Inorganic nutrients

1. The document discusses key concepts in community ecology including species diversity, guilds, food webs, succession, and landscape dynamics. 2. Species diversity is measured by counting species and their relative abundances. A dominant species is most abundant while a keystone species has a large impact relative to its abundance. 3. Landscape features like habitat fragmentation can create patches that impact species diversity depending on patch size and isolation from other habitats.

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Earth's atmosphere consists of permanent gases like nitrogen and oxygen that make up most of the atmosphere, as well as variable gases like water vapor and carbon dioxide whose distribution varies over time and location. Gases enter and leave the atmosphere through natural sources like volcanoes, forests, and oceans, maintaining a delicate steady state balance. The urban atmosphere contains primary pollutants emitted directly and secondary pollutants formed from chemical reactions. Air pollution causes health effects on living organisms and damage to properties and materials. Removal processes like oxidation and dry deposition help reduce pollutants over land and sea.

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The document discusses terrestrial environments and the formation of soils. It notes that terrestrial environments consist of solid, liquid, and biological components and that the continental crust is mostly made up of igneous and metamorphic rocks. It explains that diagenesis is the process by which physical, biological, and chemical processes convert sediment into sedimentary rocks. It then discusses factors that influence soil formation such as parent material, climate, relief, vegetation, and organisms. The document also outlines sources of land contamination including herbicides, insecticides, and byproducts of combustion, and notes how organic contaminants can interact with and be degraded in soil environments.

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Temperature, moisture, length of photosynthetic period, and nutrient availability affect net primary productivity in terrestrial ecosystems. Primary productivity is typically higher in coastal oceans due to nutrient inputs from land. Primary production fuels secondary production by consumers. There are two main food chains: grazing and detrital, with detrital dominating terrestrial ecosystems. Decomposition returns nutrients to the soil and is influenced by temperature, humidity, and oxygen levels. Biogeochemical cycles circulate essential elements through abiotic and biotic components, and nutrients can be lost through export, harvesting, and fire.

P Phosphorus

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Phosphorus is a nonmetal with an atomic number of 15. It was discovered in 1669 by Hennig Brand while attempting to create the philosopher's stone. Phosphorus exists in several forms including red, white, black, and violet. It has various uses including in match heads, fertilizer due to its importance in DNA, and some explosives, though white phosphorus caused safety concerns in rockets. Students created element boxes with information about each element, including artifacts representing their uses.

Phosphorus

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Este documento proporciona información sobre el medicamento homeopático Phosphorus. Describe su origen, toxicidad, reglas de uso, historia y características. Detalla una amplia gama de síntomas asociados con Phosphorus que afectan al sistema nervioso, digestivo, respiratorio, circulatorio, genital y la piel. El documento también describe las modalidades y tipología de las personas que se benefician de Phosphorus.

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Construction and demolition waste includes materials such as concrete, asphalt, wood, metals, and drywall. It makes up a large percentage of waste generated and can have environmental impacts if not diverted from landfills. There are challenges to recycling and reusing construction waste, but studies show it is possible to convert materials like concrete into aggregates for other construction projects. Patents also exist for construction waste recycling machines to further encourage diversion and reduce impacts.

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The document summarizes key concepts from chapters 8-11 of an ecology textbook. It discusses 3 distribution patterns of individuals within populations and factors that give rise to each. It also covers population estimation techniques, approaches to establishing age structure, different migration and reproductive strategies in animals and plants, population growth models, life history strategies, intraspecific regulation and factors influencing carrying capacity. Specific topics include mark-recapture methods, survivorship curves, life tables, r/K selection, Grime's model of plant strategies, density-dependent and independent regulation, and scramble vs contest competition.

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Cancer arises from abnormal cell growth and can be caused by genetic and environmental factors. Biotechnology plays an important role in cancer management through targeted treatments, immunotherapy, and screening technologies. Recent advances include using computer programs to select personalized treatments, compounds from plants and marine organisms that inhibit cancer growth, and herbal supplements that enhance standard therapies. Ongoing research seeks more effective and less toxic approaches to combat cancer.

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The document discusses several ways that plants and animals have adapted to their environments. It describes how aquatic plants are less rigid than terrestrial plants and how they absorb nutrients. It also discusses the reproduction strategies of aquatic and terrestrial plants. The document then explains how terrestrial plants are more rigid and have more extensive root systems than aquatic plants to help them stand upright and find water and nutrients. It provides examples of how different types of plants reproduce. The document also discusses adaptations of leaf size and shape in response to environmental conditions like sunlight, temperature, and water availability. Overall, the document compares the key adaptations of aquatic versus terrestrial plants.

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Phosphorus is a chemical element that is rarely found in its free form on Earth. It has several properties including being a major constituent of DNA, RNA, ATP, and phospholipids. Phosphorus lacks boundaries and has a free spirit without limits or restrictions. It is receptive, affectionate, and friendly but can also be excitable, irritable, and prone to escapism through fantasies and dramatization. While it can be innocent, it may also lack maturity and responsibility by being guided by waves of emotions.

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This document discusses plant nutrients and fertilizers. It describes macro and micro nutrients that are essential for plant growth. Macro nutrients such as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium are needed in large amounts, while micro nutrients like iron, copper, and zinc are needed in smaller quantities. The document outlines the roles of each nutrient, deficiency symptoms, and how fertilizers can be used to replenish nutrients in soil and promote fertility. Organic fertilizers come from plant or animal sources, while inorganic fertilizers have other chemical origins.

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At the end of this workshop participants will be able to: Recognise and efficiently troubleshoot a wide variety of industrial analytical measuring instruments Describe the construction and operation of the most important analytical instruments Define and explain relevant chemical terminology Identify sample chemical formulae and symbols Implement procedures for testing and calibration of analytical instruments WHO SHOULD ATTEND? Technicians Senior operators Instrumentation and control engineers Electrical engineers Project engineers Design engineers Process control engineers Instrumentation sales engineers Consulting ingenious Electricians Maintenance engineers Systems engineers MORE INFORMATION: http://www.idc-online.com/content/practical-analytical-instrumentation-line-applications-3

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This PowerPoint was one very small part of my Ecology Interactions Unit from the website http://sciencepowerpoint.com/index.html .This unit includes a 3 part 2000+ Slide PowerPoint loaded with activities, project ideas, critical class notes (red slides), review opportunities, challenge questions with answers, 3 PowerPoint review games (125 slides each) and much more. A bundled homework package and detailed unit notes chronologically follow the PowerPoint slideshow. Areas of Focus within The Ecology Interactions Unit: Levels of Biological Organization (Ecology), Parts of the Biosphere, Habitat, Ecological Niche, Types of Competition, Competitive Exclusion Theory, Animal Interactions, Food Webs, Predator Prey Relationships, Camouflage, Population Sampling, Abundance, Relative Abundance, Diversity, Mimicry, Batesian Mimicry, Mullerian Mimicry, Symbiosis, Parasitism, Mutualism, Commensalism, Plant and Animal Interactions, Coevolution, Animal Strategies to Eat Plants, Plant Defense Mechanisms, Exotic Species, Impacts of Invasive Exotic Species. If you have any questions please feel free to contact me. Thank you again and best wishes. Sincerely, Ryan Murphy M.Ed www.sciencepowerpoint@gmail.com

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This document provides an overview of various types of environmental pollution including air, water, soil, noise, thermal, and radioactive pollution. It discusses the causes and effects of each type of pollution and potential methods for prevention and control. The key points covered are: 1. It defines pollution and categorizes it into six main types: air, water, soil, noise, thermal, and radioactive pollution. 2. For each type of pollution, it discusses sources, harmful effects, and potential approaches to prevention and control such as reducing contaminants at the source, modifying processes, and proper treatment and disposal. 3. It emphasizes the need to control pollution through approaches like proper industrial siting, waste treatment, aff

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Investigation of the effect of initial biomass on nitrate and phosphate remov...

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This study investigated the effect of initial biomass concentration on the ability of four bacterial species (Klebsiella sp., Pseudomonas sp., Lysinibacillus sp., and Staphylococcus sp.) to remove nitrate and phosphate from synthetic wastewater. The bacteria were inoculated at different concentrations and their ability to remove nutrients was measured over 96 hours. All isolates significantly removed nitrate except Lysinibacillus sp., removing between 68-91% nitrate. Phosphate removal was slight. The study revealed the nutrient removal abilities of the isolates at different initial biomass concentrations.

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* Lab #11 – Ecotoxicology Prelab Discussion Today’s Lab ObjectivesTo apply your knowledge of ecosystems, population ecology, and ecotoxicology to a case study of the impact of pollution on Daphnia populations and what that might indicate for ecosystems as a whole. To learn more about the sources and impacts of pollutants on the dynamics of aquatic ecosystems, particularly the impacts of organic pollution, acid pollution, and salinity. To learn more about the use of indicator species and to understand why Daphnia are used as such a species. Understand what lethal dose/concentration means and how it is specific for each pollutant type. To practice using credible sources on (at least 2 peer-reviewed) to support your arguments. Synthesize this information into a final lab report. In Today’s Lab Review of Ecosystem BasicsEcosystem: All of the interacting organisms (populations) and abiotic factors that occur in a particular place at a given time Components of an Ecosystem: Abiotic - nonliving components e.g. Sunlight, temperature, precipitation, soil/water chemistry Biotic - all the living things that affect an organism in its environment e.g. Organisms Example of an Ecosystem * Looking at the image below… how would you define pollution? * What is pollution?Definition – unnatural by-products of human activities accumulating in the environment at levels that are harmful to living organism. Sources of pollution vary Some specific types of pollution:AcidOrganic ThermalPharmaceuticalSalinity Acid PollutionDefinition: sulfur and nitrogen oxides react with air in the atmosphere (and potentially the terrestrially via run-off) to form sulfuric and nitric acids which will reenter the environment via rain. Acid pollution is extremely detrimental to all organisms (auto- or heterotrophic) in the environment Acid Rain is a prime example of Acid Pollution.Rainwater with a pH <5.6 = acidic.Side effect of air pollution from industry. Basic Example of the Creation of Acid Pollution * Organic PollutionDefinition: compounds that are resistant to environmental degradation Examples: Pesticides, fertilizers, detergents, sewage, farm run-off Organic pollutants canBe persistent in the environment for a long period of timeThey accumulate in human/animal tissues and magnify in food chains.a.k.a. They have significant impacts on human health and the environment as a whole.Are capable of long-range transportCan provide large quantities of of organic compounds and limiting nutrients, which act as substrates (food) for microorganisms, are released into water sources (algal blooms) Examples of Organic Pollution * EutrophicationThe process by which a body of water acquires a high concentration of nutrients, especially phosphates and nitrates. These typically promote excessive growth of algae.Algae die, decompose, increase organic material…therefore resulting in oxygen depletion. The Process of Eutrophication Bioaccumulati ...

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This document summarizes a study that analyzed nitrate levels in waste and drinking water samples from 9 locations in Dhone Town, India. Nitrate levels were determined using ultraviolet spectrophotometry. The results showed nitrate concentrations were below internationally accepted threshold levels, ranging from 0.03-2.363 mg/L across surface water and bore well samples. High nitrate levels can be harmful if consumed, but the areas tested were deemed not polluted based on the study findings.

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This document provides information about an expert in ecological sanitation and wastewater treatment. It summarizes the expert's qualifications and areas of research experience, which include organic waste management, ecological sanitation, and developing composting and vermicomposting techniques. The document also describes the basic principles of ecological sanitation, including separating human waste into urine and feces to recover nutrients and protect the environment. It introduces the Urine Diversion Dehydration toilet as a suitable sanitation method in areas with water scarcity or hard soils that can treat and reuse human waste locally.

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This document describes a study on using silver nanoparticles incorporated onto polyurethane foam to mineralize pesticides in water. Silver nanoparticles were synthesized using trisodium citrate and characterized before being incorporated onto polyurethane foam. The foam was then used to mineralize chlorpyrifos and malathion in water solutions at different concentrations over time. Mineralization time was found to increase with higher initial pesticide concentration, with chlorpyrifos being fully mineralized faster than malathion at the same concentrations. The study evaluated silver nanoparticles on polyurethane foam as a potential method for removing pesticides from contaminated water.

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This document summarizes a study that analyzed nutrient loads and heavy metal levels along the Sosiani River in Kenya. Water, soil, and sediment samples were collected from 5 sites along the river and analyzed for nitrates, phosphates, and heavy metals. Nitrate and phosphate levels were found to be below recommended limits. However, concentrations of heavy metals like iron, lead, cadmium, zinc, and copper exceeded Kenyan standards, with zinc levels above WHO standards for drinking water. The study concluded that the river water is not safe for domestic use due to heavy metal contamination.

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— Piggery wastewater is a type of wastewater which contains large amounts of nitrogen and phosphorus, therefore it needed to be treated before releasing to directly to the environment. The combination between struvite precipitation and nitrogen removal and poly-P bacteria into wastewater for piggery wastewater treatment has been found to be a cost-effective practice, a iable technology in terms of environmental protection and sustainability, especially in the developing-countries. For optimum struvite crystallization from piggery wastewater, the Mg:PO4 molar ratio as (1.2:1) was used, the pH of reaction was adjusted to 9 and the sample was stirred continuously during 40 minutes. The supernatant sample was then added 1% nitrogen removal bacteria (Pseudomonas stutzeri D3b strain) and 1% poly-P bacteria (Kurthia sp. TGT1013L strain), 5 g glucose/L and aeration 12/24h during 3 days, ammonium concentration reduced significantly from 1271 mg/L to 1.2 mg/L and orthophosphate concentration decreased noticeably from 24.91 mg/L to 16.1 mg/L.

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Phosphate and nitrate removal from aqueous solution by carbonated and uncarbo...

This study investigated the ability of Monodora myristica shell to remove phosphate and nitrate from wastewater. Four types of shells were tested: untreated raw shell, acid-treated raw shell, untreated carbonated shell, and acid-treated carbonated shell. The shells were added to water spiked with phosphate and nitrate at different concentrations for 5 hours. The results showed that none of the shell types were effective at removing phosphate, as the phosphate concentration increased over time. However, all shell types significantly reduced the nitrate concentration in a saturation time of 3 hours for 5-10% shell concentrations and 5 hours for 2.5% concentrations. The untreated carbonated shell achieved the greatest nitrate removal, decreasing concentrations

Phosphate and nitrate removal from aqueous solution by carbonated and uncarbo...

Agriculture Journal IJOEAR

This study investigated the potential for using Monodora myristica shell to remove phosphate and nitrate from wastewater. Four types of shells were tested: untreated raw, treated raw, untreated carbonated, and treated carbonated. The shells were added to solutions containing phosphate and nitrate at concentrations of 2.5%, 5%, and 10%. The solutions were tested over 5 hours. The results showed the shells had no ability to remove phosphate. However, they were effective at removing nitrate, with the untreated carbonated shell achieving the greatest reduction from 231 mg/L to 28.57 mg/L using 10% shell concentration after 3 hours. In general, higher shell concentrations produced better nitrate removal.

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During the last decade the occurrence of engineered nanoparticles (NPs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment have been well documented. Nanoparticles are released from different nanomaterials used in our household and industrial commodities whereas PPCPs are a diverse group of chemicals comprising all human and veterinary drugs, diagnostic agents and cosmetics such as fragrances and sun-screen agents which enter into environment by excretion of humans and domestic animals, disposal of unused or expired PPCPs to drain and ultimately contaminate the sewage sludge and soil. Toxicity of many nanoparticles in wastewater and sludge and their fate to soil are the unanswered question (Brar et al., 2010). The phytotoxicology of nanoparticles (multi-walled carbon nanotube, aluminum, alumina, zinc and zinc oxide) on seed germination and root growth of radish, rape, ryegrass, lettuce, corn, and cucumber are reported by Lin and Xing, 2007 and Oleszczuk et al., 2011. Application of higher doses of ZnO-NPs inhibited the production of methane, respiration and also nitrification during anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (Liu et al., 2011; Mu and Chen, 2011). Some of the nanoparticles like Fe3O4, FeS, CeO2, etc. are used for removal of pollutants from wastewater and sludge. The pharmaceuticals like ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, phenazone, bezifibrate, erythromycin, sulfamethazine, trimethoprim, triclosan, musk compounds, etc. are identified in wastewater and sludge (Daughton and Ternes, 1999). These PPCPs react with other organic molecules to produce Phase I and Phase II compound which are more toxic than parent compounds. Bioremediation by fungus Trametes versicolor is one of the option to reduce pharmaceuticals to toxicity from sewage sludge (Rodríguez-Rodríguez et al., 2011).

Tea (Camellia sinensis) Waste for the reduction of Malathion and Phorate in ...

Abstract— Diminution of Malathion and Phorate from aqueous solutions by tea waste biomass was examined in a batch experimental setup. Waste tea powder, obtained from University canteen, S.V. University, Tirupati, India has been used as an effective material for the reduction of Malathion and Phorate from aqueous solutions. Characterization of the adsorbent was studied using SEM micrograph and Fourier Transform Infrared spectral analysis. From the FTIR spectrum it is observed that the change in peak position at 3390 cm−1 in the spectrum of the Phorate and Malathion loaded tea powder indicates the binding of these pesticides with hydroxyl groups. The working solutions of the pesticides are in the range of 0.1µg – 1.0µg for Malathion and 0.05µg – 0.5µg for phorate. It was observed that percentage adsorption increased with pH of the liquid phase and reached an optimum value of 95 % for Malathion and 94 % for phorate at pH 7.4 ± 0.2 and pH 7.5 ± 0.2, respectively. The dosage of the adsorbent had showed considerable effect on the adsorption of Malathion and Phorate.

microplastics-in-freshwater-environment.pdf

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Nanna Brande-Lavridsen from the University of Tennessee presented information on microplastics in freshwater environments. The document discussed sources of microplastics, their accumulation in aquatic wildlife, and potential biological effects. While studies show microplastics are ubiquitous in waterways and ingested by species, more research is needed on levels in freshwater, biological impacts, and potential risks to inform regulation. The EPA has authority over plastic debris under acts like the Clean Water Act but requires further data to conduct risk assessments on microplastics in freshwater ecosystems.

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This document summarizes a study that compares the removal of anionic surfactants from greywater using natural and chemical adsorbents. The study determined optimum adsorption conditions like dose, equilibrium time, and pH for various adsorbents including alum, lime, karanj seed powder, and tulsi leaf powder. Batch experiments showed natural adsorbents had higher maximum adsorption capacities than chemical adsorbents. The natural adsorbents also showed very good correlation to Freundlich isotherm models, indicating they were effective at removing anionic surfactants from greywater.

Removal of anionic surfactant from grey water and its comparison with chemica...

This document compares the removal of anionic surfactant from greywater using natural and chemical adsorbents. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted using alum and lime as chemical adsorbents, and powdered karanj seed and tulsi leaves as natural adsorbents. The effects of adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, and adsorption isotherms were examined. Results showed that the natural adsorbents were more effective at removing anionic surfactant than the chemical adsorbents. Maximum adsorption capacities were higher for the natural adsorbents based on fitting isotherm data to Langmuir and Freundlich models. Overall, the study demonstrated that

Mass Transfer, Kinetic, Equilibrium, and Thermodynamic Study on Removal of Di...

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Three distinct agricultural waste materials, viz., casuarina fruit powder (CFP), sorghum stem powder (SSP), and banana stem powder (BSP) were used as low-cost adsorbents for the removal of toxic lead(II) from aqueous solutions. Acid treated adsorbents were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR). The effects of parameters like adsorbent dose, pH, temperature, initial metal ion concentration, and time of adsorption on the removal of Pb(II) were analyzed for each adsorbent individually and the efficiency order was BSP > SSP > CFP. Based on the extent of compatibility to Freundlich/Langmuir/Dubinin–Radushkevich/ Temkin adsorption isotherms and different models (pseudo-first and second order, Boyd, Weber’s, and Elovich), chemisorption primarily involved in the case of BSP and SSP, whereas simultaneous occurrence of chemisorption and physisorption was proposed in the case of CFP correlating with the thermodynamic study results conducted at different temperatures. Based on the observations, it was proposed that three kinetic stages involve in the adsorption process, viz., diffusion of sorbate to sorbent, intra particle diffusion, and then establishment of equilibrium. These adsorbents have a promising role towards the removal of Pb(II) from industrial wastewater to contribute environmental protection

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原版制作(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证在读证明一模一样

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学校原件一模一样【微信：741003700 】《(Newcastle毕业证书)纽卡斯尔大学毕业证》【微信：741003700 】学位证，留信认证（真实可查，永久存档）原件一模一样纸张工艺/offer、雅思、外壳等材料/诚信可靠,可直接看成品样本，帮您解决无法毕业带来的各种难题！外壳，原版制作，诚信可靠，可直接看成品样本。行业标杆！精益求精，诚心合作，真诚制作！多年品质 ,按需精细制作，24小时接单,全套进口原装设备。十五年致力于帮助留学生解决难题，包您满意。本公司拥有海外各大学样板无数，能完美还原。 1:1完美还原海外各大学毕业材料上的工艺：水印，阴影底纹，钢印LOGO烫金烫银，LOGO烫金烫银复合重叠。文字图案浮雕、激光镭射、紫外荧光、温感、复印防伪等防伪工艺。材料咨询办理、认证咨询办理请加学历顾问Q/微741003700 【主营项目】一.毕业证【q微741003700】成绩单、使馆认证、教育部认证、雅思托福成绩单、学生卡等！二.真实使馆公证(即留学回国人员证明,不成功不收费) 三.真实教育部学历学位认证（教育部存档！教育部留服网站永久可查）四.办理各国各大学文凭(一对一专业服务,可全程监控跟踪进度) 如果您处于以下几种情况： ◇在校期间，因各种原因未能顺利毕业……拿不到官方毕业证【q/微741003700】 ◇面对父母的压力，希望尽快拿到； ◇不清楚认证流程以及材料该如何准备； ◇回国时间很长，忘记办理； ◇回国马上就要找工作，办给用人单位看； ◇企事业单位必须要求办理的 ◇需要报考公务员、购买免税车、落转户口 ◇申请留学生创业基金留信网认证的作用: 1:该专业认证可证明留学生真实身份 2:同时对留学生所学专业登记给予评定 3:国家专业人才认证中心颁发入库证书 4:这个认证书并且可以归档倒地方 5:凡事获得留信网入网的信息将会逐步更新到个人身份内，将在公安局网内查询个人身份证信息后，同步读取人才网入库信息 6:个人职称评审加20分 7:个人信誉贷款加10分 8:在国家人才网主办的国家网络招聘大会中纳入资料，供国家高端企业选择人才

Improving the viability of probiotics by encapsulation methods for developmen...

The popularity of functional foods among scientists and common people has been increasing day by day. Awareness and modernization make the consumer think better regarding food and nutrition. Now a day’s individual knows very well about the relation between food consumption and disease prevalence. Humans have a diversity of microbes in the gut that together form the gut microflora. Probiotics are the health-promoting live microbial cells improve host health through gut and brain connection and fighting against harmful bacteria. Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus are the two bacterial genera which are considered to be probiotic. These good bacteria are facing challenges of viability. There are so many factors such as sensitivity to heat, pH, acidity, osmotic effect, mechanical shear, chemical components, freezing and storage time as well which affects the viability of probiotics in the dairy food matrix as well as in the gut. Multiple efforts have been done in the past and ongoing in present for these beneficial microbial population stability until their destination in the gut. One of a useful technique known as microencapsulation makes the probiotic effective in the diversified conditions and maintain these microbe’s community to the optimum level for achieving targeted benefits. Dairy products are found to be an ideal vehicle for probiotic incorporation. It has been seen that the encapsulated microbial cells show higher viability than the free cells in different processing and storage conditions as well as against bile salts in the gut. They make the food functional when incorporated, without affecting the product sensory characteristics.

Peatland Management in Indonesia, Science to Policy and Knowledge Education

Open Access Research Paper

world-environment-day-2024-240601103559-14f4c0b4.pptx

mfasna35

Climate Change All over the World .pptx

sairaanwer024

Climate change refers to significant and lasting changes in the average weather patterns over periods ranging from decades to millions of years. It encompasses both global warming driven by human emissions of greenhouse gases and the resulting large-scale shifts in weather patterns. While climate change is a natural phenomenon, human activities, particularly since the Industrial Revolution, have accelerated its pace and intensity

Recycling and Disposal on SWM Raymond Einyu pptx

RayLetai1

Increasing urbanization, rural–urban migration, rising standards of living, and rapid development associated with population growth have resulted in increased solid waste generation by industrial, domestic and other activities in Nairobi City. It has been noted in other contexts too that increasing population, changing consumption patterns, economic development, changing income, urbanization and industrialization all contribute to the increased generation of waste. With the increasing urban population in Kenya, which is estimated to be growing at a rate higher than that of the country’s general population, waste generation and management is already a major challenge. The industrialization and urbanization process in the country, dominated by one major city – Nairobi, which has around four times the population of the next largest urban centre (Mombasa) – has witnessed an exponential increase in the generation of solid waste. It is projected that by 2030, about 50 per cent of the Kenyan population will be urban. Aim: A healthy, safe, secure and sustainable solid waste management system fit for a world – class city. Improve and protect the public health of Nairobi residents and visitors. Ecological health, diversity and productivity and maximize resource recovery through the participatory approach. Goals: Build awareness and capacity for source separation as essential components of sustainable waste management. Build new environmentally sound infrastructure and systems for safe disposal of residual waste and replacing current dumpsites which should be commissioned. Current solid waste management situation: The status. Solid waste generation rate is at 2240 tones / day collection efficiently is at about 50%. Actors i.e. city authorities, CBO’s , private firms and self-disposal Current SWM Situation in Nairobi City: Solid waste generation – collection – dumping Good Practices: • Separation – recycling – marketing. • Open dumpsite dandora dump site through public education on source separation of waste, of which the situation can be reversed. • Nairobi is one of the C40 cities in this respect , various actors in the solid waste management space have adopted a variety of technologies to reduce short lived climate pollutants including source separation , recycling , marketing of the recycled products. • Through the network, it should expect to benefit from expertise of the different actors in the network in terms of applicable technologies and practices in reducing the short-lived climate pollutants. Good practices: Despite the dismal collection of solid waste in Nairobi city, there are practices and activities of informal actors (CBOs, CBO-SACCOs and yard shop operators) and other formal industrial actors on solid waste collection, recycling and waste reduction. Practices and activities of these actor groups are viewed as innovations with the potential to change the way solid waste is handled. CHALLENGES: • Resource Allocation.

Microbial characterisation and identification, and potability of River Kuywa ...

Water contamination is one of the major causes of water borne diseases worldwide. In Kenya, approximately 43% of people lack access to potable water due to human contamination. River Kuywa water is currently experiencing contamination due to human activities. Its water is widely used for domestic, agricultural, industrial and recreational purposes. This study aimed at characterizing bacteria and fungi in river Kuywa water. Water samples were randomly collected from four sites of the river: site A (Matisi), site B (Ngwelo), site C (Nzoia water pump) and site D (Chalicha), during the dry season (January-March 2018) and wet season (April-July 2018) and were transported to Maseno University Microbiology and plant pathology laboratory for analysis. The characterization and identification of bacteria and fungi were carried out using standard microbiological techniques. Nine bacterial genera and three fungi were identified from Kuywa river water. Clostridium spp., Staphylococcus spp., Enterobacter spp., Streptococcus spp., E. coli, Klebsiella spp., Shigella spp., Proteus spp. and Salmonella spp. Fungi were Fusarium oxysporum, Aspergillus flavus complex and Penicillium species. Wet season recorded highest bacterial and fungal counts (6.61-7.66 and 3.83-6.75cfu/ml) respectively. The results indicated that the river Kuywa water is polluted and therefore unsafe for human consumption before treatment. It is therefore recommended that the communities to ensure that they boil water especially for drinking.

Improving the Management of Peatlands and the Capacities of Stakeholders in I...

Overview of the Global Peatlands Assessment