Instrumentation system
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This presentation explains the detailed block diagram of an instrumentation system. This material will be useful for students in electronics / instrumentation engineering.
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Classification of transducers
Transducers can be classified in several ways:
- Active transducers generate their own power to produce an output signal proportional to the input, like piezoelectric transducers, while passive transducers require an external power source.
- Primary transducers convert a physical input directly into motion, then secondary transducers convert that motion into an electrical signal.
- Transducers can also be categorized by their transduction principle, such as capacitive, electromagnetic, inductive, piezoelectric, photovoltaic, and photoconductive.
- Analog transducers produce a continuous output signal, versus digital transducers which produce a pulse-based 0s and 1s
Transformer basics
The Basics of electronics can be studied also through the link http://bit.ly/2PPv0mv
A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to one or more circuits.
Linear Variable Differential Transducer(LVDT)
The LVDT consists of a primary winding in the center of a former surrounded by two secondary windings. It works on the principle of mutual induction to convert displacement, a non-electrical energy, into an electrical output. When the soft iron core inside is in the null position, equal voltages are induced in the two secondary windings, resulting in a differential output voltage of 0. If the core moves left or right, the flux linking one secondary increases while the other decreases, producing a differential voltage. The LVDT has a linear output characteristic for small displacements but becomes non-linear at larger displacements. It is used to measure various parameters like force, weight, pressure, and displacements in applications such as soil testing
Classification of transducer
Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy to another. They have two main parts: a sensing element that responds to a physical input, and a transduction element that converts the sensor's output to an electrical signal. Transducers can be classified in several ways, including as active or passive. Active transducers generate their own electrical output without an external power source, while passive transducers require an external power source and produce an output by changing an electrical parameter. Transducers can also be primary or secondary, where primary transducers convert a physical quantity into a mechanical signal and secondary transducers then convert the mechanical signal to electrical.
Transducers
This document provides an overview of transducers. It defines a transducer as a device that converts a non-electrical physical quantity into an electrical signal. Transducers contain a sensing element that produces a measurable response to physical changes and a transduction element that converts the sensor output into an electrical form. Transducers are classified based on their output signal type (analog or digital), application method (primary or secondary), energy conversion method (active or passive), and transduction principle used (resistive, capacitive, inductive, etc.). Examples of common transducers discussed include thermocouples, strain gauges, thermistors, and linear variable differential transformers. Selection factors and applications of transducers
Transducers
This document discusses different types of transducers. It begins by defining a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another. Transducers are then classified based on the type of energy conversion and whether they require an external power source. Examples of common transducers are given, such as resistance temperature detectors, thermistors, LVDTs, and strain gauges. Criteria for selecting transducers as well as their basic construction and applications are outlined. Advantages like low power requirements and ability to remotely monitor signals are contrasted with disadvantages such as cost, measurement accuracy, and vibration.
sensors and transducers Module 1 n 2
Sensors and transducers convert one form of energy into another. A sensor receives and responds to a signal, a transducer converts one form of energy to another, and an actuator converts an electrical signal to physical output. Transducers can be classified as active or passive depending on whether they require an external power source. Common transducers include resistance, capacitive, piezoelectric, hall effect, and photoelectric transducers. Key parameters for transducers include linearity, repeatability, resolution, and reliability.
Block diagram
This document provides an introduction to instrumentation systems and block diagrams. It defines an instrumentation system as a collection of instruments used to measure, monitor, and control industrial processes. Instrumentation is required for industries to control various operations. It involves using measuring instruments to monitor and control process variables like pressure, flow, and temperature. Within an industrial process, instrumentation plays an important role in real-time measurement and control of variables. The document then explains the basic block diagram of an instrumentation system, which consists of primary sensing, variable conversion, variable manipulation, data transmission, and data presentation elements.
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Classification of transducers
Transducers can be classified in several ways:
- Active transducers generate their own power to produce an output signal proportional to the input, like piezoelectric transducers, while passive transducers require an external power source.
- Primary transducers convert a physical input directly into motion, then secondary transducers convert that motion into an electrical signal.
- Transducers can also be categorized by their transduction principle, such as capacitive, electromagnetic, inductive, piezoelectric, photovoltaic, and photoconductive.
- Analog transducers produce a continuous output signal, versus digital transducers which produce a pulse-based 0s and 1s
Transformer basics
The Basics of electronics can be studied also through the link http://bit.ly/2PPv0mv
A transformer is a passive electrical device that transfers electrical energy from one electrical circuit to one or more circuits.
Linear Variable Differential Transducer(LVDT)
The LVDT consists of a primary winding in the center of a former surrounded by two secondary windings. It works on the principle of mutual induction to convert displacement, a non-electrical energy, into an electrical output. When the soft iron core inside is in the null position, equal voltages are induced in the two secondary windings, resulting in a differential output voltage of 0. If the core moves left or right, the flux linking one secondary increases while the other decreases, producing a differential voltage. The LVDT has a linear output characteristic for small displacements but becomes non-linear at larger displacements. It is used to measure various parameters like force, weight, pressure, and displacements in applications such as soil testing
Classification of transducer
Transducers are devices that convert one form of energy to another. They have two main parts: a sensing element that responds to a physical input, and a transduction element that converts the sensor's output to an electrical signal. Transducers can be classified in several ways, including as active or passive. Active transducers generate their own electrical output without an external power source, while passive transducers require an external power source and produce an output by changing an electrical parameter. Transducers can also be primary or secondary, where primary transducers convert a physical quantity into a mechanical signal and secondary transducers then convert the mechanical signal to electrical.
Transducers
This document provides an overview of transducers. It defines a transducer as a device that converts a non-electrical physical quantity into an electrical signal. Transducers contain a sensing element that produces a measurable response to physical changes and a transduction element that converts the sensor output into an electrical form. Transducers are classified based on their output signal type (analog or digital), application method (primary or secondary), energy conversion method (active or passive), and transduction principle used (resistive, capacitive, inductive, etc.). Examples of common transducers discussed include thermocouples, strain gauges, thermistors, and linear variable differential transformers. Selection factors and applications of transducers
Transducers
This document discusses different types of transducers. It begins by defining a transducer as a device that converts one form of energy into another. Transducers are then classified based on the type of energy conversion and whether they require an external power source. Examples of common transducers are given, such as resistance temperature detectors, thermistors, LVDTs, and strain gauges. Criteria for selecting transducers as well as their basic construction and applications are outlined. Advantages like low power requirements and ability to remotely monitor signals are contrasted with disadvantages such as cost, measurement accuracy, and vibration.
sensors and transducers Module 1 n 2
Sensors and transducers convert one form of energy into another. A sensor receives and responds to a signal, a transducer converts one form of energy to another, and an actuator converts an electrical signal to physical output. Transducers can be classified as active or passive depending on whether they require an external power source. Common transducers include resistance, capacitive, piezoelectric, hall effect, and photoelectric transducers. Key parameters for transducers include linearity, repeatability, resolution, and reliability.
Block diagram
This document provides an introduction to instrumentation systems and block diagrams. It defines an instrumentation system as a collection of instruments used to measure, monitor, and control industrial processes. Instrumentation is required for industries to control various operations. It involves using measuring instruments to monitor and control process variables like pressure, flow, and temperature. Within an industrial process, instrumentation plays an important role in real-time measurement and control of variables. The document then explains the basic block diagram of an instrumentation system, which consists of primary sensing, variable conversion, variable manipulation, data transmission, and data presentation elements.
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This document discusses piezoelectric transducers, which use the piezoelectric effect where certain materials generate electric potential when mechanical strain is applied. Piezoelectric transducers work by producing an electric voltage when mechanical stress is applied to piezoelectric materials like barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate. They have advantages like high frequency response and transient response but limitations like low output and high impedance. Piezoelectric transducers are used in applications like dynamic measurement, studying high-speed phenomena, medical devices, printers, and lighters.
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Strain gauge
Strain gauges are transducers that convert mechanical strain into electrical resistance. They consist of a patterned resistive foil attached to a structure. As the structure is strained, the foil's resistance changes proportionally. There are various types of strain gauges based on their construction, including foil, semiconductor, and piezoelectric. Strain gauges are widely used to measure stresses, vibrations, bending, and other mechanical forces by connecting them into a Wheatstone bridge circuit to detect changes in resistance. Their small size and low cost make them a common sensing device with applications in testing, manufacturing, and structural monitoring.
pressure sensors
This document discusses various types of pressure transducers, including mechanical and electrical types. Mechanical transducers use an elastic element like a bourdon tube, bellows, or diaphragm to convert pressure to displacement. Electrical transducers add an electric element to convert the mechanical displacement to an electrical signal. Common electric elements are piezoelectric materials, strain gauges, capacitors, and inductive coils. Piezoelectric transducers actively generate a voltage in response to pressure, while other electrical transducers like strain gauges are passive and require an external power source to modulate their electrical properties.
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Lecture Outline
Introduction to subject
Application Areas
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What is power electronics?
1) Definition
Power Electronics: is the electronics applied to conversion and control of electric power.
Prerequisites
Power electronics incorporates concepts from the fields of
Analog circuits
Electronic devices
Control systems
Power systems
Magnetics
Electric machines
Numerical simulation
Scope
It is not possible to build practical computers, cell phones, personal data devices, cars, airplanes, industrial processes, and other everyday products without power electronics.
Alternative energy systems such as wind generators, solar power, fuel cells, and others require power electronics to function.
Technology advances such as electric and hybrid vehicles, laptop computers, microwave ovens, flat-panel displays, LED lighting, and hundreds of other innovations were not possible until advances in power electronics enabled their implementation.
Although no one can predict the future, it is certain that power electronics will be at the heart of fundamental energy innovations.
Applications: Electric Vehicle Tesla Model S
Functions of the power electronics:
1. Convert the DC battery voltage to the variable AC required to drive the AC motor
240 V battery
Variable-frequency, variable-voltage AC drives the motor
AC motor propels the rear axle
Up to 330 kW (acceleration)
Up to 60 kW regenerative braking
2. Control charging of the battery
Interface to 240 V 60 Hz 1φ 100 A circuit in garage.
Control AC current waveform to be sinusoidal, unity power factor.
Control charging of battery to maximize life.
Applications: Hybrid Vehicles Prius
Power Electronics Module:
Convert the DC battery voltage to the variable AC required to drive the AC motor.
Includes dc-dc boost converter and dc-3φ ac inverter
Control system can operate in all-electric mode or in hybrid gas+electric mode
Partial-power electronics
Transducer PPT..ppt
This presentation discusses transducers and their classification. It defines a transducer as a device that converts a non-electrical physical quantity into an electrical signal. Transducers are then classified as active/passive, primary/secondary, analog/digital, and normal/inverse. The main types of transducers - resistive, inductive, and capacitive - are explained along with examples such as strain gauges, LVDTs, and capacitive pressure gauges. Basic requirements for transducers like ruggedness, linearity, repeatability, and dynamic response are also outlined.
Transducer
Transducers convert one form of energy into another. The document discusses various types of transducers including their components, working principles, classifications, characteristics, and applications. Mechanical transducers produce a mechanical output in response to a physical input quantity, while electrical transducers produce an electrical output. Common transducers include potentiometers, which convert displacement into resistance, and LVDTs, which convert linear displacement into a voltage using mutual induction between coils. Transducers are widely used to measure various physical quantities in industries and systems.
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Piezoelectric transducer
This document discusses piezoelectric transducers, which use the piezoelectric effect where certain materials generate electric potential when mechanical strain is applied. Piezoelectric transducers work by producing an electric voltage when mechanical stress is applied to piezoelectric materials like barium titanate and lead zirconate titanate. They have advantages like high frequency response and transient response but limitations like low output and high impedance. Piezoelectric transducers are used in applications like dynamic measurement, studying high-speed phenomena, medical devices, printers, and lighters.
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This lecture introduces measurement and instrumentation. It defines measurement and instrumentation, discusses types of measurements and instruments. It reviews units of measurement, standards of measurement, and calibration. Measurement and instrumentation are used in various applications including home appliances, vehicles, and industrial processes to monitor and control parameters and improve operations.
Regulated power supply
The document discusses various types of voltage regulators, including zener diode, series, and shunt voltage regulators. It provides details on how each type works to maintain a constant output voltage despite variations in input voltage or load current. Specific integrated circuits that can be used to build voltage regulators are also covered, such as the LM78xx, LM340, and LM317. The purpose of a voltage regulator is to keep the output voltage stable for downstream components in the face of changes to factors like the input voltage, temperature, or load current.
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Selection of sensors (mechatronics)
Group presentation for Mechatronics Components and Instrumentation -MSc course at Tampere University of Technology, Finland
digital control Chapter1 slide
Digital controllers have several advantages over analog controllers, including flexibility, decision-making capability, and high performance for a lower cost. They can also be easily designed and tested through simulations. A digital control system uses analog to digital converters to digitize sensor signals and digital to analog converters to generate control signals. It samples continuous sensor signals and holds the values constant between samples, introducing quantization error that can be reduced by increasing the number of quantization levels.
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This article provides an introduction to the fundamental of Sensors and Transducers. It illustrates the different classifications of sensors and transducers. Explains capacitive, resistive and inductive transducers in brief. Also shows the examples under these types of transducers.
Recorders.ppt
A recorder records electrical and non-electrical quantities as a function of time to provide a permanent record that can later be examined and analyzed. Recorders are classified as either analog or digital depending on the type of data acquired. Analog recorders include graphic, oscillographic, and magnetic tape recorders. Graphic recorders display a pen-and-ink record on a chart and can be strip chart or X-Y recorders. Strip chart recorders record one or more variables with respect to time in the form of a continuous curve. X-Y recorders plot one variable as a function of another by using two self-balancing potentiometers to move a recording pen.
Proximity sensors
Proximity sensors detect objects without physical contact using various technologies like inductive, capacitive, ultrasonic and optical. Inductive sensors detect metallic objects using a coil and oscillator to create a magnetic field. Capacitive sensors detect metallic and nonmetallic objects by measuring capacitance changes between the sensor and object. Ultrasonic sensors use sound waves above human hearing range, while optical sensors use light beams reflected off objects. Key features of good sensors include precision, accuracy, response speed, operating range, reliability, easy calibration and low cost.
Transducers
Types of Transducers
Analog and Digital Transducer
Characteristic of Transducer
Selection factor of Transducer
Measurement of Displacement
LVDT and RVDT
Different types of strain Gauges
Manometers
Pressure Measuring Elements
Hall Effect
Thermocouple
Pmmc instrument
The document describes the construction and working of a permanent magnet moving coil (PMMC) instrument. It has a rectangular coil wound with copper wire that is mounted on a pivoted aluminum former and moves freely in the field of a permanent magnet. The coil is controlled by springs and damped using eddy currents produced in an aluminum cylinder. Current passing through the coil experiences an unbalanced magnetic field that produces a torque proportional to the current.
Strain gauge
Strain gauges are transducers that convert mechanical strain into electrical resistance. They consist of a patterned resistive foil attached to a structure. As the structure is strained, the foil's resistance changes proportionally. There are various types of strain gauges based on their construction, including foil, semiconductor, and piezoelectric. Strain gauges are widely used to measure stresses, vibrations, bending, and other mechanical forces by connecting them into a Wheatstone bridge circuit to detect changes in resistance. Their small size and low cost make them a common sensing device with applications in testing, manufacturing, and structural monitoring.
pressure sensors
This document discusses various types of pressure transducers, including mechanical and electrical types. Mechanical transducers use an elastic element like a bourdon tube, bellows, or diaphragm to convert pressure to displacement. Electrical transducers add an electric element to convert the mechanical displacement to an electrical signal. Common electric elements are piezoelectric materials, strain gauges, capacitors, and inductive coils. Piezoelectric transducers actively generate a voltage in response to pressure, while other electrical transducers like strain gauges are passive and require an external power source to modulate their electrical properties.
Switch mode power supply
The document discusses switched mode power supplies (SMPS). It defines SMPS and explains their advantages over linear power supplies, including higher efficiency and smaller size. The document outlines the typical stages in an SMPS, including rectification, inversion and regulation. It examines factors to consider when selecting an SMPS topology for an application and describes the operating principles of common isolated topologies like flyback, push-pull, half bridge and full bridge converters. Finally, it provides examples of SMPS applications and discusses SMPS usage in Indian consumer markets.
Rectifier and Amplifer instruments
Rectifier and amplifier type of instruments are used and studies in the filed of instrumentation and Measurements as they provide authentic source to explore more ideas about the types and construction of such instruments
Transducers
A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy to another. There are several types of transducers including electromagnetic, electrochemical, electromechanical, electroacoustic, photoelectric, electrostatic, thermoelectric, and radioacoustic transducers. Examples of transducers include antennas, microphones, loudspeakers, thermometers, pH probes, accelerometers, light emitting diodes, photomultiplier tubes, electrometers, resistance temperature detectors, and Geiger-Muller tubes. Transducer efficiency is defined as the ratio of output power to input power, with no transducer achieving 100% efficiency due to power losses in the conversion process.
Unit-1 Power Semiconductor devices
This document provides an overview of power electronics topics including semiconductor devices, controlled rectifiers, DC choppers, inverters, and AC choppers. It discusses various semiconductor devices used in power electronics like power diodes, transistors, BJTs, MOSFETs, IGBTs, SITs, thyristors, SCRs, TRIACs, and GTOs. It covers the structures, characteristics, and applications of these devices. It also compares different semiconductor devices and discusses switching and safe operating areas.
Power Electronics
Lecture Outline
Introduction to subject
Application Areas
Power Electronic Devices
Power Converters
What is power electronics?
1) Definition
Power Electronics: is the electronics applied to conversion and control of electric power.
Prerequisites
Power electronics incorporates concepts from the fields of
Analog circuits
Electronic devices
Control systems
Power systems
Magnetics
Electric machines
Numerical simulation
Scope
It is not possible to build practical computers, cell phones, personal data devices, cars, airplanes, industrial processes, and other everyday products without power electronics.
Alternative energy systems such as wind generators, solar power, fuel cells, and others require power electronics to function.
Technology advances such as electric and hybrid vehicles, laptop computers, microwave ovens, flat-panel displays, LED lighting, and hundreds of other innovations were not possible until advances in power electronics enabled their implementation.
Although no one can predict the future, it is certain that power electronics will be at the heart of fundamental energy innovations.
Applications: Electric Vehicle Tesla Model S
Functions of the power electronics:
1. Convert the DC battery voltage to the variable AC required to drive the AC motor
240 V battery
Variable-frequency, variable-voltage AC drives the motor
AC motor propels the rear axle
Up to 330 kW (acceleration)
Up to 60 kW regenerative braking
2. Control charging of the battery
Interface to 240 V 60 Hz 1φ 100 A circuit in garage.
Control AC current waveform to be sinusoidal, unity power factor.
Control charging of battery to maximize life.
Applications: Hybrid Vehicles Prius
Power Electronics Module:
Convert the DC battery voltage to the variable AC required to drive the AC motor.
Includes dc-dc boost converter and dc-3φ ac inverter
Control system can operate in all-electric mode or in hybrid gas+electric mode
Partial-power electronics
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Transducers.pptx
This document discusses transducers, which are devices that convert one form of energy to another. It describes different types of transducers, including:
- Resistive transducers, which change resistance based on a physical phenomenon. Examples given are potentiometers and strain gauges.
- Inductive transducers, which can change self-inductance, mutual inductance, or produce eddy currents. Inductive transducers are mainly used to measure displacement.
- Selection criteria for transducers such as range, accuracy, sensitivity, resolution, and response time are discussed. Primary types of transducers covered are resistive, inductive, and capacitive transduc
TRANSDUCER INTRODUCTION AND TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS.pptx
A transducer is a device that converts one form of energy into another. There are two main types: active transducers that generate electrical signals without an external power source, and passive transducers that require an external power source. Transducers can operate via different mechanisms including capacitive, electromagnetic, inductive, piezoelectric, photovoltaic, and photoconductive transduction. Transducers can also be classified as analog if they produce continuous outputs or digital if they produce pulse-coded outputs. Some transducers have both a primary component that converts the physical input into motion and a secondary component that converts the motion into an electrical signal. A transducer differs from an inverse transducer in that a
Transducers
The document discusses transducers, their classification and advantages. It defines a transducer as a device that converts a non-electrical physical quantity into an electrical signal. Transducers provide benefits like an electrical output that can be easily processed and transmitted for measurement purposes. Sensors are defined as devices that convert a physical quantity into a non-electrical signal. Key factors in selecting transducers include linearity, repeatability, ruggedness, stability, reliability and dynamic response. Transducers can be classified based on operating principle, application, power consumption, output signals, and working mechanism. Examples of transducers discussed include the LVDT and thermocouple.
Ankit.thapliyal ppt
This document defines and classifies transducers. It states that a transducer converts one form of energy to another and contains sensing and transduction elements. Transducers are classified as primary/secondary, active/passive, analog/digital, and mechanical/electrical. Primary transducers send measurements and convert them to other variables like displacement or strain, whose output forms the input of another transducer. Secondary transducers convert the output of the first transducer into an electrical output. Piezoelectric transducers are given as an example of an active transducer as they generate a voltage from an applied force without an external power source.
Harsh
Transducers can be classified in several ways:
- Active transducers generate their own output signal without an external power source, while passive transducers require an external power source.
- Primary transducers convert a physical input directly into a mechanical signal, and secondary transducers then convert the mechanical signal into an electrical output.
- Transducers can also be classified by their transduction principle (capacitive, inductive, piezoelectric, etc.), whether their output is analog or digital, and whether they function as a direct transducer or an inverse transducer.
Transducers
This document discusses transducers, which are devices that convert one form of energy into another. It describes various types of transducers such as temperature, displacement, and resistance transducers. Transducers are classified based on the transduction form used, whether they are primary or secondary, passive or active, analog or digital. Key factors in selecting a transducer include operating principle, sensitivity, range, accuracy, and environmental compatibility. The basic construction of a transducer includes a sensing element that responds to changes and a transduction element that converts this to an electrical signal. Transducers have applications in equipment like audio/video and advantages like remote output and electrical amplification.
Sensors & Transducers- Introduction & Types.pdf
The document discusses transducers, which convert one form of energy into another. Specifically, it discusses:
1. Transducers convert physical quantities like temperature, pressure, and sound into electrical signals. This makes the values easier to measure with instruments.
2. Transducers have two main parts - a sensing element that responds to physical stimuli, and a transduction element that converts the sensor output into an electrical signal.
3. Transducers are classified based on their operating principle (resistive, inductive, etc.), whether they require external power (passive) or generate their own output (active), and if their output is analog or digital.
Sensor
Sensor is now a days that we are using in all devices as possible as in all the electronic world and also electrical world etc.
Sensor
Sensors is the most important parts in all devices such as electronic devices and electrical devices.
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TRANSDUCER INTRODUCTION AND TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS.pptx
TRANSDUCER INTRODUCTION AND TYPES OF TRANSDUCERS.pptx
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Instrumentation system
- 1. Instrumentation System EST 130, Part II Basic Electronics Engineering
- 2. Contents • Definition and Block Diagram • Sensing/Transduction • Types of Transducers • Signal Conditioning • Transmission and Presentation
- 3. Instrumentation • Branch of engineering dealing with instruments. • Deals with instruments to record, monitor, indicate and control various physical parameters such as pressure, temperature etc.
- 4. Block Diagram of Instrumentation System
- 5. Primary Sensing Element • Also known as sensor. • Transducers used as primary sensing elements. • Physical quantity (temperature, pressure etc.) sensed, converted into analog signal. • Output of transducer an electrical signal i.e. voltage, current etc.
- 6. Transducer Classifications • Primary transducer, detector or sensor senses a physical parameter (pressure, humidity, temperature etc.), converts it into readable physical parameter. • Secondary transducer converts the output of primary transducer into electrical signal. • Eg : Bourdon’s Tube converts pressure into a displacement, LVDT converts it into a voltage.
- 7. Transducer Classifications • Active transducer – self generating, no external power supply to produce output. eg: Thermocouple, Photovoltaic Cell. • Passive transducer - externally powered, auxiliary power supply to produce output. eg; Capacitive, Resistive and Inductive transducers . • Analog transducer - converts input signal into analog output. Eg; Strain Gauge, LVDT. • Digital transducer - converts input signal into electrical pulses.
- 8. Transducer Classifications • Electrical transducers - sense physical parameter, converts it into electrical signal. • Mechanical transducers - convert one form of physical quantity into another form of physical quantity. • Optical transducers - convert light into electrical quantity, also called photoelectric transducers.
- 9. Inverse Transducer • Converts the electric quantity into a physical quantity. • High electrical input and low non-electrical output.
- 10. Variable Conversion Element • Converts the output of primary sensing element into a suitable form without changing information. • Secondary transducers.
- 11. Variable Manipulation Element • Manipulation - change in numerical value of signal. • To convert the signal into suitable range.
- 12. Data Transmission Element • Data transmitted from one place to another place through a channel. • Transmission path are pneumatic pipe, electrical cable and radio links. • Telemetry system uses radio link.
- 13. Data Presentation or Controlling Element • Output is recorded or given to the controller to perform action. • Performs different functions like indicating, recording or controlling. • Can be a display panel.
- 14. References • Your prescribed text books • https://www.polytechnichub.com • https://circuitglobe.com/types-of- transducer.html
- 15. Thank You…..