed beds, pot yard, packing yard, compost pit, irrigation system, roads, drainage, and administrative buildings.
2. The nursery layout should be compact and rectangular to minimize boundaries, and include windbreaks along the perimeter.
3. Important factors in site selection are water availability, size, drainage, access, soil conditions, sunlight exposure, and wind protection.
The document provides guidance on establishing a nursery for growing seedlings and saplings. It discusses selecting an appropriate location for the nursery with considerations like soil quality, access, and infrastructure. It describes preparing nursery beds and treating the soil to eliminate pathogens. The document outlines different types of nursery beds suited for different seasons. It also discusses various structures needed in a modern nursery like greenhouses, mist chambers, and hardening facilities. The nursery should be divided into sections for propagation, production, packaging, and sales.
The document discusses different types of forest nurseries, including their objectives, main features, and facilities. It provides guidance on establishing and operating a nursery, covering site selection, design, construction, soil preparation, seed sowing, watering, hardening of seedlings, and the importance of record keeping. The goal of forest nurseries is to produce quality planting material through best practices in cultivation, pest and disease control, and administration.
The document provides information on plant nurseries, including definitions, types, and basic facilities. It defines a nursery as an area where saplings are raised until ready for transplanting. There are several types of nurseries classified by duration (temporary vs permanent), plants produced (ornamental, vegetable, forest), and structures used (open field, hi-tech). Basic nursery facilities include proper layout, components like irrigation and storage, and plant propagation structures like greenhouses, shade nets, and polytunnels. Standards are set by BIS to ensure quality of nursery plants. Nursery beds can be prepared as sunken, level, or raised beds, with precautions taken to provide suitable growing conditions.
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Nursery management. The main phases of nursery management are- Planning - demand for planting material, provision of mother blocks, requirement of land area, water supply, working tools, growing structures and input availability
This document discusses nursery raising of flower crops. It explains that a nursery is where young plants are raised and cared for until they are ready to be transplanted. Nurseries are important for producing quality seedlings and planting materials. There are different types of nurseries classified by duration and type of sale. Proper site selection, physical resources, propagation structures, growing media, containers, tools, and pest and disease management are important aspects of establishing and maintaining a nursery. The nursery provides seedlings and grafts for ornamental gardens with minimal care and cost.
Bureau of Plant and Industry Davao Region in the Philippines
Nursery establishment for cacao seedlings are similar to most tree crop nurseries.
Young seedlings require ample shading, adequate supply of clean water and drainage.
Protected cultivation of vegetable crops BY HARMANJEETStudent
This document provides an overview of protected cultivation of vegetable crops. It discusses the need for protected cultivation due to factors like globalization, climate change, and shrinking land. Protected cultivation ensures higher yields, quality, and profits. India has seen growth in protected cultivation, especially in states like Maharashtra, Karnataka, and Uttarakhand. The document outlines the potential crops well-suited for protected cultivation in Himachal Pradesh, including tomatoes, capsicum, cucumber, and french beans. It also discusses polyhouse design principles, types of polyhouses from low to high-cost, and considerations for site selection, orientation, and production systems. The key challenges of greenhouse cultivation include climate control and management of
1) The document discusses the production and management of plantlets and potted plants. It covers topics like selection of pots, preparing potting mixtures, planting techniques, and care practices like watering, fertilizing, and pest and disease management.
2) Management of potted plants requires careful attention to operations from seedling emergence to being ready for transplanting. This includes potting, transplanting seedlings, providing manure and irrigation, and protecting from pests and diseases.
3) Proper harvesting, packing, marketing, and care are important to produce high quality planting materials and maximize profits from the nursery business.
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This document discusses nursery management in floriculture. It defines a nursery and explains the importance of nurseries for propagating planting material. It covers site selection, soil preparation, watering, and drainage requirements for establishing a nursery. The document also describes different types of nurseries based on duration and plant produce. It discusses various propagation methods like sexual propagation using seeds and spores, and vegetative propagation techniques including cuttings, layering, grafting, and budding. Finally, it covers harvesting, packaging, storage and marketing of nursery stock.
1. Hevea brasiliensis, commonly known as the Para rubber tree, is the primary source of natural rubber. It is native to the Amazon basin and was introduced to tropical areas of Asia and Africa in the late 19th century.
2. Rubber trees are cultivated by establishing nurseries to grow seedlings and budded plants. Seedlings are bud grafted with clones to propagate desired traits, then planted on farms.
3. Optimal growing conditions for rubber trees include well-drained, acidic soils; high rainfall; and temperatures between 20-34°C. Intercropping provides additional income during the trees' early years, though erosion risks must be managed on slopes.
This document discusses nursery management in horticultural crops. It covers various topics such as nursery site selection, structures used in nurseries, production techniques, and materials and tools used. An ideal nursery site has suitable soil type and pH, adequate slope for drainage, and access to labor, irrigation water and markets. Various structures at nurseries include offices, potting sheds, nursery beds, greenhouses and shade houses. Common production techniques involve growing plants in containers using appropriate soil mixtures, fertilizers, watering and protection from weeds and temperatures. Nurseries require tools for various operations as well as materials like containers, labels and infrastructure for irrigation.
10. Kitchen gardening A Series of Lectures By Mr. Allah Dad Khan Former ...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
This document provides guidance on kitchen gardening in 6 steps: 1) selecting a site that gets full sun and has good irrigation, 2) deciding garden size, 3) preparing soil by tilling and adding compost, 4) selecting crops suited to the climate and planting schedule, 5) maintaining the garden through irrigation, weeding, and pest control, and 6) harvesting produce. Key recommendations include building raised beds for easier access and warmer soil, starting seeds indoors for crops with long seasons, and using drip irrigation and mulch to conserve water. The goal is to harvest fresh vegetables every month through succession planting and selecting crops for each growing season.
Nursery raising under protected structuresChanda Kumari
This document discusses raising nurseries of warm season vegetable crops under protected structures. It describes the advantages of protected structures for nurseries, including enabling year-round production and protection from adverse weather. It outlines different types of protected structures and nursery beds. The document discusses components of protected structures, best practices for sowing, nutrient and pest management, and constraints. Modern nursery facilities include automated irrigation, fertigation, temperature and humidity control systems. Seed priming and treatments can improve germination rates.
vegetable cultivation under open and protected environmentamritpal singh
Vegetables are classified into root, stem, tuber, leafy, and seed vegetables. They are good sources of vitamins, minerals, fibers, and have antioxidant properties. Protected cultivation involves partially or fully controlling the microclimate around plants. Greenhouse technology is well-suited for vegetables, flowers, and nursery crops due to their small lifespans. Factors like light, temperature, humidity, carbon dioxide, and ventilation must be controlled in greenhouses.
This document provides guidance on producing healthy vegetable seedlings. It discusses the benefits of purchasing seedlings from commercial nurseries versus growing them at home. For home production, it recommends growing seedlings under protective structures like net houses or low tunnels to protect from pests and weather. Specific instructions are provided for growing seedlings in outdoor beds or using plug trays with soilless media. Key steps include soil sterilization, use of disease-free seed, proper watering and spacing. The overall goal is to produce robust seedlings through maintaining optimal growing conditions.
Cashew is commonly propagated through seeds, which results in genetic variation. Vegetative propagation through methods like grafting, layering, and cuttings conserves the desirable traits of elite mother plants. The document provides detailed instructions on seed collection, storage and sowing techniques. It also describes vegetative propagation methods and nursery management practices like transplanting seedlings, pest and disease control, and preparing plants for field planting. Maintaining proper growing conditions is important for high survival rates of propagated plants.
Pakisan and kitchen gardening role for Organic Vegetables a Presentation by A...Mr.Allah Dad Khan
Kitchen gardens can be grown in small spaces in people's backyards to provide nutritious foods and income, with individual gardens benefiting families directly and group gardens benefiting communities; they require selecting sites with good sunlight and drainage, preparing the soil, choosing crops and varieties suited to the space and climate, intensive planting, and ongoing care including watering, weeding, and harvesting. Kitchen gardens are a way for people to grow their own vegetables using limited space and resources to improve nutrition, health, and economic well-being.
Improvement in flowering & fruiting in fruit plants.pptxParshant Bakshi
Flowering and fruiting are critical stages in the life cycle of fruit-bearing plants, as they are directly related to the production of fruits, which are the primary reproductive structures of these plants.
In this presentation different methods used for improving flowering and fruiting in fruit crops are discussed
Integrating Climate-Resilient Practices for Sustainable Development of Hortic...Parshant Bakshi
Climate resilience is the ability to anticipate, prepare for, and respond to hazardous events, trends, or disturbances related to climate. Improving climate resilience involves assessing how climate change will create new, or alter current, climate related risks, and taking steps to better cope with these risks. It is the use of climate smart technologies for cropping in inappropriate climate to counteract the problems.
Through the adoption of inventive methodologies and the facilitation of knowledge sharing, the worldwide horticulture sector can mitigate climate-related uncertainties and plays an important role in ensuring food security and the well-being of rural communities.
VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION FOR INCREASING FRUIT TREE PRODUCTIVITYParshant Bakshi
Plant propagation is the art & science of multiplying plants by sexual or asexual means and preserving their unique qualities Or the method of production of more than one plant from the mother plant or the tissue over a specific time period.
Methods
a. Sexual methods : Propagation by seeds
b. Asexual methods /Vegetative
Cuttings
Layering
Grafting
Budding
Tissue culture; micropropagation
Improvement in Quality of Horticultural Produce.pptxParshant Bakshi
Fruits and vegetables consumption is essential to a healthy diet, reducing the risk of cancer, diabetes, and heart disease. They are known as Protective food as due to good source of vitamins, minerals, phytochemicals, and fiber. The parts of fruits that are usually not consumed, such as peel, seeds, and pomaces, are also rich in these compounds. Strategies to transform and include them in the food chain should be considered a global approach to achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs). Moreover, new products, processes, and distribution conditions should contribute to increasing fruit and vegetable consumption, improving the quality of products, and minimizing energy and water consumption, as well as losses and waste. Fresh produce can be microbiologically contaminated throughout the supply chain, from production, processing, transporting, storage, and sale sites to our kitchen benches. Although consumers demand minimally processed or “fresh-like” food products, adequate processing must be ensured to guarantee product safety.
In order to improve the quality of horticultural products, there are certain post harvest treatments given to the horticultural commodities. These treatments include:
Coating
Degreening
Hot water treatments
Vapour heat treatment
Curing
Packaging
Organic Conference-A Holistic Approach Towards Sustainable Fruit ProductionParshant Bakshi
Organic farming system primarily aimed at cultivating the land and raising crops in such a way, so as to keep the soil alive and in good health by use of organic wastes (crop, animal, farm wastes & aquatic wastes) and other biological materials along with beneficial microbes (bio-fertilizers) to release nutrients to crops for increased sustainable production in an eco-friendly pollution free environment. This presentation is helpful for students, researchers working on organic production of fruit crops
Mountain agriculture in India presentation in ChinaParshant Bakshi
In three days International workshop and regional expert consultation on mountain agriculture Development and food security and nutrition governance held at Beijing, China from 30th October, 2018 to 1st November, 2018, I represented India and delivered expert lecture on Mountain Agriculture in India. This is my presentation which I delivered in Beijing, China
Rejuvenation of Old/senile orchards-A success storyParshant Bakshi
The document discusses rejuvenation of old or senile orchards as a way to restore their productive capacity. It describes how orchards become uneconomic over time due to issues like wild shrub growth, overcrowding of trees, damage from weather/pests, and use of inferior varieties. Rejuvenation involves pruning trees to renew growth from latent buds and improve the root to shoot ratio. Examples provided include heading back mango and guava trees to develop a new canopy in 2 years and increase yields by 4-5 times.
Climate change effect on abiotic stress in fruit crops Parshant Bakshi
A change of climate, which is attributed directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate variability observed over comparable time periods.
Observability Concepts EVERY Developer Should Know -- DeveloperWeek Europe.pdfPaige Cruz
Monitoring and observability aren’t traditionally found in software curriculums and many of us cobble this knowledge together from whatever vendor or ecosystem we were first introduced to and whatever is a part of your current company’s observability stack.
While the dev and ops silo continues to crumble….many organizations still relegate monitoring & observability as the purview of ops, infra and SRE teams. This is a mistake - achieving a highly observable system requires collaboration up and down the stack.
I, a former op, would like to extend an invitation to all application developers to join the observability party will share these foundational concepts to build on:
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Why You Should Replace Windows 11 with Nitrux Linux 3.5.0 for enhanced perfor...SOFTTECHHUB
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Enchancing adoption of Open Source Libraries. A case study on Albumentations.AIVladimir Iglovikov, Ph.D.
Presented by Vladimir Iglovikov:
- https://www.linkedin.com/in/iglovikov/
- https://x.com/viglovikov
- https://www.instagram.com/ternaus/
This presentation delves into the journey of Albumentations.ai, a highly successful open-source library for data augmentation.
Created out of a necessity for superior performance in Kaggle competitions, Albumentations has grown to become a widely used tool among data scientists and machine learning practitioners.
This case study covers various aspects, including:
People: The contributors and community that have supported Albumentations.
Metrics: The success indicators such as downloads, daily active users, GitHub stars, and financial contributions.
Challenges: The hurdles in monetizing open-source projects and measuring user engagement.
Development Practices: Best practices for creating, maintaining, and scaling open-source libraries, including code hygiene, CI/CD, and fast iteration.
Community Building: Strategies for making adoption easy, iterating quickly, and fostering a vibrant, engaged community.
Marketing: Both online and offline marketing tactics, focusing on real, impactful interactions and collaborations.
Mental Health: Maintaining balance and not feeling pressured by user demands.
Key insights include the importance of automation, making the adoption process seamless, and leveraging offline interactions for marketing. The presentation also emphasizes the need for continuous small improvements and building a friendly, inclusive community that contributes to the project's growth.
Vladimir Iglovikov brings his extensive experience as a Kaggle Grandmaster, ex-Staff ML Engineer at Lyft, sharing valuable lessons and practical advice for anyone looking to enhance the adoption of their open-source projects.
Explore more about Albumentations and join the community at:
GitHub: https://github.com/albumentations-team/albumentations
Website: https://albumentations.ai/
LinkedIn: https://www.linkedin.com/company/100504475
Twitter: https://x.com/albumentations
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See how organizational priorities and strategic approaches to data security and privacy are evolving around the globe.
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Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...James Anderson
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The modern software delivery process (or the CI/CD process) includes many tools, distributed teams, open-source code, and cloud platforms. Constant focus on speed to release software to market, along with the traditional slow and manual security checks has caused gaps in continuous security as an important piece in the software supply chain. Today organizations feel more susceptible to external and internal cyber threats due to the vast attack surface in their applications supply chain and the lack of end-to-end governance and risk management.
The software team must secure its software delivery process to avoid vulnerability and security breaches. This needs to be achieved with existing tool chains and without extensive rework of the delivery processes. This talk will present strategies and techniques for providing visibility into the true risk of the existing vulnerabilities, preventing the introduction of security issues in the software, resolving vulnerabilities in production environments quickly, and capturing the deployment bill of materials (DBOM).
Speakers:
Bob Boule
Robert Boule is a technology enthusiast with PASSION for technology and making things work along with a knack for helping others understand how things work. He comes with around 20 years of solution engineering experience in application security, software continuous delivery, and SaaS platforms. He is known for his dynamic presentations in CI/CD and application security integrated in software delivery lifecycle.
Gopinath Rebala
Gopinath Rebala is the CTO of OpsMx, where he has overall responsibility for the machine learning and data processing architectures for Secure Software Delivery. Gopi also has a strong connection with our customers, leading design and architecture for strategic implementations. Gopi is a frequent speaker and well-known leader in continuous delivery and integrating security into software delivery.
Alt. GDG Cloud Southlake #33: Boule & Rebala: Effective AppSec in SDLC using ...
Establishment of Fruit Industry
1. FRUIT NURSERY
& ITS ESTABLISHMENT CRITERIA
Dr. Parshant BakshiDr. Parshant Bakshi
Associate Professor
Division of Fruit Science
SKUAST-JAMMU
2. NURSERYNURSERY
The nursery is the place where young plants are raised
and taken care of until they reach the right size
for outplanting.
OBJECTIVES OF THE NURSERYOBJECTIVES OF THE NURSERY
•To raise healthy and disease free stocks.
•To distribute plant material in masses who have little
knowledge about the techniques of raising plants.
•To introduce exotic species.
•Planting of nursery grown is the surest method of
artificially regenerating poor and barren sites.
•Replacement of casualties.
3. CLASSIFICATIONCLASSIFICATION
On the basis of size and purpose and nature of business
the nursery can be classified as follows:
1.1.Temporary NurseryTemporary Nursery
This is also known as seed nursery. The main objective of
this type of nursery is afforestation/plantation over a limited area
and after that the nursery is wound up. It should always be close to
the planting site. It is established to cater one’s personal need.
2. Permanent Nursery2. Permanent Nursery
A permanent nursery is established for large scale
multiplication of elite types of plant material on long term basis. It
should be well equipped with fencing, inspection paths, irrigation
system, store, pot yard, packing area, raised platform for loading
and unloading of plants, in addition to an office to keep the record.
4. •Classification based on irrigation facilities
•Dry nursery
This type of nursery is primarily meant for the multiplication
of those plants which are drought hardy and do not need artificial
watering. In general, this type of nursery is not very successful.
These are wholly dependent on the rainfall.
•Wet nursery
In wet type of nursery, there is a permanent provision of
irrigation water for plant propagation. All types of plant material
can be raised in a wet nursery. Wet and permanent nurseries are
always a commercial venture.
5. SITE SELECTION
The following are the factors in selecting an ideal nursery site:
•Water should be available throughout the year
•Area should be large enough to accommodate the required
seedlings and facilities
•Area could be flat or slightly inclined to allow sufficient drainage
•Area must be accessible or close to the road
•Area must have good soil condition, i.e. dry sandy loam or loam,
topsoil of about 30 cm, with 5.5 to 6.5 pH and high quantity of
organic matter
6. Site Preparation
After a suitable nursery site is selected, remove stones, rocks,
stumps and roots, and all undesirable vegetation. If it is sloping,
construct bench terraces following the contour. Use soil covered with
grasses or dry stones as terrace walls. Hollow blocks may be used in
exceptional.
•Area must have good exposure to sunlight
•Area must be protected from strong winds with temporary
windbreakers
• using local materials. For permanent windbreakers, establish
a green belt (trees that can withstand strong winds) around the
nursery.
7. IMPORTANT COMPONENTS OF NURSERY
A modern nursery should have the following parts:
Permanent structures
An ideal nursery should have an office, sale counter, packing
shed, store house, implement shed, bullock shed and residential
quarters etc. Building and similar structures should be constructed in
one corner of the nursery and near to the main gate to facilitate
supervision and reduce working and transport distances. The office
should also be accessible by cars/trucks. Office is meant for keeping
the nursery records and for sitting of the manager/owner who
supervises all the activities. However both the store and office can be
in the same building, store can be utilized for keeping packing
material such as baskets, labels, nails, ropes, equipments, fertilizers
and planting material etc.
8. Progeny block
A nursery man should have progeny trees of all the promising
plants and varieties that can be grown in that particular area. In
progeny block, true-to-type mother plants are maintained in the
nursery. According to the choice of the customers, suitable plant types
with existing superior varieties should be collected and maintained in
the progeny block.
Seed beds
Seed beds can be accommodated in a comparatively smaller
area. They should be nearer to a source of water supply and to the
office so that they can be kept under proper vigilance. The beds
should be raised enough to avoid water stagnation due to rain and
excess watering. Seed beds should be located in an open situation for
better germination of seeds and to avoid infestation of ‘damping off’
disease.
9. Nursery beds
Seedlings from the seed beds are lifted and transplanted in the
nursery beds. Nursery beds should be slightly raised, with 3m length
and 1 meter width. It is better if nursery beds are divided into two
sections. For example, one section can be a mango seedbed area, a
second section can be set apart for rooting of cuttings, another for
citrus plants etc. This order should be changed next season to have a
rotation and thereby keeping the fertility of the soil intact. A nursery
bed should be prepared by repeated ploughing and adding appropriate
amount of organic manures and fertilizers. There must be adequate
facility of proper drainage. The nursery beds should be laid out in
such a way that there is an access to all the beds through roads or
paths so that workmen may not have to walk over bunds or in water
channels. Nursery beds should be located in an open area near to a
water source.
10. Pot yard
The pot yard is generally used for tender plants, which
require shade as compared to hardy plants. Therefore, pot yards
should be in shade and near to water source for frequent watering.
Trenches can be provided for keeping the potted plants closely
packed together.
Packing yard and working shed
The packing yard is used for packing the plants before sale or
dispatch to out stations. The yard can be combined with working
shed. In packing yard, there should be plenty of space to enable a
number of workers for sorting out and packing the plants with ease.
11. Water management in nursery
The timely availability of good quality water in sufficient
amount is an integral part of nursery production. In nursery,
several plants of different stages of their growth are raised,
therefore timely supply of quality water is essential. Thus, proper
arrangement should be made to meet the water requirement of a
nursery. For this purpose, provisions for water storage tank, motor
or diesel engine operated tubewell should be made. Water
application methods in the nursery may be broadly classified
into following two groups:
1. Conventional methods: In this method water applied is
distributed by means of open surface, for example:
Flood irrigation
Check basin irrigation and
Furrow irrigation
12. 1.Modern methods of irrigation:
•Micro-sprinkler irrigationMicro-sprinkler irrigation
Sprinklers are suitable for dense growing seedlings. It may be
used in field or controlled environment i.e. polyhouse or in poly
tunnels.
•Drip irrigation
Drip irrigation is best suited for containers grown crops. Fruit
crops, which are being propagated by layering, grafting and budding,
can also be irrigated by drip irrigation.
•Capillary irrigation
Capillary irrigation is the most suitable method for nursery
propagation of densely grown crops. Capillary irrigation can be used
for both outdoor and indoor plants. A simple capillary irrigation
system consists of a 5 cm deep bed of sand, the depth mainly depends
on the root depth of crop to be grown. The dimension can be
conveniently based on the size of bed, hydraulic conductivity of soil
and root depth of crop.
15. Compost pit
Nursery production of horticultural and forestry plants
require huge amount of organic manures, like F.Y.M, compost, leaf
mould etc. for different purposes. Therefore, arrangements should
be made at nursery level to produce enough quantity of compost
etc. for own purpose. One compost pit of permissible size should be
located at any corner of nursery layout. At the same time several
waste products of nursery can also be utilized for the same and
extra effort to dispose off waste material is not required.
Trained gardeners and skilled labourer
The orchardists, who want to take up nursery production
work, should be well conversant with different propagation
techniques and other nursery operations. They should have with
them trained budder/grafter, who could perform these operations
with good success.
17. Propagation structures
Nursery is a place where raising of plants is carried out
throughout year but in few months of the year, open conditions are
not found suitable to raise plants successfully. The hot desiccating
winds in May-June and cold freezing waves of December-January
may harm the plants and their subsequent growth. Hence, there
should be provision of modern propagation structures like, green
house, net house and mist chamber etc. these structures provide
optimum controlled (light, temperature, moisture and humidity) for
seed germination, rooting of cuttings and for hardening of young
seedlings before transplanting them in the field.
A brief description of different propagation structures and
equipments has been given below:
18. Greenhouses
Greenhouse is a general term for the framed or inflated
structure covered with transparent/translucent material large
enough to grow crops under partial or fully controlled
environmental conditions such as temperature, solar radiation,
rainfall, humidity etc. to get optimum growth and productivity
round the year.
Classification of greenhouses
1.Low cost green houses
This type of green house involves very less initial cost
because they are naturally ventilated. Naturally ventilation refers
to providing sufficient open area in green house structure so that
ambient air by itself enters into the greenhouse after displacing an
equal amount of greenhouse air.
19. 2. Medium cost greenhouses
The initial cost for the such type of greenhouses is more
than the low cost greenhouses, since partial control of the
environmental factors is necessary.
3. High cost greenhouses
Such type of greenhouses involves very high cost of
establishment because the conditions inside the greenhouse are
to be fully controlled. These are most efficient with respect to
plant propagation particularly under extreme climatic conditions.
However, preference should be given to low cost greenhouses.
20. Mist propagation unit
Mist propagation units are used for propagation of
“difficult to root” cuttings. A fine mist is sprayed intermittently
over the cuttings at regular intervals during day and night. It is
controlled by a time clock.
Net house
Net house is widely used as propagation structure in
tropical areas, where artificial heating is not required and artificial
cooling is expensive. In these areas, a net house may be
constructed with roofs covered with glass or plastic film and its
sides are covered with wired net. The roof of net house may be
covered with gunny cloth or even with live plant creeper to cut off
the solar radiant energy and to keep the house cool. Net house can
be constructed as per the need of the propagator and therefore its
size varies with the requirement of the nurserymen.
24. Plastic tunnels
It consists of a perforated tunnel made for strawberry
protection. The three feet wide wire hoops, which support the
polyethylene, made from 0.2-inch diameter wire and are erected at
30-inch intervals. A white translucent polyethylene sheet 6 feet wide
is then stretched over the hoops and is then held in position by
fastening two lines of polyethylene bailer twin to alternate hoops on
either side of the tunnel.
26. IMPORTANT NURSERY OPERATIONS
Field/Bed preparation and eradication of competing vegetation
Deep ploughing twice would help to loosen the soil and
clear the weeds and other vegetation. All types of stones and roots
etc. should be taken out as they obstruct the growth of seedlings.
Burning of dry grass and shrubby material tends to reduce the
insect and weed problem and left over minerals rich improves the
fertility of seed beds.
Layout of beds and levelling
The width of the seed bed should be kept such that weeding
and hoeing can be accomplished without entering the seed bed. It
should be 1.2 to 1.5 m. The length of the seed bed may be kept upto
12.5 m. Usually, three types of seed beds are used:
27. Raised beds
These are made in high rainfall areas. Raised beds are 10-15
cm above ground level with the support of bricks, stones or
bamboos, which prevents edges of beds from crumbling during
rains.
Sunken beds
Sunken beds are made in dry areas. The objective of sunken
bed is to avoid flow of water outside the bed. These beds are
usually 15 cm deeper than the normal ground level.
Level beds
Level beds are made in normal rainfall areas. The surface of
the nursery bed should be flat or should have a slight camber. In
order to enable good drainage in the beds, surface dressing should
be done.
31. Mixing of FYM
Farm yard manure (FYM) crushed into fine powder should
be thoroughly mixed with the top soil of the bed before sowing the
seeds or planting the other planting material (cuttings, suckers,
rhizomes etc.) if the soils are sandy, addition of clay/pond soil
always becomes essential.
Raising plants in the nursery
To raise plants in the nursery seems to be easy but to
maintain them in good state is very tedious. Therefore, one should
have complete idea about sowing time, sowing depth of the seed etc.
to raise the seedlings effectively. Similarly, knowledge about
transplanting of seedlings, their handling and further management in
the nursery is equally important for raising quality planting material.
32. Sowing of seeds in the nursery
In asexually propagated plants, the seeds are first sown in
the seed beds and after attainment of sufficient growth of the
seedlings, they are transplanted in the permanent site. Similarly,
rootstocks of fruit plants are first raised in the nursery and at
optimum growth of seedlings of rootstock, they are subjected to
budding, grafting etc.
For preparation of seed beds, the soil should be prepared
thoroughly by repeated ploughings. During land preparation,
suitable chemicals should be added to protect the seeds and
seedlings from the attack of insect-pests, diseases and weeds. The
soil should be levelled and the beds should be of desired size and
sufficiently spaced in order to facilitate nurserymen to care all the
seedlings from either sides of the bed.
33. Sowing time
The time of sowing seeds of different plants largely depend
on the nature of plant and varieties. Seeds of temperate fruits are
generally available during June to October and their sowing should
be done after the dormancy period is over. The seeds of tropical
and sub-tropical fruits are sown during monsoon (June-July) or in
the beginning of spring (February-march). Generally mango, kagzi
lime and jackfruit seeds are sown during June-July, while that of
guava, ber and aonla during February – March. Under north Indian
conditions, the seeds of different citrus types are available during
winter months and their germination is usually low due to
prevailing low temperature. Seeds of some fruits (citrus, mango,
loquat, litchi, jackfruit, etc) lose viability quickly, so these should
be sown immediately after their extraction from the fruit.
34. Sowing in beds
The seeds are usually sown at a depth 3-4 times of their size.
Sowing may be done a little deeper in light soils than in heavy soils.
After sowing seeds must be covered with a thin layer of sand or soil
and then a light irrigation is given.
Sowing in polybags/pots
Seed sowing in polybags/pots is now becoming commercial,
because this entails minimum disturbance to the root system, avoids
the problem of digging, ease in transportation and gives higher final
survival. Generally, the polybags of 22.5 x 12.5 cm size is used. Size
of the polybags may vary according to the size of the seedlings to be
raised. Make sure that drainage holes are provided at the bottom of
the bags. Earthen pots generally 5” sizes are used for raising the
rootstocks. Polybags/pots filling mixture should contain thoroughly
mixed well drained soil, FYM and clay/pond soil in 1:1:1 ratio. One
to two seeds should be sown in each bag/pot at 0.5 to 1.0 cm depth.
Gap filling in bag/pot should be carried out within two weeks of
initial sowing.
35. In situ sowing
In situ sowing refer to the sowing of seeds in situation or
directly in the field and budding/grafting operating etc. are carried
out there itself. In some fruit crops, the tap root system is very
vigorous and during the process of transplanting, root system is
disturbed, which ultimately affects their establishment in the field.
For example, walnut, pecan nut, jackfruit and ber have long tap
root system. Therefore, for these fruits, in situ sowing of seeds is
recommended. Similarly, for high density planting in Amarpali
mango, in situ orchard establishment is recommended.
Lifting of plants from the nursery
Before removal from the nursery, plants should be
thoroughly watered to loosen the soil and to avoid desiccation
during transport until planting. During transplanting, maximum
possible soil should be retained with the seedlings. Usually, there
is high mortality of seedlings after transplanting.
36. •If the plants do not have well developed roots.
•If the seedlings are not lifted with optimum earth ball before
transplanting.
•If the roots of the seedlings are soft and succulent.
•If the plants are not watered adequately.
•If the plants are not pressed firmly to avoid air space.
•If the plants are not given proper shade initially.
•If the plants are not protected from scorching sun and wind
•If the environmental conditions existing in nursery bed are
different to those in the field.
•If the seedlings are not watered immediately after transplanting.
The major reasons for failure of seedlings in
transplanting are:
37. TOOLS, EQUIPMENTS AND ACCESSORIES
USED IN NURSERY OPERATIONS
1.Khurpi
It is used for weeding and lifting of seedlings from the nursery.
2. Sickle
It is used for cutting grass, fodder and harvesting crop.
3. Shovel
It helps in lifting seedlings without much injury to roots.
4. Hand Hoe
It is used for preparing basins, beds and seed beds.
5. Rake
Ideal tool for levelling land and collecting weed.
38. 6. Watering can
It is used for irrigating potted plants and seed beds.
7. Pruning knife
It is used for pruning branches and suckers. It can be used for
grafting purposes. The edges of the knife remain sharp for a longer
period if it is made from high carbon steel.
8. Budding knife
It is used in budding operation. Curved point help in making
vertical cut on the stock plant. The other end helps in opening the
bark flaps. It can be used for making cutting, pruning young shoots
and tender branches.
9. Grafting knife
It is used in grafting operation, also used for pruning
and making cuttings.
39. 10. Secateur
It is used for pruning branches of lead pencil thickness. It is
good for making cuttings and removing dead flowers and branches.
11. Pruning saw
It is used for cutting thick branches. It is more effective for
removing dead and thick branches which are over 6cm in diameter.
12. Lopper
It is used for pruning branches thicker than a lead pencil. It is
useful tool for making hard-wood cuttings.
13. Hedge shear
It is used for trimming hedges and edges.
14. Sprinkler
Useful for irrigation. Water comes out as spray. There is
economy of water as well and it also covers larger area in shorter time.
15. Clipper
It is used for clipping soft grass of lawn and edges where lawn
mover not covers.
40. 16. Fork
It is used for lifting manures and plant. Useful garden tool in
nursery preparation. It is also useful for shifting compost and garden
rubbish.
17. Sprayer
It is useful for spraying insecticides, fungicides or herbicides. It
is also used for foliar application of fertilizers.
18. Sword
It is used for cutting grass or weeds from garden and lawns. It
covers a large area in small time.
19. Ladder
In propagation work, ladder is required for operations like
cutting of bud wood, training of vigorous plants and top working of old
and declining parts.
20. Baskets.
A gardener should have plenty of baskets. These baskets are
mainly used for carrying the seedlings for packing and transportation
to the distant places.
41. 21. Labels
A commercial propagator should have different types of labels.
These are used for proper labelling of plants before sale.
22. Planting supports.
Bamboo of different sizes is required the plants during their
initial stages of growth. In place of bamboo, iron rods can also be used.
23. Protective material
The wound caused by pruning or cutting of scion, bud wood
may act as a source of secondary infection by pathogens and insects.
Bordeaux paste is the best material for this purpose. However, biltox
can also be used as an effective protective material.
24. Pesticides and fertilizers.
A propagator should have all chemicals to control insect-pests
and disease infection in the nursery. Similarly, for adequate nutrition of
the plants, manures and fertilizers should be available at all time.