Input/Output System
•Download as PPTX, PDF•
2 likes•1,523 views
The document discusses input/output (I/O) systems in computers. It defines I/O systems and their functions, which include interfacing the CPU and memory with peripheral devices like keyboards, printers, and network cards. I/O modules handle this interfacing by controlling timing, communicating with the CPU and devices, decoding commands, buffering and transferring data, and detecting errors. The document outlines the steps in I/O operations and compares different I/O techniques like programmed, interrupt-driven, and direct memory access (DMA).
Report
Share
Report
Share
Recommended
Input/Output System (Part 2)
This document discusses input/output techniques in computers, including programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). With programmed I/O, the CPU directly controls all I/O operations and wastes time waiting for operations to complete. Interrupt-driven I/O allows I/O modules to interrupt the CPU when an operation finishes to avoid CPU idling. DMA uses a separate controller to transfer data directly between I/O devices and memory without CPU involvement, improving transfer speeds.
Bus System
This document discusses computer buses and connections. It defines a bus as a communication pathway connecting two or more devices, such as components in a computer. Common types of buses include data buses to carry data/instructions, address buses to identify memory locations, and control buses for timing signals. Buses can use different physical connection methods like parallel lines on circuit boards, ribbon cables, or strip connectors. The document outlines how memory, input/output devices, and the CPU connect to buses and the signals they send and receive for communication and data transfer.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It defines the CPU as the component that processes instructions and performs calculations. The CPU has two main components: the control unit, which controls the operations of the CPU, and the arithmetic logic unit, which performs arithmetic and logic operations. The CPU interacts with other main components of a computer like memory and input/output devices through a system bus. A program is a sequence of steps where each step involves an arithmetic or logical operation controlled by a different set of signals from the control unit.
Bus System (part 2)
The document discusses bus systems in computer architecture. It describes some problems that can occur with single bus systems, such as propagation delays and performance issues when aggregate data transfer approaches bus capacity. To overcome these problems, most systems use multiple buses. It then covers different bus types (dedicated, multiplexed), bus arbitration methods (centralized, distributed), bus timing (synchronous vs asynchronous), and examples of specific bus standards like PCI bus.
Control Unit (CU)
The document discusses the control unit (CU) of a computer's central processing unit (CPU). It explains that the CU controls instruction execution sequence, interprets instructions, guides data flow, regulates timing, and handles tasks like fetching, decoding, and storing results. The CU has three main components: sequential logic, control unit registers and decoders, and control memory where microprograms are stored. The document also compares hardwired control units, which have fixed circuitry, to microprogram control units, which use replaceable microprograms stored in control memory.
Control Unit (CU) – Part 2
The document discusses the control unit (CU) and how it executes micro-operations to control the flow of instructions in a computer's central processing unit (CPU). It explains that the CU breaks down each instruction fetch and execute cycle into discrete micro-operations that transfer data between registers and memory. These include operations to fetch instructions from memory into registers using the program counter, memory address register, memory buffer register, and instruction register. The document also describes how the CU handles interrupts by saving the program context and loading the interrupt handling routine address.
How CPU’s and Memory Work
The document discusses how CPUs and memory work together in a computer system. It explains that the CPU contains components like the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and caches that process instructions. The CPU communicates with memory using address and data buses. Memory stores data and instructions in rows and columns that the CPU can access randomly. Modern multicore CPUs contain multiple processing units on a single chip to run tasks simultaneously for improved performance.
CPU & RAM
The document discusses the key components and characteristics of the central processing unit (CPU). It describes the CPU's main components as the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit. It also discusses other components like registers, cache, and different types of memory including RAM, ROM, and their characteristics. The document compares RISC and CISC architectures and covers concepts like multicore processors, overclocking, threading and CPU sockets.
Recommended
Input/Output System (Part 2)
This document discusses input/output techniques in computers, including programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). With programmed I/O, the CPU directly controls all I/O operations and wastes time waiting for operations to complete. Interrupt-driven I/O allows I/O modules to interrupt the CPU when an operation finishes to avoid CPU idling. DMA uses a separate controller to transfer data directly between I/O devices and memory without CPU involvement, improving transfer speeds.
Bus System
This document discusses computer buses and connections. It defines a bus as a communication pathway connecting two or more devices, such as components in a computer. Common types of buses include data buses to carry data/instructions, address buses to identify memory locations, and control buses for timing signals. Buses can use different physical connection methods like parallel lines on circuit boards, ribbon cables, or strip connectors. The document outlines how memory, input/output devices, and the CPU connect to buses and the signals they send and receive for communication and data transfer.
Central Processing Unit (CPU)
The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It defines the CPU as the component that processes instructions and performs calculations. The CPU has two main components: the control unit, which controls the operations of the CPU, and the arithmetic logic unit, which performs arithmetic and logic operations. The CPU interacts with other main components of a computer like memory and input/output devices through a system bus. A program is a sequence of steps where each step involves an arithmetic or logical operation controlled by a different set of signals from the control unit.
Bus System (part 2)
The document discusses bus systems in computer architecture. It describes some problems that can occur with single bus systems, such as propagation delays and performance issues when aggregate data transfer approaches bus capacity. To overcome these problems, most systems use multiple buses. It then covers different bus types (dedicated, multiplexed), bus arbitration methods (centralized, distributed), bus timing (synchronous vs asynchronous), and examples of specific bus standards like PCI bus.
Control Unit (CU)
The document discusses the control unit (CU) of a computer's central processing unit (CPU). It explains that the CU controls instruction execution sequence, interprets instructions, guides data flow, regulates timing, and handles tasks like fetching, decoding, and storing results. The CU has three main components: sequential logic, control unit registers and decoders, and control memory where microprograms are stored. The document also compares hardwired control units, which have fixed circuitry, to microprogram control units, which use replaceable microprograms stored in control memory.
Control Unit (CU) – Part 2
The document discusses the control unit (CU) and how it executes micro-operations to control the flow of instructions in a computer's central processing unit (CPU). It explains that the CU breaks down each instruction fetch and execute cycle into discrete micro-operations that transfer data between registers and memory. These include operations to fetch instructions from memory into registers using the program counter, memory address register, memory buffer register, and instruction register. The document also describes how the CU handles interrupts by saving the program context and loading the interrupt handling routine address.
How CPU’s and Memory Work
The document discusses how CPUs and memory work together in a computer system. It explains that the CPU contains components like the control unit, arithmetic logic unit, and caches that process instructions. The CPU communicates with memory using address and data buses. Memory stores data and instructions in rows and columns that the CPU can access randomly. Modern multicore CPUs contain multiple processing units on a single chip to run tasks simultaneously for improved performance.
CPU & RAM
The document discusses the key components and characteristics of the central processing unit (CPU). It describes the CPU's main components as the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit. It also discusses other components like registers, cache, and different types of memory including RAM, ROM, and their characteristics. The document compares RISC and CISC architectures and covers concepts like multicore processors, overclocking, threading and CPU sockets.
top level view of computer function and interconnection
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 3 of William Stallings' Computer Organization and Architecture textbook. It describes the top-level view of computer function and interconnection, including:
- The components of a computer system and how they interconnect via buses
- Common bus types like data, address, and control buses
- Bus arbitration and timing, whether synchronous or asynchronous
- Specific bus architectures like ISA and PCI buses
It provides instruction on computer organization concepts like instruction cycles, interrupts, and program flow control at a high level.
Transfer Modes | Computer Science
Modes of transfer refer to the various modes by which the data residing in the memory is transferred to CPU or back to memory. Let us first discuss the need to transfer data. The data originates from the input units. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Transfer Modes:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/transfer-modes.aspx
Central Processing Unit (CPU) – Part 2
The document discusses how the CPU works, explaining its components and instruction cycle. The CPU fetches instructions from memory and decodes them. It then executes instructions by performing arithmetic or logic operations, transferring data between the CPU and memory or I/O devices. The instruction cycle consists of fetch and execute stages. Interrupts can disrupt normal processing, saving the context and jumping to an interrupt handler before returning. Priorities determine which interrupt is handled first when multiple occur simultaneously.
Computer Evolution and Performance (part 2)
This document discusses the evolution of computer generations and CPU technology over time. It describes the progression from vacuum tubes to modern integrated circuits with billions of transistors. Key developments discussed include Moore's Law, von Neumann architecture, generations of Intel CPUs, memory and I/O improvements, and the shift to multi-core processors. The x86 instruction set is traced from the 8080 to modern multi-core CPUs like the Core i7. Overall the document provides a high-level overview of the major technological milestones in computing hardware from the 1940s to present day.
Report in SAD
The document provides an overview of computer function and interconnection. It discusses the basic components of a computer system including the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. It describes the Von Neumann architecture with a single memory to store both instructions and data. It then explains the fetch-execute cycle of instruction processing and how interrupts can alter the normal flow of a program. Finally, it discusses common interconnection structures like bus architectures and the elements involved in bus design.
Computer function-and-interconnection 3
The document provides a top-level overview of the basic components and functions of a computer system. It describes how a central processing unit (CPU) works with memory and input/output devices via buses to execute instructions. Interrupts allow efficient processing by suspending the current program to handle higher priority tasks or events before resuming the original program.
07 Input Output
The document discusses various techniques for input/output (I/O) in computer systems, including programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). It describes how I/O modules interface with CPUs and peripherals to handle data transfer between devices that operate at different speeds. Common I/O bus standards like ISA, PCI, FireWire, and InfiniBand are also overviewed in terms of their architecture, protocols, and applications.
Bus interconnection
The document discusses bus interconnection in computers. It describes how a bus is a shared communication pathway that connects major components like the CPU, memory and I/O devices. The key parts of a bus are the data lines that transfer information, address lines that specify locations, and control lines that manage access and transfers. Buses can be designed in different ways like dedicated vs multiplexed and vary in aspects such as width, timing, and arbitration method. Common transfer types on a bus include reads, writes, and block transfers.
INTERCONNECTION STRUCTURE
This document discusses computer interconnection structures and components. It summarizes that a computer consists of modules like the CPU, memory, and I/O that communicate with each other. The connections between these modules is called the interconnection structure. The design of this structure depends on the exchanges needed between the modules. It then provides more details on the memory module, I/O module, and CPU and how they are connected and transfer data and instructions through the bus interconnection.
Chapter 3 - Top Level View of Computer / Function and Interconection
The document discusses computer system buses and their role in connecting different components of a computer system. It describes the functions of different types of buses including data, address, and control buses. It also explains bus arbitration techniques and timing protocols for synchronous and asynchronous buses. Specific bus architectures like PCI are discussed with details on their components, commands, and arbitration process.
Ec305.13 buses mgl
This document provides an overview of computer bus interfaces and structures. It discusses the main components of a computer bus including the bus interface, address bus, data bus, and control bus. It describes different bus architectures like parallel buses, ribbon cables, and strip connectors. The document also covers bus arbitration, synchronous and asynchronous bus timing, and examples of common computer buses like PCI and FireWire.
Chapter 01 - Introduction
The document discusses the differences between computer architecture and organization. Architecture refers to attributes visible to programmers like instruction sets, while organization refers to how features are implemented internally. It also discusses the functional view of a computer in terms of data movement, control, storage, and processing. Finally, it outlines the chapters of the book which will cover topics like CPU structure, instruction sets, and computer evolution.
Computer Architecture Design (CAD)
This document summarizes a presentation on computer architecture design. It discusses the components of a processor, including the data path and control. The data path contains registers and execution units, as well as buses like the system bus, expansion bus, data bus, address bus, and control bus. The control unit commands the data path and memory according to instructions from memory. It selects and interprets program instructions and coordinates their execution.
Counit2 2
The document discusses the basic components and operation of computers. It describes how a central processing unit (CPU) works with memory and input/output devices using control signals and buses to execute instructions. The CPU fetches and executes instructions in cycles, and can be interrupted by external events using interrupt signals. Buses connect the different components and allow for communication between the CPU, memory, and input/output devices.
Input output in computer Orgranization and architecture
Input Output Ports, Input Output Mapping, Memory Map Techniques, Interrupt Driven Input Output, DMA based Input Output, Input Output Processor/Channels
Microcomputer & RAM Model
This presentation is on the topic "Microcomputer and RAM Models". It defines definition of Microcomputer, its block diagram and RAM, it's types along with VHDL Code to define RAM.
03 Buses
The document discusses computer system buses and their role in connecting central processing units to memory and input/output devices. Buses transfer data, addresses, and control signals between components. Common bus types include data buses to transfer data, address buses to specify memory locations, and control buses that coordinate timing. Interrupt signals can suspend normal processing to handle higher priority events. Modern buses like PCI use arbitration to allow shared access among devices.
Input & Output
The document discusses input and output in computer systems. It describes three main techniques for transferring data between the CPU and I/O devices: programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). Programmed I/O involves the CPU continuously polling I/O devices, interrupt-driven I/O uses interrupts to signal the CPU when data is ready, and DMA allows high-speed transfer of data directly between memory and I/O devices without CPU involvement.
Modes of data transfer.computer architecture.
This document presents a summary of three modes of data transfer - programmed I/O, interrupt-initiated I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). Programmed I/O uses CPU instructions to monitor data transfer between CPU registers and peripherals. Interrupt-initiated I/O uses interrupts to inform the CPU when devices are ready to transfer data. DMA allows devices to access memory directly using bus request/grant signals, leaving the CPU free to perform other tasks. The document compares the three modes and references additional online sources for information.
Chapter 4
The document discusses input/output (I/O) problems in computer systems and solutions to those problems. Some key issues addressed are the variety of peripheral devices with different data rates and formats, and the mismatch between peripheral and processor speeds. The document describes I/O modules that interface between the CPU/memory and peripherals. I/O modules handle control, buffering, error detection and allow different I/O techniques like programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O and direct memory access (DMA) to transfer data efficiently.
Chapter 6
The document discusses various methods for input/output (I/O) in computer systems, including programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). It describes I/O modules that interface peripherals with the CPU and memory. Common I/O techniques include programmed I/O where the CPU directly controls I/O, interrupt-driven I/O where devices interrupt the CPU, and DMA where an I/O controller handles data transfers without CPU involvement. Specific I/O interfaces like SCSI and FireWire are also overviewed.
Chapter 5 IO Unit.pptx we are electrical
The document discusses input/output (I/O) modules in a computer system. I/O modules interface between peripheral devices and the system bus. They contain logic to communicate with different types of peripherals using various techniques, including programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). DMA allows large blocks of data to be transferred directly between memory and peripherals without using the processor's bandwidth, improving transfer speeds.
More Related Content
What's hot
top level view of computer function and interconnection
The document summarizes key concepts from Chapter 3 of William Stallings' Computer Organization and Architecture textbook. It describes the top-level view of computer function and interconnection, including:
- The components of a computer system and how they interconnect via buses
- Common bus types like data, address, and control buses
- Bus arbitration and timing, whether synchronous or asynchronous
- Specific bus architectures like ISA and PCI buses
It provides instruction on computer organization concepts like instruction cycles, interrupts, and program flow control at a high level.
Transfer Modes | Computer Science
Modes of transfer refer to the various modes by which the data residing in the memory is transferred to CPU or back to memory. Let us first discuss the need to transfer data. The data originates from the input units. Copy the link given below and paste it in new browser window to get more information on Transfer Modes:- http://www.transtutors.com/homework-help/computer-science/transfer-modes.aspx
Central Processing Unit (CPU) – Part 2
The document discusses how the CPU works, explaining its components and instruction cycle. The CPU fetches instructions from memory and decodes them. It then executes instructions by performing arithmetic or logic operations, transferring data between the CPU and memory or I/O devices. The instruction cycle consists of fetch and execute stages. Interrupts can disrupt normal processing, saving the context and jumping to an interrupt handler before returning. Priorities determine which interrupt is handled first when multiple occur simultaneously.
Computer Evolution and Performance (part 2)
This document discusses the evolution of computer generations and CPU technology over time. It describes the progression from vacuum tubes to modern integrated circuits with billions of transistors. Key developments discussed include Moore's Law, von Neumann architecture, generations of Intel CPUs, memory and I/O improvements, and the shift to multi-core processors. The x86 instruction set is traced from the 8080 to modern multi-core CPUs like the Core i7. Overall the document provides a high-level overview of the major technological milestones in computing hardware from the 1940s to present day.
Report in SAD
The document provides an overview of computer function and interconnection. It discusses the basic components of a computer system including the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. It describes the Von Neumann architecture with a single memory to store both instructions and data. It then explains the fetch-execute cycle of instruction processing and how interrupts can alter the normal flow of a program. Finally, it discusses common interconnection structures like bus architectures and the elements involved in bus design.
Computer function-and-interconnection 3
The document provides a top-level overview of the basic components and functions of a computer system. It describes how a central processing unit (CPU) works with memory and input/output devices via buses to execute instructions. Interrupts allow efficient processing by suspending the current program to handle higher priority tasks or events before resuming the original program.
07 Input Output
The document discusses various techniques for input/output (I/O) in computer systems, including programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). It describes how I/O modules interface with CPUs and peripherals to handle data transfer between devices that operate at different speeds. Common I/O bus standards like ISA, PCI, FireWire, and InfiniBand are also overviewed in terms of their architecture, protocols, and applications.
Bus interconnection
The document discusses bus interconnection in computers. It describes how a bus is a shared communication pathway that connects major components like the CPU, memory and I/O devices. The key parts of a bus are the data lines that transfer information, address lines that specify locations, and control lines that manage access and transfers. Buses can be designed in different ways like dedicated vs multiplexed and vary in aspects such as width, timing, and arbitration method. Common transfer types on a bus include reads, writes, and block transfers.
INTERCONNECTION STRUCTURE
This document discusses computer interconnection structures and components. It summarizes that a computer consists of modules like the CPU, memory, and I/O that communicate with each other. The connections between these modules is called the interconnection structure. The design of this structure depends on the exchanges needed between the modules. It then provides more details on the memory module, I/O module, and CPU and how they are connected and transfer data and instructions through the bus interconnection.
Chapter 3 - Top Level View of Computer / Function and Interconection
The document discusses computer system buses and their role in connecting different components of a computer system. It describes the functions of different types of buses including data, address, and control buses. It also explains bus arbitration techniques and timing protocols for synchronous and asynchronous buses. Specific bus architectures like PCI are discussed with details on their components, commands, and arbitration process.
Ec305.13 buses mgl
This document provides an overview of computer bus interfaces and structures. It discusses the main components of a computer bus including the bus interface, address bus, data bus, and control bus. It describes different bus architectures like parallel buses, ribbon cables, and strip connectors. The document also covers bus arbitration, synchronous and asynchronous bus timing, and examples of common computer buses like PCI and FireWire.
Chapter 01 - Introduction
The document discusses the differences between computer architecture and organization. Architecture refers to attributes visible to programmers like instruction sets, while organization refers to how features are implemented internally. It also discusses the functional view of a computer in terms of data movement, control, storage, and processing. Finally, it outlines the chapters of the book which will cover topics like CPU structure, instruction sets, and computer evolution.
Computer Architecture Design (CAD)
This document summarizes a presentation on computer architecture design. It discusses the components of a processor, including the data path and control. The data path contains registers and execution units, as well as buses like the system bus, expansion bus, data bus, address bus, and control bus. The control unit commands the data path and memory according to instructions from memory. It selects and interprets program instructions and coordinates their execution.
Counit2 2
The document discusses the basic components and operation of computers. It describes how a central processing unit (CPU) works with memory and input/output devices using control signals and buses to execute instructions. The CPU fetches and executes instructions in cycles, and can be interrupted by external events using interrupt signals. Buses connect the different components and allow for communication between the CPU, memory, and input/output devices.
Input output in computer Orgranization and architecture
Input Output Ports, Input Output Mapping, Memory Map Techniques, Interrupt Driven Input Output, DMA based Input Output, Input Output Processor/Channels
Microcomputer & RAM Model
This presentation is on the topic "Microcomputer and RAM Models". It defines definition of Microcomputer, its block diagram and RAM, it's types along with VHDL Code to define RAM.
03 Buses
The document discusses computer system buses and their role in connecting central processing units to memory and input/output devices. Buses transfer data, addresses, and control signals between components. Common bus types include data buses to transfer data, address buses to specify memory locations, and control buses that coordinate timing. Interrupt signals can suspend normal processing to handle higher priority events. Modern buses like PCI use arbitration to allow shared access among devices.
Input & Output
The document discusses input and output in computer systems. It describes three main techniques for transferring data between the CPU and I/O devices: programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). Programmed I/O involves the CPU continuously polling I/O devices, interrupt-driven I/O uses interrupts to signal the CPU when data is ready, and DMA allows high-speed transfer of data directly between memory and I/O devices without CPU involvement.
Modes of data transfer.computer architecture.
This document presents a summary of three modes of data transfer - programmed I/O, interrupt-initiated I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). Programmed I/O uses CPU instructions to monitor data transfer between CPU registers and peripherals. Interrupt-initiated I/O uses interrupts to inform the CPU when devices are ready to transfer data. DMA allows devices to access memory directly using bus request/grant signals, leaving the CPU free to perform other tasks. The document compares the three modes and references additional online sources for information.
What's hot (19)
top level view of computer function and interconnection
top level view of computer function and interconnection
Chapter 3 - Top Level View of Computer / Function and Interconection
Chapter 3 - Top Level View of Computer / Function and Interconection
Input output in computer Orgranization and architecture
Input output in computer Orgranization and architecture
Similar to Input/Output System
Chapter 4
The document discusses input/output (I/O) problems in computer systems and solutions to those problems. Some key issues addressed are the variety of peripheral devices with different data rates and formats, and the mismatch between peripheral and processor speeds. The document describes I/O modules that interface between the CPU/memory and peripherals. I/O modules handle control, buffering, error detection and allow different I/O techniques like programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O and direct memory access (DMA) to transfer data efficiently.
Chapter 6
The document discusses various methods for input/output (I/O) in computer systems, including programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). It describes I/O modules that interface peripherals with the CPU and memory. Common I/O techniques include programmed I/O where the CPU directly controls I/O, interrupt-driven I/O where devices interrupt the CPU, and DMA where an I/O controller handles data transfers without CPU involvement. Specific I/O interfaces like SCSI and FireWire are also overviewed.
Chapter 5 IO Unit.pptx we are electrical
The document discusses input/output (I/O) modules in a computer system. I/O modules interface between peripheral devices and the system bus. They contain logic to communicate with different types of peripherals using various techniques, including programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). DMA allows large blocks of data to be transferred directly between memory and peripherals without using the processor's bandwidth, improving transfer speeds.
Chapter 6 input output
The document discusses input/output (I/O) in computer systems. It describes various I/O techniques including programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access (DMA). It also covers I/O modules, external devices, addressing schemes, and interface standards like SCSI and FireWire.
6.1_IO-Principles.ppt
The document discusses principles of input/output (I/O) systems. It covers I/O hardware components like devices, controllers, and buses. It then describes I/O software layers including device drivers, interrupt handlers, and device-independent operating system software. Finally, it discusses principles of I/O organization like layered architecture, error handling, synchronous vs asynchronous transfers, and application programming interfaces.
Ch 3 System Buses
The document discusses computer system buses. It describes how buses connect different components like the CPU, memory, and I/O devices. It explains that buses transfer data, addresses, and control signals. Common bus types include data buses to transfer data, address buses to identify memory locations, and control buses for timing and control signals. The document outlines bus arbitration when multiple devices need bus access and synchronous/asynchronous timing of signal transfers over the bus. It provides examples of the ISA and PCI bus standards.
Chapter 13 - I/O Systems
I/O Hardware
Application I/O Interface
Kernel I/O Subsystem
Transforming I/O Requests to Hardware Operations
Streams
Performance
Computer architecture input output organization
Computer Architecture Input Output Organization seminar
Mustansiriya University
Department of Education
Computer Science
High speed I/O
The document discusses high speed input/output (I/O) and recommendations to improve I/O. It covers computer architecture components like the system bus and I/O modules. Common I/O techniques like programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access are described. The document recommends using advanced I/O tools like FPGAs, IEEE 1394, and cryptographic accelerators to enable high speed I/O. It also suggests a new I/O-centric operating system architecture that removes memory and CPU from the data path to improve data flow between peripheral devices. The focus should be on designing operating systems that are more friendly to high speed I/O.
IO_ORGANIZATION.pdf
The document discusses input/output (I/O) organization in computers. It describes how the I/O subsystem provides communication between external devices and the central processing system. Common peripheral devices include monitors, keyboards, printers, and magnetic tapes. The document outlines different I/O techniques including programmed I/O, interrupt-driven I/O, and direct memory access. It also discusses I/O interfaces, addressing schemes, and how interrupts work to signal device completion.
introduction to computers
The document describes the five basic components of a computer system: the input unit, output unit, storage unit, central processing unit (CPU), and arithmetic logic unit (ALU). The input unit accepts instructions and data and converts it to a computer-readable format. The output unit accepts results from the CPU and converts it to a human-readable format. The storage unit stores data, instructions, and intermediate and final results. The CPU controls all internal and external devices and performs arithmetic/logical operations. The ALU is where actual processing and calculations occur.
Input output hardware of operating system
This document discusses input and output hardware and devices. It describes I/O devices as those that send information to computers for processing or reproduce processed results. The document categorizes I/O devices as block devices that communicate in entire blocks of data or character devices that communicate byte by byte. It also discusses device drivers, controllers, synchronous vs asynchronous communication, and techniques for communication like memory mapping, DMA, polling, and interrupts.
Computer function-and-interconnection 3
The document provides a top-level overview of the function and interconnection of computer components. It describes how a program is executed through an instruction cycle of fetching and executing instructions. It explains the role of the control unit and how different computer components like the CPU, memory, and I/O devices are interconnected through buses to allow the transfer of data and instructions. Interrupts provide a way to improve processing efficiency and allow different tasks to be interleaved.
OSCh13
This document discusses I/O systems and their components. It describes I/O hardware including devices, ports, buses and controllers. It then discusses the application I/O interface, kernel I/O subsystem, and how I/O requests are transformed to hardware operations. It also covers various types of I/O devices, blocking vs non-blocking I/O, kernel data structures for I/O, and factors that influence I/O performance.
Ch13 OS
This document discusses I/O systems and their components. It describes I/O hardware including devices, ports, buses and controllers. It then discusses the application I/O interface, kernel I/O subsystem, and how I/O requests are transformed to hardware operations. It also covers various types of I/O devices, blocking vs non-blocking I/O, kernel data structures for I/O, and factors that influence I/O performance.
OS_Ch13
This document discusses I/O systems and their components. It describes I/O hardware including devices, ports, buses and controllers. It then discusses the application I/O interface, kernel I/O subsystem, and how I/O requests are transformed to hardware operations. It also covers various types of I/O devices, blocking vs non-blocking I/O, kernel data structures used for I/O, and factors that influence I/O performance.
Input output module
Input/output modules are critical components that allow computers to interact with external devices. I/O modules serve as an interface between peripherals and the CPU/memory. They perform important functions like control and timing of data transfers, communication with the processor and devices, buffering data, and error detection. I/O modules connect to the system bus and contain data buffers, status registers, and logic to interact with the processor via control lines. This allows external devices like disks and tapes to connect indirectly to the computer and be managed through simple read/write commands.
Io system
This document discusses I/O systems, including an overview of I/O hardware, the application I/O interface, the kernel I/O subsystem, and I/O performance. It describes how I/O requests are transformed into hardware operations through techniques like interrupts, DMA, polling, and blocking vs. asynchronous I/O. Specific I/O concepts covered include STREAMS, device characteristics, and the life cycle of an I/O request through the kernel.
Io system
This document discusses I/O systems, including an overview of I/O hardware, the application I/O interface, the kernel I/O subsystem, and I/O performance. It describes how I/O requests are transformed into hardware operations through techniques like interrupts, DMA, polling, and blocking vs. asynchronous I/O. Specific I/O concepts covered include STREAMS, device characteristics, and data structures used in the kernel I/O subsystem.
Similar to Input/Output System (20)
More from Ajeng Savitri
Software Testing Documentation
The document discusses the importance of documentation in software testing. It notes that documentation is needed to record test implementation and results, and helps direct testing and reuse tests. There are different types of test documentation, including test plans, specifications, and analysis reports. Effective documentation provides benefits like training, communication, maintenance, and historical reference. Test documentation should be maintained throughout the software development life cycle.
Software Productivity Measurement
1) The document discusses various metrics for measuring software productivity, quality, and testing at different stages of the software development process. It covers metrics for requirements, design, source code, testing, maintenance, and processes.
2) Key metrics discussed include defects per KLOC, function points, defect removal efficiency, and size-oriented vs function-oriented metrics. Metrics for object-oriented design, user interfaces, and project management are also summarized.
3) Collecting measures and developing metrics at each stage of development allows indicators to be obtained and improvements to be made to both the product and process. A variety of productivity, quality, and testing metrics can provide meaningful insights.
Debugging (Part 2)
The document discusses various debugging techniques. It describes the brute force method, which involves taking memory dumps and adding print statements to locate bugs. This generates a large amount of data but requires little thought. The cause elimination method deduces or induces potential causes and tests hypotheses to eliminate them one by one. Other methods include trial and error, backtracking code to find failures, and forward tracking to see when results first became wrong. Principles for locating errors include thinking carefully and getting a fresh perspective. Principles for repairing errors are to fix the underlying cause, check for new errors, and re-evaluate the design when making changes.
Debugging
The document discusses debugging processes and techniques. It defines debugging as the process of finding, correcting and removing bugs from programs. There are three main types of errors: syntactic, semantic, and logic errors. The debugging process involves reproducing the problem reliably, finding the source of the error, fixing just that one error, testing the fix, and optionally looking for more errors. Key debugging techniques include inserting print statements, using a debugger, explaining the code to someone else, and fixing only one error at a time. The overall goal of debugging is to methodically match symptoms to causes to locate and correct errors in code.
Software Testing Strategy (Part 2)
This document discusses various types of software testing strategies including integration testing, continuous integration testing, and system testing. It provides details on techniques like top-down integration, bottom-up integration, smoke testing, regression testing, interface testing, and acceptance and installation testing. The objectives are to learn about integration testing, continuous integration testing, and system testing. Key aspects of different strategies like top-down vs bottom-up integration and categories of system test cases are compared. Determining when to stop testing is noted as one of the most difficult questions.
Software Testing Strategy
The document provides an overview of software testing strategies. It discusses that the main objective of software testing is to systematically find errors without taking much time. It emphasizes the importance of choosing the best testing strategy. It then covers various software testing strategies including unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, and system testing. Unit testing involves testing individual software components in isolation while integration testing focuses on testing the interaction between integrated components. The document contrasts the incremental and "big bang" approaches to integration testing and argues that the incremental approach is more effective.
Object Oriented Testing
The document discusses object-oriented testing strategies. It explains that in object-oriented testing, the component being tested is a class-object rather than a function. Unit testing focuses on testing each class's operations and attributes. Integration testing focuses on testing groups of collaborating classes. Validation testing is based on use case scenarios from the object-oriented analysis model. The document provides details on techniques for unit testing, integration testing, and validation testing of object-oriented systems.
Testing Technique (Part 2)
The document discusses various software testing techniques, including blackbox and whitebox testing. Blackbox testing focuses on functional requirements without seeing the internal structure and includes equivalence class testing, limit testing, robustness testing, and requirements testing. Whitebox testing uses internal program structure to derive test cases and focuses on all logical paths and decisions. It includes basis path testing and control structure testing such as conditional and loop testing. The document provides examples of applying these techniques.
Testing Technique
This document discusses various software testing techniques classified into static, dynamic, and exhaustive categories. Static techniques like verification and static analysis do not require executing the program. Dynamic techniques execute the program and are divided into structure-oriented techniques like control flow testing and function-oriented techniques like function coverage and use case testing. Exhaustive techniques aim to cover all possible test cases. The document provides examples and explanations of different testing methods.
Testing Plan
The document discusses software testing concepts including:
1. It defines key terms related to software defects such as errors, defects, failures, and faults.
2. It outlines the different phases of software testing from component/unit testing to acceptance testing and discusses principles of good testability.
3. It provides guidance on writing test plans and cases, including reviewing requirements, identifying test suites, and transforming use cases into test cases.
Methodology Selection Strategy
This document discusses methodology selection strategy for systems analysis and design. It explains that there is no single framework appropriate for every software project, and the methodology needs to be adapted to the specific team and product. It outlines important factors to consider like clarity of requirements, technology familiarity, system complexity, schedule constraints. The methodology should guide the team's process but allow flexibility. The success of the methodology is measured by timely delivery of quality product increments that satisfy stakeholders.
Software Testing - Software Quality (Part 2)
The document discusses software quality and testing. It defines software reliability as the probability of failure-free operation of a computer program in a given environment and time. Testing aims to find errors in programs to improve reliability, rather than show a program works correctly. The document outlines ISO quality standards for software development including ISO 9001, which provides a framework for quality processes and procedures. Organizations must comply with ISO 9001 requirements to achieve quality certification.
Software Testing - Software Quality
The document discusses software quality assurance and testing. It defines software quality as having two aspects - quality of design which includes requirements and specifications, and quality of conformance which focuses on implementation. Software Quality Assurance (SQA) includes quality management, effective engineering processes, formal techniques, testing strategies, documentation control, and measurement/reporting. SQA aims to ensure requirements quality, design quality, code quality, and effective quality control. Non-functional attributes like reliability, usability, and performance largely determine a software's subjective quality from a user's perspective.
Computer Evolution and Performance
ajeng.savitri@teknokrat.ac.id
https://teknokrat.ac.id/en/
https://spada.teknokrat.ac.id/
Software Testing - Introduction
The document describes an introduction to software testing presentation. It discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) which includes planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance phases. It then explains different software development methodologies like structured design, rapid application development, and agile development. Finally, it provides definitions and goals of software testing, and presents a model of the software testing process.
Sequence Diagram
Dokumen ini membahas tentang analisis dan desain sistem untuk sistem ATM. Terdapat penjelasan mengenai diagram urutan dan diagram kelas yang menggambarkan interaksi antar objek dalam sistem ATM untuk beberapa kasus penggunaan seperti mengecek saldo, mentransfer uang, dan mengambil uang. Dokumen ini juga menampilkan contoh desain antarmuka pengguna untuk sistem ATM menggunakan perangkat lunak Netbeans.
Activity Diagram
Dokumen ini membahas tentang pemodelan proses bisnis dengan diagram aktivitas dan menggunakan sistem ATM sebagai contoh studi kasus. Diagram aktivitas digunakan untuk memvisualisasikan aliran kerja dalam suatu proses bisnis yang melibatkan beberapa departemen. Contoh aktivitas yang dimodelkan meliputi memasukkan PIN, mengecek saldo, mentransfer uang, mengambil uang, dan logout.
Use Case Diagram
The document discusses use case diagrams for systems analysis and design. It provides examples of use case diagrams for an appointment system and an ATM system. Key elements of use case diagrams are described, including actors, use cases, relationships like generalization, include and extend, and the system boundary. The ATM system example demonstrates how a use case diagram can model the interactions between an actor (user) and the various functions of an ATM machine like checking balance, transferring money, withdrawing money and logging out.
Requirement Gathering
Systems analysis and design techniques are discussed, including requirement gathering and business process analysis. Requirement gathering involves document analysis, interviews, questionnaires, and observation to understand user needs. Functional requirements define system functions while non-functional requirements address system qualities. Business process analysis assesses current processes and can involve automation, improvement, or reengineering. Barriers to effective requirement gathering include users finding additional needs after seeing a system ("yes but" syndrome), incomplete discovery of all needs ("undiscovered ruins" syndrome), and communication gaps between users and developers.
Business Value
The document discusses a feasibility analysis for a proposed CD Selections Internet Order System project.
The technical feasibility is determined to be medium risk overall, as the application and technology are somewhat unfamiliar but compatible with existing systems. The economic feasibility analysis shows a 229% return on investment over 3 years with a break-even point of 1.7 years. The organizational feasibility is low risk as the project aligns with goals of increasing sales and becoming more Internet-savvy.
More from Ajeng Savitri (20)
Recently uploaded
Requirement Traceability in Xen Functional Safety
Using OpenFastTrace to trace requirements in Xen functional safety
zOS Mainframe JES2-JES3 JCL-JECL Differences
Document which explains the difference between Jes2 and Jes3
Enums On Steroids - let's look at sealed classes !
These are slides for my session"Enums On Steroids - let's look at sealed classes !" - delivered among others, on Devoxx UK 2024 conference
Microservice Teams - How the cloud changes the way we work
A lot of technical challenges and complexity come with building a cloud-native and distributed architecture. The way we develop backend software has fundamentally changed in the last ten years. Managing a microservices architecture demands a lot of us to ensure observability and operational resiliency. But did you also change the way you run your development teams?
Sven will talk about Atlassian’s journey from a monolith to a multi-tenanted architecture and how it affected the way the engineering teams work. You will learn how we shifted to service ownership, moved to more autonomous teams (and its challenges), and established platform and enablement teams.
What next after learning python programming basics
What next after learning python programming basics
Webinar On-Demand: Using Flutter for Embedded
Flutter is a popular open source, cross-platform framework developed by Google. In this webinar we'll explore Flutter and its architecture, delve into the Flutter Embedder and Flutter’s Dart language, discover how to leverage Flutter for embedded device development, learn about Automotive Grade Linux (AGL) and its consortium and understand the rationale behind AGL's choice of Flutter for next-gen IVI systems. Don’t miss this opportunity to discover whether Flutter is right for your project.
Energy consumption of Database Management - Florina Jonuzi
Presentation from Florina Jonuzi at the GSD Community Stage Meetup on June 06, 2024
Artificia Intellicence and XPath Extension Functions
The purpose of this presentation is to provide an overview of how you can use AI from XSLT, XQuery, Schematron, or XML Refactoring operations, the potential benefits of using AI, and some of the challenges we face.
UI5con 2024 - Boost Your Development Experience with UI5 Tooling Extensions
The UI5 tooling is the development and build tooling of UI5. It is built in a modular and extensible way so that it can be easily extended by your needs. This session will showcase various tooling extensions which can boost your development experience by far so that you can really work offline, transpile your code in your project to use even newer versions of EcmaScript (than 2022 which is supported right now by the UI5 tooling), consume any npm package of your choice in your project, using different kind of proxies, and even stitching UI5 projects during development together to mimic your target environment.
Mobile App Development Company In Noida | Drona Infotech
Drona Infotech is a premier mobile app development company in Noida, providing cutting-edge solutions for businesses.
Visit Us For : https://www.dronainfotech.com/mobile-application-development/
J-Spring 2024 - Going serverless with Quarkus, GraalVM native images and AWS ...
Presented at NLJUG's J-Spring 2024.
ALGIT - Assembly Line for Green IT - Numbers, Data, Facts
Presentation from Ghazal Aakel and Eric Jochum at the GSD Community Stage Meetup on June 6th, 2024
Using Query Store in Azure PostgreSQL to Understand Query Performance
Microsoft has added an excellent new extension in PostgreSQL on their Azure Platform. This session, presented at Posette 2024, covers what Query Store is and the types of information you can get out of it.
socradar-q1-2024-aviation-industry-report.pdf
SOCRadar's Aviation Industry Q1 Incident Report is out now!
The aviation industry has always been a prime target for cybercriminals due to its critical infrastructure and high stakes. In the first quarter of 2024, the sector faced an alarming surge in cybersecurity threats, revealing its vulnerabilities and the relentless sophistication of cyber attackers.
SOCRadar’s Aviation Industry, Quarterly Incident Report, provides an in-depth analysis of these threats, detected and examined through our extensive monitoring of hacker forums, Telegram channels, and dark web platforms.
Transform Your Communication with Cloud-Based IVR Solutions
Discover the power of Cloud-Based IVR Solutions to streamline communication processes. Embrace scalability and cost-efficiency while enhancing customer experiences with features like automated call routing and voice recognition. Accessible from anywhere, these solutions integrate seamlessly with existing systems, providing real-time analytics for continuous improvement. Revolutionize your communication strategy today with Cloud-Based IVR Solutions. Learn more at: https://thesmspoint.com/channel/cloud-telephony
WWDC 2024 Keynote Review: For CocoaCoders Austin
Overview of WWDC 2024 Keynote Address.
Covers: Apple Intelligence, iOS18, macOS Sequoia, iPadOS, watchOS, visionOS, and Apple TV+.
Understandable dialogue on Apple TV+
On-device app controlling AI.
Access to ChatGPT with a guest appearance by Chief Data Thief Sam Altman!
App Locking! iPhone Mirroring! And a Calculator!!
一比一原版(UMN毕业证)明尼苏达大学毕业证如何办理
UMN硕士毕业证成绩单【微信95270640】购买（明尼苏达大学毕业证成绩单硕士学历）Q微信95270640代办UMN学历认证留信网伪造明尼苏达大学学位证书精仿明尼苏达大学本科/硕士文凭证书补办明尼苏达大学 diplomaoffer,Transcript购买明尼苏达大学毕业证成绩单购买UMN假毕业证学位证书购买伪造明尼苏达大学文凭证书学位证书,专业办理雅思、托福成绩单，学生ID卡，在读证明，海外各大学offer录取通知书，毕业证书，成绩单，文凭等材料:1:1完美还原毕业证、offer录取通知书、学生卡等各种在读或毕业材料的防伪工艺（包括 烫金、烫银、钢印、底纹、凹凸版、水印、防伪光标、热敏防伪、文字图案浮雕，激光镭射，紫外荧光，温感光标）学校原版上有的工艺我们一样不会少，不论是老版本还是最新版本，都能保证最高程度还原，力争完美以求让所有同学都能享受到完美的品质服务。
#毕业证成绩单 #毕业証 #成绩单 #學生卡 #OFFER录取通知书 #雅思#托福等……
国外大学明尼苏达大学明尼苏达大学毕业证offer制作方法（一对一专业服务）
1客户提供办理信息：姓名生日专业学位毕业时间等（如信息不确定可以咨询顾问：我们有专业老师帮你查询）；
2开始安排制作毕业证成绩单电子图；
3毕业证成绩单电子版做好以后发送给您确认；
4毕业证成绩单电子版您确认信息无误之后安排制作成品；
5成品做好拍照或者视频给您确认；
6快递给客户（国内顺丰国外DHLUPS等快读邮寄）
— — 制作工艺 【高仿真】— —
凭借多年的制作经验本公司制作明尼苏达大学明尼苏达大学毕业证offer《激光》《水印》《钢印》《烫金》《紫外线》凹凸版uv版等防伪技术一流高精仿度几乎跟学校100%相同！让您绝对满意。
— — -公司理念 【诚信为主】— — —
我們以質量求生存.以服务求发展有雄厚的实力专业的团队咨询顾问为您细心解答可详谈是真是假眼见为实让您真正放心平凡人生,尽我所能助您一臂之力让我們携手圆您梦想!
此贴长年有效【贴心专线/微-信: 95270640】敬请保留此联系方式以备用！如有不在线请给我们留言！我们将在第一时间给您回复!上散发着一抹抹的光晕而这每处自然形成的细节融合在一起浑然天成的美实在令人心生愉悦小道的周边无秩序的生长着几株艳丽的野花红的粉的紫的虽混乱无章却给这幅美景更增添一份性感夹杂着一份纯洁的妖娆毫无违和感实在给人带来一份悠然幸福的心情如果说现在的审美已经断然拒绝了无声的话那么在树林间飞掠而过的小鸟叽叽咋咋的叫声是否就是这最后的点睛之笔悠然走在林间的小路上宁静与清香一丝丝的盛夏气息吸入身体昔日生活里的繁忙多
Oracle Database 19c New Features for DBAs and Developers.pptx
Oracle Database 19c New Features for DBAs and Developers. This video you can watch from my youtube channel at https://youtu.be/m-F-mZA3MkU
Top Benefits of Using Salesforce Healthcare CRM for Patient Management.pdf
Salesforce Healthcare CRM, implemented by VALiNTRY360, revolutionizes patient management by enhancing patient engagement, streamlining administrative processes, and improving care coordination. Its advanced analytics, robust security, and seamless integration with telehealth services ensure that healthcare providers can deliver personalized, efficient, and secure patient care. By automating routine tasks and providing actionable insights, Salesforce Healthcare CRM enables healthcare providers to focus on delivering high-quality care, leading to better patient outcomes and higher satisfaction. VALiNTRY360's expertise ensures a tailored solution that meets the unique needs of any healthcare practice, from small clinics to large hospital systems.
For more info visit us https://valintry360.com/solutions/health-life-sciences
Recently uploaded (20)
Enums On Steroids - let's look at sealed classes !
Enums On Steroids - let's look at sealed classes !
Microservice Teams - How the cloud changes the way we work
Microservice Teams - How the cloud changes the way we work
What next after learning python programming basics
What next after learning python programming basics
Energy consumption of Database Management - Florina Jonuzi
Energy consumption of Database Management - Florina Jonuzi
Artificia Intellicence and XPath Extension Functions
Artificia Intellicence and XPath Extension Functions
UI5con 2024 - Boost Your Development Experience with UI5 Tooling Extensions
UI5con 2024 - Boost Your Development Experience with UI5 Tooling Extensions
Mobile App Development Company In Noida | Drona Infotech
Mobile App Development Company In Noida | Drona Infotech
J-Spring 2024 - Going serverless with Quarkus, GraalVM native images and AWS ...
J-Spring 2024 - Going serverless with Quarkus, GraalVM native images and AWS ...
ALGIT - Assembly Line for Green IT - Numbers, Data, Facts
ALGIT - Assembly Line for Green IT - Numbers, Data, Facts
Using Query Store in Azure PostgreSQL to Understand Query Performance
Using Query Store in Azure PostgreSQL to Understand Query Performance
Transform Your Communication with Cloud-Based IVR Solutions
Transform Your Communication with Cloud-Based IVR Solutions
Oracle Database 19c New Features for DBAs and Developers.pptx
Oracle Database 19c New Features for DBAs and Developers.pptx
Top Benefits of Using Salesforce Healthcare CRM for Patient Management.pdf
Top Benefits of Using Salesforce Healthcare CRM for Patient Management.pdf
Input/Output System
- 1. Organisasi dan Arsitektur Komputer Ajeng Savitri Puspaningrum, M.Kom Pertemuan 18
- 3. Learning I/O System’s definition and function
- 4. Input/Output Problems Wide variety of peripherals Delivering different amounts of data At different speeds In different formats All slower than CPU and RAM Need I/O modules
- 5. Input/Output Module Interface to CPU and Memory Interface to one or more peripherals
- 6. Generic Model of I/O Module
- 7. External Devices Human readable Screen, printer, keyboard Machine readable Monitoring and control Communication Modem Network Interface Card (NIC)
- 8. External Device Block Diagram
- 9. I/O Module Function Control & Timing CPU Communication Command Decoding Data Status Reporting Address Recognition Device Communication Data Buffering Error Detection
- 10. I/O Steps CPU checks I/O module device status I/O module returns status If ready, CPU requests data transfer I/O module gets data from device I/O module transfers data to CPU Variations for output, DMA, etc.
- 12. I/O Module Decisions Hide or reveal device properties to CPU Support multiple or single device Control device functions or leave for CPU Also O/S decisions e.g. Unix treats everything it can as a file
- 13. Input Output Techniques Programmed Interrupt driven Direct Memory Access (DMA)
- 14. Refference Stalling, William, Computer Organization and Architecture, 10th Edition, Pearson, 2015 Abdurohman, Maman, Organisasi dan Arsitektur Komputer revisi ke-4, Penerbit Informatika, 2017