Central Processing Unit (CPU)
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The document discusses the central processing unit (CPU) of a computer. It defines the CPU as the component that processes instructions and performs calculations. The CPU has two main components: the control unit, which controls the operations of the CPU, and the arithmetic logic unit, which performs arithmetic and logic operations. The CPU interacts with other main components of a computer like memory and input/output devices through a system bus. A program is a sequence of steps where each step involves an arithmetic or logical operation controlled by a different set of signals from the control unit.
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- An overview of how the control unit manages the other components by reading and decoding instructions to perform operations and coordinate data and control flows within the computer.
components of computer
A computer is an electronic device that can perform calculations at high speeds. It can store, process, and retrieve data as needed. Computers have several key characteristics including being automatic, fast, accurate, diligent, versatile, and having powerful memory. The basic components of a computer system are the input, output, storage, and central processing units. The CPU consists of the control and arithmetic logic units and is responsible for controlling the other components.
Fp203 chp1.1
The document discusses the major operations performed by a computer system: input, storage, processing, output, and control. It describes how each operation works, such as entering data through input devices, storing data and instructions in storage, the central processing unit performing arithmetic and logical operations, output producing results, and the control unit coordinating all operations. It then explains the three basic functional units that control a computer's operations: the arithmetic logic unit performs calculations, the control unit determines instruction sequence and coordinates activities, and the central processing unit acts as the brain that directs functions.
digital computers.ppt
This document provides an overview of digital computers. It discusses how computers were invented to mimic human input, processing, and output functions. Computers only understand binary and use binary number systems. The document then discusses components of a computer system including input devices, the central processing unit (CPU), memory, and output devices. It provides examples of each. Programming languages are discussed from low-level machine languages to high-level languages. The document concludes that while computers cannot replace human intelligence, they can assist humans in collecting, storing, and analyzing large amounts of information.
Computer function-and-interconnection 3
The document provides a top-level overview of the function and interconnection of computer components. It describes how a program is executed through an instruction cycle of fetching and executing instructions. It explains the role of the control unit and how different computer components like the CPU, memory, and I/O devices are interconnected through buses to allow the transfer of data and instructions. Interrupts provide a way to improve processing efficiency and allow different tasks to be interleaved.
03 Buses
The document discusses computer system buses and their role in connecting central processing units to memory and input/output devices. Buses transfer data, addresses, and control signals between components. Common bus types include data buses to transfer data, address buses to specify memory locations, and control buses that coordinate timing. Interrupt signals can suspend normal processing to handle higher priority events. Modern buses like PCI use arbitration to allow shared access among devices.
Similar to Central Processing Unit (CPU) (20)
Components of computer, CPU computer funfament ppt
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Block Diagram of Computer with its Components & Functions!!
Block Diagram of Computer with its Components & Functions!!
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Unit-I - Introduction to Computer Fundamentals-AWI-.pptx
More from Ajeng Savitri
Software Testing Documentation
The document discusses the importance of documentation in software testing. It notes that documentation is needed to record test implementation and results, and helps direct testing and reuse tests. There are different types of test documentation, including test plans, specifications, and analysis reports. Effective documentation provides benefits like training, communication, maintenance, and historical reference. Test documentation should be maintained throughout the software development life cycle.
Software Productivity Measurement
1) The document discusses various metrics for measuring software productivity, quality, and testing at different stages of the software development process. It covers metrics for requirements, design, source code, testing, maintenance, and processes.
2) Key metrics discussed include defects per KLOC, function points, defect removal efficiency, and size-oriented vs function-oriented metrics. Metrics for object-oriented design, user interfaces, and project management are also summarized.
3) Collecting measures and developing metrics at each stage of development allows indicators to be obtained and improvements to be made to both the product and process. A variety of productivity, quality, and testing metrics can provide meaningful insights.
Debugging (Part 2)
The document discusses various debugging techniques. It describes the brute force method, which involves taking memory dumps and adding print statements to locate bugs. This generates a large amount of data but requires little thought. The cause elimination method deduces or induces potential causes and tests hypotheses to eliminate them one by one. Other methods include trial and error, backtracking code to find failures, and forward tracking to see when results first became wrong. Principles for locating errors include thinking carefully and getting a fresh perspective. Principles for repairing errors are to fix the underlying cause, check for new errors, and re-evaluate the design when making changes.
Debugging
The document discusses debugging processes and techniques. It defines debugging as the process of finding, correcting and removing bugs from programs. There are three main types of errors: syntactic, semantic, and logic errors. The debugging process involves reproducing the problem reliably, finding the source of the error, fixing just that one error, testing the fix, and optionally looking for more errors. Key debugging techniques include inserting print statements, using a debugger, explaining the code to someone else, and fixing only one error at a time. The overall goal of debugging is to methodically match symptoms to causes to locate and correct errors in code.
Software Testing Strategy (Part 2)
This document discusses various types of software testing strategies including integration testing, continuous integration testing, and system testing. It provides details on techniques like top-down integration, bottom-up integration, smoke testing, regression testing, interface testing, and acceptance and installation testing. The objectives are to learn about integration testing, continuous integration testing, and system testing. Key aspects of different strategies like top-down vs bottom-up integration and categories of system test cases are compared. Determining when to stop testing is noted as one of the most difficult questions.
Software Testing Strategy
The document provides an overview of software testing strategies. It discusses that the main objective of software testing is to systematically find errors without taking much time. It emphasizes the importance of choosing the best testing strategy. It then covers various software testing strategies including unit testing, integration testing, validation testing, and system testing. Unit testing involves testing individual software components in isolation while integration testing focuses on testing the interaction between integrated components. The document contrasts the incremental and "big bang" approaches to integration testing and argues that the incremental approach is more effective.
Object Oriented Testing
The document discusses object-oriented testing strategies. It explains that in object-oriented testing, the component being tested is a class-object rather than a function. Unit testing focuses on testing each class's operations and attributes. Integration testing focuses on testing groups of collaborating classes. Validation testing is based on use case scenarios from the object-oriented analysis model. The document provides details on techniques for unit testing, integration testing, and validation testing of object-oriented systems.
Testing Technique (Part 2)
The document discusses various software testing techniques, including blackbox and whitebox testing. Blackbox testing focuses on functional requirements without seeing the internal structure and includes equivalence class testing, limit testing, robustness testing, and requirements testing. Whitebox testing uses internal program structure to derive test cases and focuses on all logical paths and decisions. It includes basis path testing and control structure testing such as conditional and loop testing. The document provides examples of applying these techniques.
Testing Technique
This document discusses various software testing techniques classified into static, dynamic, and exhaustive categories. Static techniques like verification and static analysis do not require executing the program. Dynamic techniques execute the program and are divided into structure-oriented techniques like control flow testing and function-oriented techniques like function coverage and use case testing. Exhaustive techniques aim to cover all possible test cases. The document provides examples and explanations of different testing methods.
Testing Plan
The document discusses software testing concepts including:
1. It defines key terms related to software defects such as errors, defects, failures, and faults.
2. It outlines the different phases of software testing from component/unit testing to acceptance testing and discusses principles of good testability.
3. It provides guidance on writing test plans and cases, including reviewing requirements, identifying test suites, and transforming use cases into test cases.
Methodology Selection Strategy
This document discusses methodology selection strategy for systems analysis and design. It explains that there is no single framework appropriate for every software project, and the methodology needs to be adapted to the specific team and product. It outlines important factors to consider like clarity of requirements, technology familiarity, system complexity, schedule constraints. The methodology should guide the team's process but allow flexibility. The success of the methodology is measured by timely delivery of quality product increments that satisfy stakeholders.
Software Testing - Software Quality (Part 2)
The document discusses software quality and testing. It defines software reliability as the probability of failure-free operation of a computer program in a given environment and time. Testing aims to find errors in programs to improve reliability, rather than show a program works correctly. The document outlines ISO quality standards for software development including ISO 9001, which provides a framework for quality processes and procedures. Organizations must comply with ISO 9001 requirements to achieve quality certification.
Software Testing - Software Quality
The document discusses software quality assurance and testing. It defines software quality as having two aspects - quality of design which includes requirements and specifications, and quality of conformance which focuses on implementation. Software Quality Assurance (SQA) includes quality management, effective engineering processes, formal techniques, testing strategies, documentation control, and measurement/reporting. SQA aims to ensure requirements quality, design quality, code quality, and effective quality control. Non-functional attributes like reliability, usability, and performance largely determine a software's subjective quality from a user's perspective.
Computer Evolution and Performance
ajeng.savitri@teknokrat.ac.id
https://teknokrat.ac.id/en/
https://spada.teknokrat.ac.id/
Software Testing - Introduction
The document describes an introduction to software testing presentation. It discusses the software development life cycle (SDLC) which includes planning, analysis, design, implementation, and maintenance phases. It then explains different software development methodologies like structured design, rapid application development, and agile development. Finally, it provides definitions and goals of software testing, and presents a model of the software testing process.
Sequence Diagram
Dokumen ini membahas tentang analisis dan desain sistem untuk sistem ATM. Terdapat penjelasan mengenai diagram urutan dan diagram kelas yang menggambarkan interaksi antar objek dalam sistem ATM untuk beberapa kasus penggunaan seperti mengecek saldo, mentransfer uang, dan mengambil uang. Dokumen ini juga menampilkan contoh desain antarmuka pengguna untuk sistem ATM menggunakan perangkat lunak Netbeans.
Activity Diagram
Dokumen ini membahas tentang pemodelan proses bisnis dengan diagram aktivitas dan menggunakan sistem ATM sebagai contoh studi kasus. Diagram aktivitas digunakan untuk memvisualisasikan aliran kerja dalam suatu proses bisnis yang melibatkan beberapa departemen. Contoh aktivitas yang dimodelkan meliputi memasukkan PIN, mengecek saldo, mentransfer uang, mengambil uang, dan logout.
Use Case Diagram
The document discusses use case diagrams for systems analysis and design. It provides examples of use case diagrams for an appointment system and an ATM system. Key elements of use case diagrams are described, including actors, use cases, relationships like generalization, include and extend, and the system boundary. The ATM system example demonstrates how a use case diagram can model the interactions between an actor (user) and the various functions of an ATM machine like checking balance, transferring money, withdrawing money and logging out.
Requirement Gathering
Systems analysis and design techniques are discussed, including requirement gathering and business process analysis. Requirement gathering involves document analysis, interviews, questionnaires, and observation to understand user needs. Functional requirements define system functions while non-functional requirements address system qualities. Business process analysis assesses current processes and can involve automation, improvement, or reengineering. Barriers to effective requirement gathering include users finding additional needs after seeing a system ("yes but" syndrome), incomplete discovery of all needs ("undiscovered ruins" syndrome), and communication gaps between users and developers.
Business Value
The document discusses a feasibility analysis for a proposed CD Selections Internet Order System project.
The technical feasibility is determined to be medium risk overall, as the application and technology are somewhat unfamiliar but compatible with existing systems. The economic feasibility analysis shows a 229% return on investment over 3 years with a break-even point of 1.7 years. The organizational feasibility is low risk as the project aligns with goals of increasing sales and becoming more Internet-savvy.
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一比一原版(sdsu毕业证书)圣地亚哥州立大学毕业证如何办理
原版一模一样【微信：741003700 】【(sdsu毕业证书)圣地亚哥州立大学毕业证成绩单】【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。
本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。
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二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费)
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四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度)
如果您处于以下几种情况：
◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】
◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到；
◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备；
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◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看；
◇企事业单位必须要求办理的
◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口
◇申请留学生创业基金
留信网认证的作用:
1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份
2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定
3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书
4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方
5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息
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办理(sdsu毕业证书)圣地亚哥州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】格式相对统一，各专业都有相应的模板。通常包括以下部分：
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校名:学校英文全称
授予学位：本部分将注明获得的具体学位名称。
毕业生姓名：这是最重要的信息之一，标志着该证书是由特定人员获得的。
颁发日期：这是毕业正式生效的时间，也代表着毕业生学业的结束。
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综上所述，办理(sdsu毕业证书)圣地亚哥州立大学毕业证【微信：741003700 】是证明身份和学历的高价值文件。外观简单庄重，格式统一，包括重要的个人信息和发布日期。对持有人来说，妥善保管是非常重要的。
一比一原版(USF毕业证)旧金山大学毕业证如何办理
USF硕士毕业证成绩单【微信95270640】一比一伪造旧金山大学文凭@假冒USF毕业证成绩单+Q微信95270640办理USF学位证书@仿造USF毕业文凭证书@购买旧金山大学毕业证成绩单USF真实使馆认证/真实留信认证回国人员证明
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国外毕业证学位证成绩单办理方法：
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教育部文凭学历认证认证的用途：
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实体公司专业为您服务如有需要请联系我: 微信95270640奈一次次令他失望山娃今年岁上五年级识得很多字从走出小屋开始山娃就知道父亲的家和工地共有一个很动听的名字——天河工地的底层空空荡荡很宽阔很凉爽在地上铺上报纸和水泥袋父亲和工人们中午全睡在地上地面坑坑洼洼山娃曾多次绊倒过也曾有长铁钉穿透凉鞋刺在脚板上但山娃不怕工地上也常有五六个从乡下来的小学生他们的父母亲也是高楼上的建筑工人小伙伴来自不同省份都操着带有浓重口音的普通话可不知为啥山娃不仅很快与他们熟识了
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Access to ChatGPT with a guest appearance by Chief Data Thief Sam Altman!
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You will learn how data owners and API providers can document, secure data products on top of Confluent brokers, including schema validation, topic routing and message filtering.
You will also see how data and API consumers can discover and subscribe to products in a developer portal, as well as how they can integrate with Confluent topics through protocols like REST, Websockets, Server-sent Events and Webhooks.
Whether you want to monetize your real-time data, enable new integrations with partners, or provide self-service access to topics through various protocols, this webinar is for you!
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Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- 1. Organisasi dan Arsitektur Komputer Ajeng Savitri Puspaningrum, M.Kom Pertemuan 5
- 3. Learning the definition of Central Processing Unit (CPU) Explaining the CPUs elements Explaining the CPUs structure and function
- 4. Structure - Top Level Computer Main Memory Input Output Systems Interconnection Peripherals Communication lines Central Processing Unit Computer
- 5. Program Concept Hardwired systems are inflexible General purpose hardware can do different tasks, given correct control signals Instead of re-wiring, supply a new set of control signals
- 6. What is a program? A sequence of steps For each step, an arithmetic or logical operation is done For each operation, a different set of control signals is needed
- 9. Structure - The CPU Computer Arithmetic and Login Unit Control Unit Internal CPU Interconnection Registers CPU I/O Memory System Bus CPU
- 11. Components The Control Unit and the Arithmetic and Logic Unit constitute the Central Processing Unit Data and instructions need to get into the system and results out Input/output Temporary storage of code and results is needed Main memory
- 12. Refference Stalling, William, Computer Organization and Architecture, 10th Edition, Pearson, 2015 Abdurohman, Maman, Organisasi dan Arsitektur Komputer revisi ke-4, Penerbit Informatika, 2017