The document discusses crop regulation and off-season fruit production. The main objectives of crop regulation are to force trees to rest and produce abundant blossoms and fruits during specific flushing periods, regulate uniform fruit quality, and maximize production and profits. Commonly used methods for crop and off-season regulation include withholding irrigation, hand thinning, pruning, smudging, and chemical applications. Specific techniques are discussed for regulating crops of guava, pomegranate, citrus, and grapes to produce fruits off-season through cultural practices, protected cultivation, and growth regulators. Benefits and challenges of off-season production are also summarized.

1. 1
CROP REGULATION AND OFF
SEASON FRUIT PRODUCTION

2. MAIN OBJECTIVE OF CROP REGULATION
 To force the tree for its rest, to produce
profuse blossom and fruits during any one of two
or three flushes.
 To regulate a uniform and good quality fruits
and to maximize the production as well as profit
to the grower.

3. COMMERCIALLY USED METHODS FOR
CROP REGULATION
 With-holding irrigation: Pomegranate ,Guava and Lemon
 Hand Thinning: Guava and Mango
 Pruning: Guava, Pomegranate and Mango.
 Smudging: Mango
 Chemical application: Guava and Mango

4. Crop
Regulation in
Guava
4

5. Guava
Particulars Flowering Fruiting Quality Yield
Ambe Bahar Feb -March July - Sept Watery Poor
Mrig Bahar June- July Nov – Jan Excellent Good
Hastha Bahar October Feb - April Good Low, fetches
high price.
There are three distinct flowering seasons with corresponding harvesting periods-rainy,
winter and spring. It is desirable to take only one crop in a year.
SELECTION OF ‘BAHAR’ :
The selection of a Bahar at a location is mainly determined by prevailing production constraints
like:
1. Availability of irrigation water.
2. Occurrence and extent of damage by diseases and pests.
3. Market factors.
4. For winter season crop - withhold irrigation April-May, 20-30cm terminal shot pruning
in April andspray of NAA@600mg/lit to avoids complete rainy season

6. Effect of pruning months on ‘Allahabad Safeda’ and
‘ Sardar’ guava harvest in different season
6Singh et al. 2001,Lucknow
70.52 b
68.00 b 67.25 a
61.78b
(Yield(kg)/ plant)(Yield(kg)/ plant)

7. Yield of guava under different crop regulating treatments in
rainy season for winter crop
Treatments
Yield per plant (kg)
Rainy season Winter season
T1-15% urea first at the time of 50% bloom
stage and 2nd 10 days after first spray
14.4 42.12
T2 – Single foliar spray of 15% urea at the
time of 50% bloom stage
7.02 16.85
T3-Pruning of 3/4th current shoots on entire
tree
17.5 30.31
T4-Pruning 50% of current shoots on entire
tree
20.0 28.1
T5-Hand Deblossoming 16.0 36.20
T6-Control 37.4 5.10
CD at 5% 2.63 3.65
Sanjay sahay and Naresh kumar, 2002 7

8. 8
Treatments
Average number of
flower buds/branch
(before treatment)
Average
number of
fruit
set/branch
% fruit
set
% flower
bud
abscission
Average
yield in
kg/tree
T1: NAA-600 ppm 38.00 30.75 81.04 18.95 65.00
T2: NAA-800 ppm 42.00 32.25 77.11 22.89 84.00
T3: Flower bud thinning 30.00 24.50 82.13 17.86 76.00
T4: One leaf pair pruning 43.00 36.00 84.24 15.75 88.00
T5: Two leaf pair pruning 33.00 27.25 82.88 17.11 61.00
T6: Control 3.50 2.77 78.33 21.66 4.50
CD at 5% 7.94 5.42 NS NS 8.27
Effect of NAA, flower bud thinning and pruning on per cent flower
bud abscission, fruit set and yield of winter season guava crop.
Tiwari et al., 2007 , Pantnagar

9. 9
Effect of NAA, flower bud thinning and pruning on cost and return
(in rupees) obtained from guava tree.
Treatments
Cost of fruits (Rs.)
per tree
Rainy
season
at Rs.
4.0/kg
Winter
season at
Rs. 8.0/kg
Total
return per
tree (Rs.)
Profit
over
control
(Rs.)
Cost of
treatment
per tree
(Rs.)
Net
profit
per tree
(Rs.)
T1: NAA-600 ppm 88.00 520.00 608.00 150.00 60.00 90.00
T2: NAA-800 ppm 24.00 672.00 696.00 238.00 70.00 168.00
T3: Flower bud thinning 0.00 608.00 608.00 150.00 60.00 90.00
T4: One leaf pair
pruning
18.60 704.00 722.60 264.60 40.00 224.60
T5: Two leaf pair
pruning
137.00 488.00 625.00 167.00 40.00 137.00
T6: Control 422.00 36.00 458.00 – – –
Tiwari et al., 2007 , Pantnagar

10. 10
Fruit yield of guava as influence by bending and pruning
treatments
Treatments
Mean number of fruits
retained per plant
(up to harvest)
Mean fruit
weight
(g)
Yield per
plant
(kg)
T0-Control 75.7 203 15.1
T1-Bending of lateral branches
and partial removal of old leaves
195.5 242 48.6
T2-10 cm pruning with complete
removal of old leaves
77.4 220 18.6
T4-20 cm pruning with complete
removal of old leaves
79.1 225 20.1
SEm ± 0.16 7.4 0.03
C.D at 5% 0.4 18.4 0.07
Bagchi et al., 2008, West Bengal

11. Crop
Regulation in
Pomegranate
11

12. Why bahar treatment?
• By nature, Pomegranate, has tendency to flower
throughout year resulting in several light harvest of
variable fruit quality
• Economic returns from bahar depends on climate,
pest/disease incidence, cultural operations- manuring,
irrigation, protection
• Necessity for regulatory operation-bahar treatment –
optimum productivity with vigour maintenance)

13. Flowering seasons in pomegranate
 Ambe bahar is taken in the areas where enough water is
available during hot weather.
 Mrig bahar is taken in areas where water is so scarce during
the hot weather.
 Hast bahar is rarely taken. The trees have to be made
dormant during August-September.
13
Season Flowering fruit maturity
Ambe bahar Feb-March June-September
Mrig bahar June-july December- February
Hast bahar Sept-Oct March April

14. Effect of crop load
Fruits/
tree
Fr.
wt (g)
Juice
(%)
TSS Acidit
y
Yield/
tree
20 328.3 49 15.2 0.48 6.5
30 304.6 48 15.3 0.46 9.1
40 270.2 49 14.8 0.44 10.8
50 256.6 49 14.7 0.49 12.8
60 248.9 48 15.2 0.43 14.9
70 240.5 48 14.6 0.42 16.8

15. Induction of flowering through
GR & chemicals
Farmers prefer to take hasth bahar
(Sep-Oct flowering) due to better
development of aril and rind colour as
compared to other bahars.
But, occurrence of flowering often
becomes difficult during hasth bahar
due to prevailing low temperature.
Hence, growth hormones and
chemicals were tried to induce
flowering in pomegranate.

16. Methodology
• Variety : Bhagwa,
5years
• Treatments:15
• GR : IAA (10,20ppm),
NAA (10,20ppm),
• Chemicals: KNO3
(0.5,1.0%),
• NH4NO3 (0.5%,1.0%)
• Application: Foliar
spray at 2 weeks
after defoliation in
Sep

17. Results
Treatments Details Bisexual flowers
(Nos)
No. of fruits/
tree
Fruitset
(%)
1 IAA 10 ppm 170.0 85.0 50.0
2 IAA 20 ppm 175.3 95.0 54.1
3 NAA 10ppm 192.6 125.3 65.0
4 NAA 20ppm 180.0 108.0 60.0
5 KNO3 0.5% 162.0 90.0 55.5
6 KNO3 1.0% 168.0 96.0 57.1
7 Ammonium nitrate 0.5% 180.0 113.6 63.1
8 Ammonium nitrate 1.0% 165.0 102.3 62.0
9 Control 87.5 35.0 40.0
CD at 5% 4.90 3.12 4.20

18. Results
• The no. of bisexual flowers was max in NAA
10ppm (192.6/plant) followed by ammonium
nitrate 0.5% (180.0), whereas it was
minimum in control (87.5).
• The no. of fruits/plant was highest in NAA
10ppm (125.3) followed by ammonium nitrate
0.5% (113.6), whereas it was lowest in control
(35.0)
• Fruitset :40-65%, NAA10ppm (65%),
ammonium nitrate0.5% (63.1%), control
(40.0%)

19. CROP REGULATION IN POMEGRANATE
 The pomegranate plants flower and provide fruits
throughout the year in central and southern India.
 The pomegranate starts fruiting about 4 years after
planting and continues for about 25 to 30 years.
 To regulate flowering, water is withheld for about two
months in advance of the normal flowering season.
 After two months, manures and fertilizers are applied
and light irrigation is given. Three to four days later,
heavier irrigations at normal interval are followed.
 The tree readily responds to this treatment by producing
new growth and blooms and bears a good crop.

20. Crop
Regulation
And Off
Season
production in
Citrus
20

21.  In India, especially in Central India, the bearing citrus trees are given ‘resting’
treatment. This involves ploughing the orchard land and withholding water
for a month or two before any one of the three flowering seasons, whichever
is desired.
 In the more tropical zones of South India which receive rains from the South-
West as well as the North-East monsoons, the resting treatment is not
practicable due to irregular rains spread over a period of 4 to 5 months as
against a month or two in the dry climate of the Central and Western India
and often the bahars overlap.
 Nirmaljit et al (2008) reported that 400-500 ppm NAA regulated biennial
bearing of the kinnow mandarin when the spraying was done two weeks after
the fruit set in an ‘on’ year. Gallasch (1974 and 1978) observed that
CEPA(chloroethylphosphonic acid) at 250 ppm or more in valencia and
mandarin reduced the heavy crop load and increase the crop in following
year.

22.  Brar et al (1992) reported that NAA @ 400 ppm was the
most effective for thinning of kinnow fruits
 Two different experiments were conducted to study the
effects of different growth regulators (GA3, NAA,
Ethephon) and urea on alternate bearing control in Kinnow
mandarin (Citrus reticulata). The results indicated that urea
had no effect however, both NAA and ethephon were
effective on thinning of fruits and control of fruiting.
Ethephon at 200 and 300 mgl-1, and NAA at 400 mgl-1 gave
the best results (Hanzaii and Tafazoli, 2002).
 Growth regulator (GA3- 50 or 100 ppm) treatments also
delayed flowering useful with regard to producing an off-
season crop in orange (Nath and Baruah, 1997).

23. Crop Regulation
in Grapes
23

24. CROP REGULATION IN GRAPES
 Pruning is the cheapest and easiest way of crop regulation.
 Heavy crop load impairs the quality and delays ripening, therefore
balanced pruning is considered essential.
 The number of fruiting units and their length should be proper so that the
vine can nourish and ripen the crop.
 Thinning of flower cluster consist of removing under developed, mis-
shaped clusters between leafing out and blooming. It is advisable not to
practice severe flower cluster thinning in the cultivars where there is a
problem of poor set and panicle drying, such as Thompson Seedless and
Gold under Haryana conditions. Under such conditions, cluster thinning,
which is done after berry set, should be practiced.
 Lin et al (1985) reported that cyanamide solution (2.45% H2CN2)
application immediately after the normal harvest season induced the
second flush of shoot growth, making possible the harvesting of two crops
per year. 24

25. Off season fruit production
 Bearing of fruits different from the peak bearing time and take the harvest time
early or late than that of the normal fruiting season.
 To meet the fruit demand of off-season and to sell the products with higher
prices.
 More profit for producers. Production is continued throughout the year not
related to climate conditions. Protected areas have been made for this purposes
and regularly year-round production has supplied
What is the need of off season fruit production
Therefore, in humans, fruit consumption is gaining importance day
by day in terms of health. People want to consume the fruits not
only in growing season but also in out of growing season.
To meet the needs of fruits of people in year-round and get a good
income to farmers. The very early or late season fruit removal
provides better prices to sell. As a result, the growers tend to
produce off-season fruits.

26.  Fruit production is seasonal in both tropical and temperate regions. At the peak
season oversupply of fruits always happens and during the off-season there is no
supply at all.
 This condition is not economically sustainable as it causes sharp fluctuations in the
price of fruit. At the peak of the season the price drops sharply, while during the off
season or at the beginning and end of the season the price is quite high.
 Prolonging the fruiting season, by beginning the season earlier and delaying the
end of the harvesting season could benefit farmers and consumers. If some of the
trees in the orchard can be managed to flower at different times, the balance of
long-term supply-demand can be improved.
 This can be achieved by an improvement in off-season fruit production technology.
Objective
 Take the harvest time early or late than that of the normal growing season.
 To meet the fruit demand of off-season and to sell the products with higher price.
 Production is continued throughout the year not related to climate conditions.

27. COMMERCIALLY USED METHODS FOR
OFF-SEASON FRUIT PRODUCTION
1 Polytunnels
2 Green House Technology
3 Cultural practices
Bahar Treatment: With-holding irrigation,
Hand Thinning
Pruning
Smudging:
4 Chemical application

28. Benefits of off-season flowering/fruiting
Better quality fruits
Better market and high demand
More profitability
Avoid some biotic stress
Factors effecting off season flowering
Plant
Genetic
Enviornmental
Success of off season flowering
Experience of growers
Climate conditions
Orchard management
Cultivars
Constraint of off season productivity
Unseasonal rains
Absence of adoption of strategic management practices
Lack of quality planting materials
Indiscriminate use of pesticides

29. Issues on off season production
Lack of information
Limited Research
Exotic varieties with off season fruiting
behavior have not been evaluated
Strategies for off season flowering/fruiting
Off season varieties
Pruning
Early and Late varieties
Deblossoming
Use of Paclobutrazol
Pre and post harvest management practices

30. Seasonal availability of major tropical & sub-tropical
fruits in different month
30
Sr. NO. Fruit crops Available in month
1. Mango June-July
2. Banana Jan-Dec
3. Citrus Nov-Dec (Sweet orange)
Dec-Jan (Mandarins)
August-Nov (Lemon and lime)
4. Grape April-May
5. Pomegranate Jan-Feb
6. Guava Nov-Dec
7. Papaya Sept-Oct
8. Custard apple Oct-Nov
9. Sapota Jan-Feb

31. Polytunnels
• Also known as a polyhouse, hoop
greenhouse or hoophouse, or high tunnel, is a tunnel made
of polyethylene, usually semi-circular, square or elongated
in shape
• Polytunnels had a significant effect on the production
of strawberries. Other soft fruits such as
raspberries and blackberries are also cultivated in the
same way.
• High tunnels are inexpensive, passive solar structures
designed to extend the growing season and intensify
production. By protecting crops from potentially
damaging weather conditions (frost, temperature
fluctuations, precipitation, wind, or excess moisture
that delays planting or cultivation), high tunnels also
reduce risk and enhance the quality of the harvest.

32. • Fruit crops such as peaches, plums, and cherries
have the potential for out-of-season production and
organic production
• Peaches and nectarines are grown in the single-slope,
energy-efficient, solar-heated and in high tunnels for
off season production
• other advantages of protected cultivation of peach
include: elimination of rain-induced fruit cracking
(esp. nectarines) and waterlogging, protection from
hot winds and hail, reduced frost risk, geographic
growing range expansion and fruit marketed with
reduced pesticide residues or as “pollution free”
(Wang and Niu, 2012).

33. Young
strawberries
planted
through
plastic
Polytunnel to keep the frost
and rain away from plants
Fleece

34. Green Houses
• Greenhouses may be plastic polyethylene
covered or made from fiberglass or other
appropriate covering material.
• Modern greenhouses are well equipped with
elaborate structures and have precise control
on temperature, light intensity and humidity
• To propagate plants around the year and to
produce off season fruits and vegetables the green
houses are used.
• The use of green houses is also essential to mass
multiply the plants through tissue culture.

35. • Raspberries, however, are uniquely suited for
greenhouse production during the off-season. They
grow best at a relatively cool temperature (20⁰C)
and do not require supplemental light to produce a
crop is targeted for May and June.
• Compared to field production, greenhouse-
produced berries are larger, firmer and much less
prone to fruit rot. Fruit tends to be slightly less
sweet and more acid in the greenhouse

36. Strawberry and Peaches in Greenhouse

37.  In recent years, some factors as advances in
greenhouse construction materials, the use of dwarf
rootstocks and controlling of ecological factors of
greenhouse increase in greenhouse cultivation of fruit.
 Now fruit trees, for the purpose of the off-season
production have grown in pots in the open field or
protected areas to make production at desired time.
 It is possible to obtain high density planting and dwarf
growing by growing of fruits in small pots. For
example, fruits of tropical and subtropical climate can
be grown in including frost risk areas and temperate
zone fruits is also grown in the hot zone (Demiral and
Ulger, 2009).
 There is still many problems in protected area
growing such as demand of chilling requirement,
productivity, fruit set, fruit quality, training systems
,construction problems (Kamota, 1988)

38. Cultural Practices
Ringing in Rambutan: Regulating the
flowering in fruit trees is economically important
in order to get fruits during the off-seasons.
Applications of paclobutrazol did not induce off-
season flowering in rambutan.
To solve this problem, the technique of ringing
the tree was developed to induce off-season
rambutan production.
Ringing was done by completely removing 2 cm
of bark around the trunk and then the wound
was immediately covered with black plastic
tape. One month after ringing of the trunk, the
wound started to recover

39. Ringing by discarding
bark in the trunk
One month after ringing,
the wound has recovered
The trees must be sprayed with 30-40 g/l KNO3 at one month after ringing,
to force the flower buds to spout. Foliar spray with KNO3 in concentration
more than 40 g/l cause the leaves drop.

40.  The effect of ringing significantly affected the time of
flowering but did not affect the number of
inflorescence produced, number of flower per
inflorescence, and the size of inflorescence.
 Foliar application of KNO3 one month after ringing
treatment accelerated flowering time 10-20 days
compared to those without application of KNO3.
 This bud-breaker compound also increased the
inflorescence number per tree. It has been shown that
ringing induced flowering of matured rambutan trees
off-season even during the off-year.

41. How ringing induce flowering
 Inhibition of photosynthate translocation from shoot to the roots:
 increasing of C/N ratio in the shoots.
 roots lack of energy to do their activities:
• the capacity and the ability of roots decreases significantly in:
 absorbing water,
 absorbing mineral nutrition,
 synthesizing of growth hormone.
 Low rate of mineral nutrition absorption, especially nitrogen increase
C/N ratio in the shoots
 Less water absorption will results in physiological water stress
 Decrease synthesis of hormone including gibberellins.
Role of KNO3
 Potassium Nitrate turns to have the ability of breaking dormant buds,
especially generative buds in deciduous trees
 The ability of KNO3 in breaking dormancy might be related to the role
of ion K+ in: increasing translocation of sucrose from leaves to buds,

42. Effects of Ringing and KNO3 Spraying on Rambutan
Flowering & Fruit Production

43.  Drought stress: may be utilized as a tool to force vegetative
quiescence, induce off-season flowering, enhance the potential
for flowering, and increase flowering intensity. This technique
has been successfully used for many tropical fruit crops
including mango, lime, guava, litchi (Litchi chinensis), and
longan (Dimocarpus longan) production.
 Girdling : This method to induce flowering have been used for
many crops and is used along with other cultural methods (e.g.
drought stress, PGRs) in litchi and longan production. Flooding
has been used to induce early bloom and fruiting of wax
jambu(Syzygium samarangense).
• Takase et al. (1988) reported that protected and heated
cultivation of loquat induced 37–76 days of earliness when
compared with the open field.
• Bending : The study of bending and fruit thinning for off season
production of guava is conducted in Bangladesh and proved
benefical (Mamun et al. 2012)

44. Growth regulators
 The flowering process is the critical point for the fruit production.
Flowering induction show significant results in regulating off-season
production of mango, mangosteen , durian and rambutan. Flower
formation of tropical fruit trees can be inhibited with applications of
gibberellins.
 In mango cv Neelum to induce off-season flowering the soil application
of Paclobutrazol @ 0.75g a.i. per tree during March and April gave
good resultpaclobutrazol, can induce off season flowering of mango
and citrus. The technique force the flower in Mango and the
Mangosteen trees flowered 3 months earlier than control and it is not
successful in rambutan and durain
 It is possible to induce flowering in durian by the application of
paclobutrazol in combination with the application of plastic mulching
to prevent infiltration of rainfall into the soil.
 Poerwanto and Inoue (1990) further prove that gibberellins activities in
the leaves of citrus in the branches whose flowering has been induced
are lower than those in the leaves coming from the branches whose
flowers are not induced. Therefore, the application of substance having
anti-gibberellins characteristics is expected to stimulate flowering.

45.  Some applications such as defoliation, spray of KNO3, mineral oil and
evaporative cooling recommend meeting the need of chilling
requirement, breaking dormancy and getting more yields in protected
areas and open field growing (Erez et al., 2000).
 Poerwanto et al. (2008) In durian the application of paclobutrazol up
to 15 g/tree could cause the tree to produce flowers - almost 2000
flowers per tree ,In contrast, the control trees paclobutrazol to induce
off-season flowering is based on its effect on inhibiting gibberellins
biosynthesis
 Paclobutrazol, apply to the roots by soil drenching, or to leaves or
buds, able to induce off-season flowering of mango and mangosteen.
 mangosteen, citrus, durian to flower and produce fruit off-season using
a combination of paclobutrazol and KNO3 application

46. Crop Regulation and
Off Season in Mango
46

47. Commercial Mango varieties grown in
different states
States Varieties
Andra Pradesh Neelum, Totapuri, Mulgoa, Swarnarekha, Banganapalli
Gujarath Kesar, Alphonso, Rajapuri, Sardar
Himachal pradesh Chausa, Dashahari, Langra
Karnataka Alphonso, Totapuri, Banganapalli, Pairi, Mulgoa, Neelum
Tamil Nadu Alphanso, Neelum, Totapuri, Banganaapalli,Swarnarekha
Uttar Pradesh Bombay Green, Chausa, Dashahari, Langra, Amrapali, Mallika,
Fazli
Maharashra Alphonso, Kesar, Pairi, Dashahari, Amrapali, Ratna, Sindhu

48. Mango
 Off-season bearing in the Mango is a varied and peculiar
phenomenon occurring in Kanyakumari and hence this place
always marketed Off-season cropping of mango, is a natural
and unique feature of Kanyakumari ,Tirunelveli and certain
tracts of Tamil Nadu.
 Besides the normal crop that matures from Sept-Oct the trees of
certain varieties also give off-season crop from January-
February
48
Jaya et al, 2011,TN
Main season of flowering Nov-Jan April-May
Off season of flowering Sept-Oct Jan-February

49. Flowering phenology of the off-season varieties at
FRS Sangareddy
49
SL.
NO.
Variety Peak flowering
Date of fruit
maturity
TSS ˚B
1 Royal special April 3rd week Sep 20-30th 15
2 Baramasi
April 4rd week
Oct 5-15th 14
3 Tephela
April 1st week
Sep 20-30th 14
4 Thumbua
April 1st week
Oct 15-30th 12
5 Bobbili punasa May 4th week Oct 15-30th 16
Bhagwan, 2009

50. Guidelines followed for inducing off season flowering
in mango ( Soorianthasundaram and Kumar, 2011)
 Select varieties that are regular bearing ( Neelum, Banglora etc.,)
 Avoid growing where the environmental factors are not good for
off-season,
 Adopt regular cultural practices
 Useof growth retardants
Floral induction in mango (
 Growth retardants at Low temperature less than(<20° C)
 Check vegetative growth
 Increase in ethylene, cytokinin and abscisic acid levels,
 Reduced gibberellins levels cause floral induction
(Adil et al., 2011).
Important factors governing off-season flowering in
mango
Harmonal balance, Growth Pattern, Climate,C:N ratio and
Crop load

51. Mode of action of paclobutrazol
51
Deoxy-D-glucose phosphate or Mevalonate
Isopentanyl pyrophosphate
Fernesyl pyrophosphate
Geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate
Ent-kaurene
Ent-kaurenol
Ent-kaurenal
Ent-kaurenoic acid
GA12 - aldehyde
Gibberellins
Steps blocked by
Paclobutrazol

52. Poerwanto et al., 2008.Indonesia
Effect of application method and level of paclobutrazol on
percentage of vegetative and generative buds of mango.
60.6 cd
28.7 ab
50.9 g
34.8 d
27.2 c
22.7 e
77.4 g
71.2 f
56.1 h
41.2 a
52

53. Regulation of off season flowering and fruiting
habit of mango with paclobutrazol
53
Treatments Mean No.
inflorescence/tree
No. fruits/
tree
Yield/tree
(kg)
Avg fruit
weight (g)
T1-Control 3.00 1.1 0.242 242.0
T2-3ml/m diameter applied during
March(120 days before Bud break)
5.17 4.85 1.69 287.46
T3-5ml/m diameter applied during
March(120 days BBB)
6.50 3.30 0.78 243.80
T4-3ml/m diameter applied during
April(90 days before Bud break)
10.56 7.46 3.01 297.53
T5-5ml/m diameter applied during
April(90 days BBB)
33.0 15.72 5.46 329.85
T6-3ml/m diameter applied during
May(60 days before Bud break)
28.83 33.0 9.92 275.35
T2-5ml/m diameter applied during
May(60days BBB)
6.75 12.62 3.70 274.89
CD(P=0.05) 24.49 11.92 3.94 42.59
Jaya jasmine et al.,2011,Kullikulam(TN)

54. Effect of pruning and paclobutrazol on fruit yield of mango
during off-season
• To – No pruning (control),
• T1 – Pruning of terminal shoots (10cm)
immediately after fruit harvest during August,
• T2 - Pruning of terminal shoots (10cm)
immediately after emergence of new growth
(floral or vegetative) during Dec- Jan
• Po- Plain water without paclobutrazol (control),
• P1- Paclobutrazol soil application @ 0.75 g a.i.
Per tree.
Soorianathasudaram and Kumar, 2011
Treatment details
54

55. Effect of pruning and paclobutrazol on number of fruits per tree,
fruit weight and fruit yield during off-season
Treatment
Number of fruits/tree Fruit weight (g) Fruit yield (Kg/tree)
P0 P1 Mean Po P1 Mean P0 P1 Mean
To 76.42 145.8 111.1 129.6 245.9 187.7 8.26 13.68 10.97
T1 58.66 41.33 50 202.4 248.6 225.5 11.02 6.45 8.73
T2 36.58 193.1 114.8 237.7 288.4 263.1 6.39 26.62 16.23
Mean 57.22 126.7 189.9 261.0 8.55 15.58
CD (5%) T 4.22 1.23 1.20
CD(5%) P 3.44 1.35 0.98
Soorianathasudaram and Kumar, 201155
T2 - Pruning of terminal shoots (10cm) immediately after emergence of new growth (floral
or vegetative) during Dec- Jan,
P1- PBZ soil application @ 0.75 g a.i. Per tree.

56. Effect of different bio-regulators on Economics in different
varieties of mango production during early season
56
• T1 - July
• T2 - August
• T3 -Sept
• T4 -Ethrel 200 ppm (15th sept)
• T5 - KNO3 (Mid sept and oct)
• T6- Control
Treatment details
Tandel and Patil,2011,Navasari
Paclobutrazol 5g a.i/tree( Cultar 20ml/tree)

57. Economics in different varieties of mango
production
57
5.03
3.83
3.93
Tandel and Patil,2011

58. Kaushal et al.,
2013.IIHR,Bangalore
Parameters Untreated Treated
Fruit No./plant 204.3 257.8
Fruit yield/plant (kg) 47.4 57.5
Average fruit weight (g) 250.1 240.7
Days for 50% flowering 158.9 139.6
Days from flowering to harvest 154 132.1
Effect of paclobutrazol application on early flowering
and fruiting in mango cv. Totapuri
58

59. Influence of season on flowering characters
in mango cultivars
59
Varieties No.of inflorescences/m² Hermaphrodite flower(%) Fruit set(%)
Season
Main season Off
season
Main
season
Off
season
Main
season
Off
season
Alphonso 17.32 14.55 19.60 16.05 0.32 0.26
Bangalora 18.90 13.40 22.85 19.10 0.50 0.40
Kalepad 23.40 17.25 31.30 26.25 0.58 0.54
Malgoa 12.05 9.00 16.27 13.45 0.28 0.24
Neelum 32.10 26.40 37.95 33.25 0.67 0.63
Rumani 15.65 12.75 13.22 9.55 0.27 0.24
Swarnarekha 16.60 8.45 16.12 13.05 0.23 0.20
CD (0.5%) 0.087 0.101 0.002
Kumar et al.,2014,Kanyakumari,TN

60. 60
CONCLUSIONS
 Crop regulation in may be adopted successfully in various crops like
Pomegranate , guava , citrus and grapes by various cultural and
chemical methods by various techniques like withholding of
irrigation, flower and fruit thinning , shoot pruning and application
of different chemicals like NAA, urea, Paclobutrazol, etc .
 Off-season production is more profitable for fruit growers
 Success of off season fruit production dependents upon experience of
growers, orchard management practices and climatic conditions
 Polytunnels and Green house technology has significant effect on
the off season production and quality of Strawberries,
raspberries and blackberries and peaches
 Lack of information and limited research on off season fruit
production.
 proper extension activates are required to disseminate the proved
technology among the farmers