The document discusses the key components and characteristics of the central processing unit (CPU). It describes the CPU's main components as the arithmetic logic unit (ALU) and control unit. It also discusses other components like registers, cache, and different types of memory including RAM, ROM, and their characteristics. The document compares RISC and CISC architectures and covers concepts like multicore processors, overclocking, threading and CPU sockets.

1. By:RedoanUr Rahman(14-02-04-043),
FaizaOmar(14-02-04-044)

2.  CPUstands for Central Processing Unit.
 Central Processing Unit islike the brain of the Computer.
 The speed at which software programs operate is also very dependent
upon how powerful the CPU is.

3. Two maincomponents
 Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)
 Control Unit (CU)
Other components
 Register
 Cache

4.  The unit that performs arithmetic and logic operations.
 ALU are designed to perform integer calculations.
FPU(Floating-point unit)
 Designed for performing non integer calculations which ALU cannot
perform.

5.  The control unit is basically circuitry inside the CPU controlling the
operation inside the CPU.
 The functions of the control unit is depends on the architecture of CPU.
 Its like a bridge between programmes and hardware because of
collecting input and directing hardwares.

6.  Local storage system in CPU that holds data before being processed and
occupies the top most position in the memory hierarchy, providing high
speed and fast access.
 Normallymade of static and dynamic RAM cells.
 Generally measured in terms of bits to determine the amount of data that
can hold. Now we can see 32 bit and 64 bit processors.

7.  Data storage section that keeps in hand the next set of instructions and
dataneeded in the operation.
 Slower than register but faster than memory.
 Comes in different levels such as L1, L2, L3 and performance decreases as
capacityincreases.

9.  Reduced Instruction Set Computer (RISC)
RISC represents a CPU method to simplify instructions which "do less" but
provide higher performance by making instructions execute very fast.
 Complex Instruction Set Computer (CISC)
CISC represents a CPU method in which each instructions can execute
several low-level operations, such as a load from memory,
anarithmetic operation, and amemory store, allin a single instruction.

10. RISC CISC
 Emphasis onsoftware
 Single-clock,
reducedinstruction only
 Register to register:
"LOAD" and "STORE"
are independent instructions
 Low cycles persecond,
large codesizes
 Emphasis onhardware
 Includes multi-clock
complex instructions
 Memory to memory: "LOAD" and
"STORE"
in corporated in instructions
 Small codesizes,
high cycles persecond

11.  LGA – Land Grid Array
 Used inlatest models oftheprocessor
 PGA – Pin Grid Array
 Was usedin previous models oftheprocessor

12. Thisis a Old CPU
Model I486 DX2
Pentium 4 Processor
PinGridArray LandGridArray

13.  In computer science a thread is the smallest sequence of programme that
OS can manage Independently.
 Multithreading CPUs have hardware support to efficiently execute
multiple threads.
 Hyper threading is used for improvement of parallelization of
computations.

14.  A multicore processor is a single computing component with two or
more independent actual processing unit.
 Generally a core means physical core and a thread means logicalcore.

15.  Heat sink is a passive heat exchanger that cools a device by dissipating heat
into the surrounding medium. In computers, heat sinks are used to cool central
processing units or graphics processors.
 Overclocking means setting your CPU and memory to run at speeds higher
than their official speed grade. Almost all processors ship with a speed rating.
For example, an Intel Core i7 860 runs at 2.80GHz out of the
box. Overclocking a Core i7 860 means pushing it to a clock speed higher than
2.80GHz.

16.  Random access memory (RAM) is the best known form of computer
memory.
 RAM is considered as volatile memory, which means that the stored
information is lost when there is no power.
 RAM is made up of small memory chips that form a memory module.
 Whenever you open a program, it gets loaded from the hard drive into
the RAM.
 This is because reading data from the RAM is much faster than reading
data from the hard drive

17. Type Year
FPM (Fast Page Mode) 1990
EDO(Extended Data o/p) 1994
SDRAM(Single Dynamic RAM) 1996
RDRAM 1998
DDR SDRAM 2000
DDR2 SDRAM 2003
DDR3 SDRAM 2007
DDR4 SDRAM 2012

19.  SRAM (Static Random Access Memory)
 SRAM holds data in astatic form, as long as the memory has power.
 Eachbit is stored on four transistor that forms two cross coupled
inverters.
 DRAM(Dynamic Random Access Memory)
 DRAM is called dynamic because it must constantly be refreshed and
lose the datain very short time.
 DRAM stores each bit of data in a separate capacitor within a integrated
circuit.

20. DRAM SRAM
 Requires more memory.
 Access time is more.
 Needs to be refreshed.
 Slower accesstime.
 Less power consumption.
 Used in main memory.
 Requires less memory.
 Access time is low.
 Do not refresh.
 Faster access time.
 More power consumption.
 Used in cache memory.

21.  ROM holds programs and data permanently even when computer is
switched off.
 Datacan be read by the CPU in any order so ROM is also direct access.
 The contents of ROM are fixed at the time of manufacture.
 Stores a program called the bootstrap loader that helps start up the
computer.
 Access time of between 10 and 50 nanoseconds.

22.  ProgrammableRead Only Memory(PROM):
 Empty of data when manufactured.
 May be permanently programmed by the user.
 Erasable ProgrammableRead Only Memory(EPROM):
 Can be programmed, erased and reprogrammed
using ultra-violet light.
 Access time is around 45 – 90 nanoseconds.

23.  Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory (EEPROM):
 Reprogrammed electrically without using ultraviolet light but removing from computer
 Access times between 45 and 200 nanoseconds.
 Flash ROM:
 Similar to EEPROM.
 Easier to upgrade programs stored in Flash ROM in
computer.
 Access time is around 45 – 90 nanoseconds.

24.  Caching is storing in cache memory where microprocessor can access
more quickly than it can access regular RAM
 RAM parity is an error detection technique that tests the integrity of
digitaldata in memory or on disk.
 Error-correcting code memory (ECC memory) is a type of computer
data storage that can detect and correct the most common kinds of
internal datacorruption