This project is a simple audio amplifier. It amplifies the audio signal to some extent. For amplifying purpose it used an IC and few more components. The heart of this amplifier is IC LM 386. The input to this circuit is given through the mobile phone or pc or any device which have 3.5mm connector.
This project is a simple audio amplifier. It amplifies the audio signal to some extent. For amplifying purpose it used an IC and few more components. The heart of this amplifier is IC LM 386. The input to this circuit is given through the mobile phone or pc or any device which have 3.5mm connector.
A voltage regulator is a circuit that creates and maintains a fixed output voltage, irrespective of changes to the input voltage or load conditions. Voltage regulators (VRs) keep the voltages from a power supply within a range that is compatible with the other electrical components. While voltage regulators are most commonly used for DC/DC power conversion, some can perform AC/AC or AC/DC power conversion as well. This article will focus on DC/DC voltage regulators.
These slides provide an elementary description of Power Electronics and its application domains. It also shows the different power devices and converters.
This presentation is for beginners of electronics. This will give you a brief about all the important basic building blocks of electronics and hence will be helpful in creating a good foundation.
This ppt provides a brief overview on thyristors commonly known as SCRs. V- I characteristics curve, triggering methods, protection methods, series and parallel operations of SCRs, applications are discussed in this slide.
A voltage regulator is a circuit that creates and maintains a fixed output voltage, irrespective of changes to the input voltage or load conditions. Voltage regulators (VRs) keep the voltages from a power supply within a range that is compatible with the other electrical components. While voltage regulators are most commonly used for DC/DC power conversion, some can perform AC/AC or AC/DC power conversion as well. This article will focus on DC/DC voltage regulators.
These slides provide an elementary description of Power Electronics and its application domains. It also shows the different power devices and converters.
This presentation is for beginners of electronics. This will give you a brief about all the important basic building blocks of electronics and hence will be helpful in creating a good foundation.
This ppt provides a brief overview on thyristors commonly known as SCRs. V- I characteristics curve, triggering methods, protection methods, series and parallel operations of SCRs, applications are discussed in this slide.
The following presentation is a part of the level 5 module -- Electronic Engineering. This resources is a part of the 2009/2010 Engineering (foundation degree, BEng and HN) courses from University of Wales Newport (course codes H101, H691, H620, HH37 and 001H). This resource is a part of the core modules for the full time 1st year undergraduate programme.
The BEng & Foundation Degrees and HNC/D in Engineering are designed to meet the needs of employers by placing the emphasis on the theoretical, practical and vocational aspects of engineering within the workplace and beyond. Engineering is becoming more high profile, and therefore more in demand as a skill set, in today’s high-tech world. This course has been designed to provide you with knowledge, skills and practical experience encountered in everyday engineering environments.
Pre Final Year project/ mini project for Electronics and communication engine...Shirshendu Das
Mini project for Electronics and communication engineering (ECE) to build an AC to DC power supply using Full Wave Rectifier having input as 220-240V AC and giving stable filtered output of 5V, -5V & variable 5V DC. Simulation of the circuit was done in Proteus design suite.
The main feature of this power supply is, when no load is there it automatically switches off. It is a circuit which mainly act as a protector circuit and achieved through an arrangement of transistors and relay. Embedded system
requires a regulated power supply. This power supply circuit gives a variable regulated supply and switches off in no load condition.
A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant voltage level. A voltage regulator may use a simple feed-forward design or may include negative feedback.
Series op-amp regulator – IC voltage regulator – Switching regulator – Digital to analog converters–specifications–weighted resistor type– R-2R ladder type-Analog to digital converter –specifications–counter ramp, flash, successive approximation, dual slope types-Voltage to frequency converter–Frequency to voltage converter– Analog multiplier
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Courier management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
It is now-a-days very important for the people to send or receive articles like imported furniture, electronic items, gifts, business goods and the like. People depend vastly on different transport systems which mostly use the manual way of receiving and delivering the articles. There is no way to track the articles till they are received and there is no way to let the customer know what happened in transit, once he booked some articles. In such a situation, we need a system which completely computerizes the cargo activities including time to time tracking of the articles sent. This need is fulfilled by Courier Management System software which is online software for the cargo management people that enables them to receive the goods from a source and send them to a required destination and track their status from time to time.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
2. Reason For Output Voltage Variation
Variation in Input Voltage
Increasing Load
Increase in Temperature
Fault
Circuit Break
3. Require Of Regulated Voltage circuit
The purpose of a voltage regulator is to keep the voltage in a circuit relatively close
to a desired value. Voltage regulators are one of the most common electronic
components, since a power supply frequently produces raw current that would
otherwise damage one of the components in the circuit. Voltage regulators have a
variety of specific functions, depending on their particular application.
A voltage regulator is a system designed to automatically maintain a constant
voltage level. A voltage regulator may use a simple feed-forward design or may
include negative feedback. It may use an electromechanical mechanism, or
electronic components. Depending on the design, it may be used to regulate one
or more AC or DC voltages.
Electronic voltage regulators are found in devices such as computer power supplies
where they stabilize the DC voltages used by the processor and other elements. In
automobile alternators and central power station generator plants, voltage
regulators control the output of the plant. In an electric power distribution system,
voltage regulators may be installed at a substation or along distribution lines so
that all customers receive steady voltage independent of how much power is
drawn from the line.
5. Types Of Voltage Regulator
Zener Diode Voltage Regulator
Series Voltage Regulator
Shunt Voltage Regulator
6. Zener Diode as a Voltage regulator
At the time of initiation, choose the zener diode
based on the voltage required. Construction of a
voltage regulator is easy with the help of an ideal
Zener diode, merely connecting the diode
between the unregulated source of voltage and
ground.
The source resistance Rs is connected in series
with zener diode to limit the flow of current
through the diode with voltage source connected
across the combination. The cathode terminal of
zener diode is connected to the positive terminal
of the voltage source so that the zener diode is
biased in reverse condition and will be operating
in breakdown region.
8. Series Voltage regulator
The series voltage regulator or series pass voltage
regulator uses a variable element placed in series
with the load. By changing the resistance of the
series element, the voltage dropped across it can be
varied to ensure that the voltage across the load
remains constant.
The advantage of the series voltage regulator is that
the amount of current drawn is effectively that used
by the load, although some will be consumed by any
circuitry associated with the regulator. Unlike the
shunt regulator, the series regulator does not draw
the full current even when the load does not require
any current. As a result the series regulator is
considerably more efficient.
9. Series Voltage Regulator
Such a circuit is also named an emitter
follower voltage regulator. It is called so
because the transistor used is connected
in an emitter follower configuration. The
circuit consists of an N-P-N transistor and
a zener diode. As shown in the figure
below, the collector and emitter terminals
of the transistor are in series with the
load. Thus this regulator has the name
series in it. The transistor used is a series
pass transistor.
10. Continue..
When the input supply voltage Vin increases the output voltage Vload also
increases. This increase in Vload will cause a reduced voltage of the
transistor base emitter voltage Vbe as the zener voltage Vzener is
constant. This reduction in Vbe causes a decrease in the level of
conduction which will further increase the collector-emitter resistance of
the transistor and thus causing an increase in the transistor collector-
emitter voltage and all of this causes the output voltage Vout to reduce.
Thus, the output voltage remains constant. The operation is similar when
the input supply voltage decreases.
The next condition would be the effect of the output load change in
regard to the output voltage. Let us consider a case where the current is
increased by the decrease in load resistance Rload. This causes a decrease
in the value of output voltage and thus causes the transistor base emitter
voltage to increase. This causes the collector emitter resistance value to
decrease due to an increase in the conduction level of the transistor. This
causes the input current to increase slightly and thus compensates for the
decrease in the load resistance Rload.
11. Series Regulator Advantages & Dis-
Advantages
The series resistor causes a huge amount of power loss.
1. The supply current flow will be more through the transistor
than it is to be through the load.
2. The circuit may have problems regarding over voltage
mishaps.
13. Continue…
If the input voltage increases, the $V_{BE}$ and $V_O$ also gets increased. But this
happens initially. Actually when $V_{in}$ increases, the current $I_{in}$ also
increases. This current when flows through RS, causes a voltage drop $V_S$ across
the series resistor, which also gets increased with $V_{in}$. But this makes $V_o$ to
decrease. Now this decrease in $V_o$ compensates the initial increase maintaining
it to be constant. Hence $V_o$ is maintained constant. If the output voltage
decreases instead, the reverse happens.
If the load resistance decreases, there should be decrease in the output voltage
$V_o$. The current through the load increases. This makes the base current and
collector current of the transistor to decrease. The voltage across the series resistor
becomes low, as the current flows heavily. The input current will be constant.
The output voltage appears will be the difference between the applied voltage
$V_i$ and the series voltage drop $V_s$. Hence the output voltage will be
increased to compensate the initial decrease and hence maintained constant. The
reverse happens if the load resistance increases.
14. Advantages & Disadvantgaes
Advantages
The transistor shunt regulator has a good efficiency for small load currents.
It has ease to reject short circuit.
The voltage regulation is good.
It has constant DC output voltage.
Disadvtages
It has poor efficiency for large load currents.
It has high output impedance.
The output DC voltage is not absolutely constant because both VBB and
VZ voltages decrease with increase in room temperature.
The DC output voltage cannot be changed easily as no such means is provided.
It can be used for large currents loads.
15. Regulated Power IC
78xx (sometimes L78xx, LM78xx, MC78xx...) is a family of
self-contained fixed linear voltage regulator integrated
circuits. The 78xx family is commonly used in electronic
circuits requiring a regulated power supply due to their
ease-of-use and low cost.
There are common configurations for 78xx ICs, including
7805 (5 V), 7806 (6 V), 7808 (8 V), 7809 (9 V), 7810 (10 V),
7812 (12 V), 7815 (15 V), 7818 (18 V), and 7824 (24 V)
versions. The 7805 is the most common, as its regulated 5-
volt supply provides a convenient power source for
most TTL components.
Less common are lower-power versions such as the
LM78Mxx series (500 mA) and LM78Lxx series (100 mA)
from National Semiconductor. Some devices provide slightly
different voltages than usual, such as the LM78L62
(6.2 volts) and LM78L82 (8.2 volts) as well as the
STMicroelectronics L78L33ACZ (3.3 volts).
17. Continue…
LM340 Series Voltage Regulator
The voltage regulator using LM340 IC is the mostly used voltage regulator IC. A build
in reference voltage is shown in the block diagram of LM340 IC below.
18. Vref drives from the non-inverting input of the operational amplifier. There are
various stages of voltage gain of the op-amp used here. This high gain helps the
op-amp to build an error voltage between inverting and non-inverting terminals to
almost zero. Thus, the inverting input terminal value will be similar as the non-
inverting terminal, Vref. Thus, the current flowing through the potential divider can
be written as
I = Vref/R2
The resistor R2, as shown in the diagram, is not an exterior component connected
to the IC, but an internal resistor, which is built inside on the IC by manufacturer.
Due to the above conditions, the same current flows through the R1. Thus the
output voltage can be written as
Vout = Vref/R2 (R1 + R2)
19. LM317 Voltage Regulator
It is a type of positive-linear-voltage regulators used for voltage
regulation, which is invented by Robert C. Dobkin and Robert J. Widlar while
they worked at National Semiconductor in 1970. It is a three-terminal-adjustable-
voltage regulator and is easy to use because to set the output voltage it requires
only two external resistors in LM317 voltage regulator circuit. It is majorly used for
local and on card regulation. If we connect a fixed resistor between the output
and adjustment of LM317 regulator, then the LM317 circuit can be used as a
precise current regulator.
20. Features of LM317 Voltage Regulator
It is capable of providing excess current of 1.5A, hence it is conceptually
considered as operational amplifier with an output voltage ranging from 1.2V to
37V.
The LM317 voltage regulator circuit internally consists of thermal overload
protection and short circuit current limiting constant with temperature.
It is available in two packages as 3-Lead Transistor Package and surface mount
D2PAK-3.
Stocking of many fixed voltages can be eliminated.