During the last decade the occurrence of engineered nanoparticles (NPs), pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in the environment have been well documented. Nanoparticles are released from different nanomaterials used in our household and industrial commodities whereas PPCPs are a diverse group of chemicals comprising all human and veterinary drugs, diagnostic agents and cosmetics such as fragrances and sun-screen agents which enter into environment by excretion of humans and domestic animals, disposal of unused or expired PPCPs to drain and ultimately contaminate the sewage sludge and soil. Toxicity of many nanoparticles in wastewater and sludge and their fate to soil are the unanswered question (Brar et al., 2010). The phytotoxicology of nanoparticles (multi-walled carbon nanotube, aluminum, alumina, zinc and zinc oxide) on seed germination and root growth of radish, rape, ryegrass, lettuce, corn, and cucumber are reported by Lin and Xing, 2007 and Oleszczuk et al., 2011. Application of higher doses of ZnO-NPs inhibited the production of methane, respiration and also nitrification during anaerobic digestion of waste activated sludge (Liu et al., 2011; Mu and Chen, 2011). Some of the nanoparticles like Fe3O4, FeS, CeO2, etc. are used for removal of pollutants from wastewater and sludge. The pharmaceuticals like ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, diclofenac, phenazone, bezifibrate, erythromycin, sulfamethazine, trimethoprim, triclosan, musk compounds, etc. are identified in wastewater and sludge (Daughton and Ternes, 1999). These PPCPs react with other organic molecules to produce Phase I and Phase II compound which are more toxic than parent compounds. Bioremediation by fungus Trametes versicolor is one of the option to reduce pharmaceuticals to toxicity from sewage sludge (Rodríguez-Rodríguez et al., 2011).
Nanotechnology and applications in agricultureYahya Alyasiri
النانو تكنولوجي وتطبيقاته في الزراعة
اعداد: المهندس يحيى الياسري
حلقة دراسية اقيمت في قسم علوم التربة والموارد المائية
الدراسات العليا
جامعة الكوفة - كلية الزراعة 2019
The development of desalination technology become a necessary due to the intense shortage of fresh water, especially in the gulf.
In the last six decades, the number of desalination units have increased dramatically.
Different techniques have been used for water desalination systems such as:
Capacitive deionization (CDI)
Multi-stage flash (MSF) distillation
Reverse osmosis (RO)
Electrodialysis
Nuclear power
Nanotechnology and applications in agricultureYahya Alyasiri
النانو تكنولوجي وتطبيقاته في الزراعة
اعداد: المهندس يحيى الياسري
حلقة دراسية اقيمت في قسم علوم التربة والموارد المائية
الدراسات العليا
جامعة الكوفة - كلية الزراعة 2019
The development of desalination technology become a necessary due to the intense shortage of fresh water, especially in the gulf.
In the last six decades, the number of desalination units have increased dramatically.
Different techniques have been used for water desalination systems such as:
Capacitive deionization (CDI)
Multi-stage flash (MSF) distillation
Reverse osmosis (RO)
Electrodialysis
Nuclear power
nanotechnology has entered the sphere of water treatment processes. Many different types of nanomaterial’s are being evaluated and also being used in water treatment process.
Desalination is a key market area. Vast majority of worlds water is salt water, and though technology has existed for years that enables the desalination of ocean water, it is often a very energy intensive procedure and therefore expensive
Nanotechnology has become one of the most promising technologies applied in
all areas of science. Metal nanoparticles produced by nanotechnology have
received global attention due to their extensive applications in the biomedical
and physiochemical
fields. Recently, synthesizing metal nanoparticles using
microorganisms and plants has been extensively studied and has been recog-
nized as a green and efficient way for further exploiting microorganisms as
convenient nanofactories. Here, we explore and detail the potential uses of
various biological sources for nanoparticle synthesis and the application of
those nanoparticles. Furthermore, we highlight recent milestones achieved for
the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles by controlling critical parameters,
including the choice of biological source, incubation period, pH, and
temperature.
electron scattering,SEM,TEM,tunnel effect and lensesKASHISHMANGAL2
it can give you the brief view about the effects and lense used for electron microscope i.e. SEM,TEM,electron scattering,tunnel effect,electrostatic lens and magnostatic lens
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds & Pharmaceuticals & Personal Care Products in ...v2zq
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds & Pharmaceuticals & Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
nanotechnology has entered the sphere of water treatment processes. Many different types of nanomaterial’s are being evaluated and also being used in water treatment process.
Desalination is a key market area. Vast majority of worlds water is salt water, and though technology has existed for years that enables the desalination of ocean water, it is often a very energy intensive procedure and therefore expensive
Nanotechnology has become one of the most promising technologies applied in
all areas of science. Metal nanoparticles produced by nanotechnology have
received global attention due to their extensive applications in the biomedical
and physiochemical
fields. Recently, synthesizing metal nanoparticles using
microorganisms and plants has been extensively studied and has been recog-
nized as a green and efficient way for further exploiting microorganisms as
convenient nanofactories. Here, we explore and detail the potential uses of
various biological sources for nanoparticle synthesis and the application of
those nanoparticles. Furthermore, we highlight recent milestones achieved for
the biogenic synthesis of nanoparticles by controlling critical parameters,
including the choice of biological source, incubation period, pH, and
temperature.
electron scattering,SEM,TEM,tunnel effect and lensesKASHISHMANGAL2
it can give you the brief view about the effects and lense used for electron microscope i.e. SEM,TEM,electron scattering,tunnel effect,electrostatic lens and magnostatic lens
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds & Pharmaceuticals & Personal Care Products in ...v2zq
Endocrine Disrupting Compounds & Pharmaceuticals & Personal Care Products in the Aquatic Environment - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
Loadings of Pharmaceutical & Person Care Products & Endocrine Disrupting Chem...v2zq
Loadings of Pharmaceutical & Person Care Products & Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals from Small Rural Streams into an Urban Drinking Water Source - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ gmu.edu
This UL white paper provides an overview of the issues related to the presence of
pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in drinking water. The paper
discusses the possible effects of PPCPs on humans and on the environment and
summarizes recent research conducted by U.S. government agencies, UL and others on
PPCP concentrations found in public drinking water supplies and wastewater facilities.
The white paper also discusses available water treatment options for reducing PPCP concentrations and their relative effectiveness. The paper concludes with areas for
further research and a preview of possible future regulatory actions.
Potential Hidden Dangers of Personal Care Products v2zq
Potential Hidden Dangers of Personal Care Products - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~ rit.edu
Getting to Toxic Free - Cosmetics & Personal Care Products v2zq
Getting to Toxic Free - Cosmetics & Personal Care Products - Resources for Healthy Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - For more information, Please see Organic Edible Schoolyards & Gardening with Children www.scribd.com/doc/254613963 - Gardening with Volcanic Rock Dust www.scribd.com/doc/254613846 - Double Food Production from your School Garden with Organic Tech www.scribd.com/doc/254613765 - Free School Gardening Art Posters www.scribd.com/doc/254613694 - Increase Food Production with Companion Planting in your School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 - Healthy Foods Dramatically Improves Student Academic Success www.scribd.com/doc/254613619 - City Chickens for your Organic School Garden www.scribd.com/doc/254613553 - Huerto Ecológico, Tecnologías Sostenibles, Agricultura Organica www.scribd.com/doc/254613494 - Simple Square Foot Gardening for Schools - Teacher Guide www.scribd.com/doc/254613410 - Free Organic Gardening Publications www.scribd.com/doc/254609890 ~
In recent years, nanoparticles that have size of 1-100 nm is widely used for textile, pharmacy,
cosmetic and treatment of industrial wastewater. Producing and using of nanoparticles widely, causes
important accumulation in nature and toxicity on ecosystem. Knowledge of potential toxicity of nanoparticles is
limited. In this study, six different nanoparticles nano-zinc oxide, nano-silicon dioxide, nano-cerium oxide,
nano-aluminum oxide, nano-hafnium oxide, and nano-tantalum oxide which used commonly, were studied to
investigate toxic impacts on organisms. We studied nine different acute toxicity test (bacteria – Escherichia coli
(gram negative bacteria) ; bacteria – Bacillus cereus (gram positive bacteria) ; bacteria – Vibrio fischeri
(bioluminescences bacteria) ; methane Archae Bacteria ; yeast – Candida albicans ; mold – Aspergillus niger ;
algae – Chlorella sp. ; Crustacea – Daphnia magna ; lepistes - Poecillia reticula) for the effect of
nanoparticles to different trophic levels. In general, the most toxic nanoparticle is nano-zinc oxide and the least
toxic nanoparticle is nano-hafnium oxide. Among the used organisms in acute toxicity test; the most sensitive
organism is algae - Chlorella sp ;the most resistant organism is fish- Poecillia reticula.
Application of Nanoparticles in Remediation of Crude Oil Contaminated Soil GIFT KIISI NKIN
Environmental remediation depends chiefly on using different technologies (e.g., adsorption, absorption, chemical reactions, photocatalysis, and filtration) for the removal of contaminants from different environmental media (e.g., soil, water, and air). The enhanced characteristics and effectiveness of nanotechnology-based materials classified them particularly suitable for such processes given that they have a high surface area-to-volume ratio, which always results in higher reactivity. This presentation provides a review of three main types of nanomaterials (inorganic, carbon-based, and polymeric-based materials) used for environmental remediation. The application of these nanomaterials for the remediation of different environmental contaminants—such as heavy metals, dyes, chlorinated organic compounds, organophosphorus compounds, volatile organic compounds, and halogenated herbicides found in the soil is presented. Various curent examples are broadly highlighted and focusing on the materials and their applications in crude oil polluted soil remediation.
The objectives of this topic are to understand, acquire, and demonstrate the concept of nanomineral synthesis, their absorption in the body, and effect on livestock productivity.
Nanotechnology is one of the most rapidly advancing sciences and possess potential to revolutionize many disciplines of science, technology, medicine and agriculture. Conversion of macromaterials in to nano size particles (1-100 nm) gives birth to new characteristics and the material behaves differently. Nanoparticles can be produced by different methods, chemical and biological, the former is commercially used. Nanomaterials can be potentially used in the crop protection, especially in the plant disease management. Nanoparticles may act upon pathogens in a way similar to chemical pesticides or the nanomaterials can be used as carrier of active ingredients of pesticides, host defence inducing chemicals, etc. to the target pathogens. Because of ultra-small size, nanoparticles may hit/target virus particles and may open a new field of virus control in plants.
The major challenge in municipal solid waste management using landfills is
leachate, which causes a significant threat to subsurface resources. Leachate is the
liquid that passes through soil and has extracted dissolved and suspended solids from
it. Municipal solid waste landfills are one of the severe environmental impacts on the
urban environment. Landfills are one of the practices of disposal of municipal solid
waste in the Indian scenario. Understanding the leachate composition is an equally
important and critical factor in terms of environmental production. When the
municipal solid waste is buried in a landfill, physical, chemical and biological
reactions occur, and the refuse reacts with the moisture present in the soil. Studying
leachate characteristics and its treatment is essential as it could threaten the
ecosystem. Rapid urbanization is one of the major contributions to the generation of
municipal solid waste. The present study reviews the different applications available
to treat the leachate generated from municipal solid waste landfills. Nano-particles
are recently gaining great interest in the protection of the environment, which will
ensure sustainable development.
Soil Nutrient Availability and Enzyme Activities under Wheat-Green gram Crop ...Pravash Chandra Moharana
The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of rock phosphate (RP) enriched rice straw compost, FYM
and inorganic fertilizers on changes in nutrient availability and enzyme activities in soil during different
physiological growth stages under a wheat-green gram crop rotation in an Inceptisol. The matured RP
enriched compost contained higher bioavailable P as well as total P content compared to farmyard manure.
Data revealed that application of inorganic fertilizers and RP enriched compost or FYM either alone or in
combination resulted in significant build-up in soil organic carbon, mineral N, Olsen-P and NH4OAc-K as
well as enzyme activities compared to unfertilized control plots during different physiological growth stages
of wheat and green gram. Plot receiving 50% NPK+RP enriched compost resulted in 100.8, 95.2 and 100.0
per cent greater build-up in Olsen-P over unfertilized control in crown root initiation (CRI), flowering and
maturity stage of wheat, respectively. Irrespective of treatments, build-up of mineral N, Olsen-P and NH4OAc-
K decreased in all the growth stages of green gram as compared to values obtained in wheat. The
dehydrogenase and phosphatase activities (alkaline and acid) were higher in flowering stage than maturity
and CRI stages of wheat. While, higher enzyme activities were obtained during pod formation in green
gram. The results demonstrated that enriched compost could be prepared using low-grade RP with rice straw
and used as an alternate nutrient source for improving crop yields, maintaining soil nutrient availability and
enzyme activities.
The world is running short of time and option at social and economic front in view of high risks related with global warming and climate change, which is a result of the “enhanced greenhouse effect” mainly due to human induced release of greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere (IPCC, 2007). The GHGs inventories are going on all over the world and every possible method to control them are being recognized and evaluated. Carbon footprint is a measure of the exclusive total amount of carbon dioxide emissions that is directly and indirectly caused by an activity or is accumulated over the life stages of a product (Pandey et al., 2011). The crop production contributes significantly to global carbon emissions at different stage of crop through the production and use of farm machinery, crop protection chemicals such as herbicides, insecticides and fungicides, and fertilizer (Hillier et al., 2012). Pathak et al.(2010) calculated the carbon footprint of 24 Indian food items and reported that in the production of these food item 87% emission came from food production followed by preparation (10%), processing (2%) and transportation (1%). Maheswarappa et al. (2011) reported that the C-sustainability index (increase in C output as % of C-based input) of Indian agriculture has decreased with time (from 7 in 1960-61 to 3 in 2008-9). Agricultural uses, including both food production and consumption, contribute the most reactive nitrogen (Nr) to the global environment. Once lost to the environment, the nitrogen moves through the Earth’s atmosphere, forests, grasslands and waters causing a cascade of environmental changes that negatively impact both people and ecosystems. Leach et al. (2012) developed a tool called N-Calculator, a nitrogen footprint model that provides information on how to reduce Nr to the environment. Therefore, Quantification of GHGs from each stage of lifecycle of a product gives complete picture of its impact on global warming and provides necessary information to develop low C technology and mitigation option not only for industrial product but also for agricultural produce. The C and N footprint for a given field will allow growers, advisors and policy makers to make informed decisions about management to optimize crop production, biodiversity and carbon footprint.
Nutrient recycling through agricultural and industrial wastes:potential and l...Pravash Chandra Moharana
Due to intensive agriculture, the soil resource is under increasing stress as there is a big gap between annual output of nutrients from soil due to crop removals and the nutrient inputs from external resources. So, filling this gap we go for nutrient recycling of non conventional resources i.e. agricultural and industrial wastes. On basis crop production, India generate about 312.5 Mt of crop residues, such as straw of cereals, oilseeds etc can supply about 1.13, 1.41 and 3.54 Mt of NPK. It has been estimated that all animal excreta can potentially supply 17.77 Mt of plant nutrients and 150 Mt of municipal wastes generated annually in India that have nutrient potential of about 1.72 Mt of NPK. At present India produces about 8.0 Mt of poultry manure which is sufficient to fertilizer about 3.56 Mha of land annually. These wastes are composted along with addition low grade rock phosphate and waste mica improve the quality of compost. A huge amount of effluents generated from tanning, textile, distillery and paper mill industries which contain several major primary and secondary plant nutrients (N, P, K, S, Mg, Ca, etc.) as well as micronutrients and heavy metals. Application of pressmud cake, FYM and poultry litter increase soil available nutrients and long term irrigation with paper mill effluent causes soil salinity and heavy metal accumulation. Industrial byproducts like phosphogypsum, basic slag etc used as soil ameliorant.
Professional air quality monitoring systems provide immediate, on-site data for analysis, compliance, and decision-making.
Monitor common gases, weather parameters, particulates.
Multi-source connectivity as the driver of solar wind variability in the heli...Sérgio Sacani
The ambient solar wind that flls the heliosphere originates from multiple
sources in the solar corona and is highly structured. It is often described
as high-speed, relatively homogeneous, plasma streams from coronal
holes and slow-speed, highly variable, streams whose source regions are
under debate. A key goal of ESA/NASA’s Solar Orbiter mission is to identify
solar wind sources and understand what drives the complexity seen in the
heliosphere. By combining magnetic feld modelling and spectroscopic
techniques with high-resolution observations and measurements, we show
that the solar wind variability detected in situ by Solar Orbiter in March
2022 is driven by spatio-temporal changes in the magnetic connectivity to
multiple sources in the solar atmosphere. The magnetic feld footpoints
connected to the spacecraft moved from the boundaries of a coronal hole
to one active region (12961) and then across to another region (12957). This
is refected in the in situ measurements, which show the transition from fast
to highly Alfvénic then to slow solar wind that is disrupted by the arrival of
a coronal mass ejection. Our results describe solar wind variability at 0.5 au
but are applicable to near-Earth observatories.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Nutraceutical market, scope and growth: Herbal drug technologyLokesh Patil
As consumer awareness of health and wellness rises, the nutraceutical market—which includes goods like functional meals, drinks, and dietary supplements that provide health advantages beyond basic nutrition—is growing significantly. As healthcare expenses rise, the population ages, and people want natural and preventative health solutions more and more, this industry is increasing quickly. Further driving market expansion are product formulation innovations and the use of cutting-edge technology for customized nutrition. With its worldwide reach, the nutraceutical industry is expected to keep growing and provide significant chances for research and investment in a number of categories, including vitamins, minerals, probiotics, and herbal supplements.
Nanoparticles, pharmaceutical and personal care products in sewage sludge
1. Nanoparticles, pharmaceutical and personal care
products in sewage sludge
Pravash Chandra Moharana
Roll No. 9905
Division of Soil Science & Agricultural Chemistry
Indian Agricultural Research Institute
New Delhi-110 012
2. Presentation Outline
Introduction
Nanoparticles in sewage sludge
Pharmaceutical and personal care products (PPCPs) in
sewage sludge
Remediations
Conclusions
Future steps
5. Environmental release pathways of nanoparticles to sewage
sludge
Nanoparticles are about 1 to 100 nm in size
Increased application of nanotechnology in the
past decade has raised concerns about both
human health and safety and environmental
impacts resulting from exposure to engineered
nanoparticles (ENPs).
ENPs products through normal use enter into
the wastewater streams. A significant portion
of ENPs in wastewater are expected to be
present in sewage sludge. Depending on local
practices sewage sludge are disposed in
landfills, incinerated, or applied to agricultural
lands as biosolids.
6. Research on Nanoparticles in Wastewater sludge and
Biosolids
Number of publications in different
disciplines of nanoparticles, until
December 2008.
(Number of publications for the
possibility of nanoparticle
contamination in wastewater
sludge are really minimal)
Survey done by Science direct (2008)
7. Release of nanomaterials from different products into waste
water treatment plants (WWTPs)
Product type Amount (g/pc/d)
Antiperspirant 0.35
Body lotion 1.2
Body wash 0.32
Cleaners 0.3
Deodorants 0.08
Face cream 1.64
Hair styling products 0.10
Paint 0.09-0.36 (ml/pc/yr)
Laundry detergents 10.1-20.5
Oral hygiene products 0.7
Perfume 0.05
Shampoo 1.83-6.30
Shaving foam 0.07
Soap 2.5
Nano-silver in Bandages & socks
Fullerene in “revitalizing” night creams
Nano-Aluminum in cosmetics
Brar et al., 2010 (Waste Management )
8. Nanoparticles found in wastewater and sewage sludge
Source Type of nanoparticle Application /uses
Metals and
alkaline
earth metals
Ag Antimicrobials, paints, coatings, medical use,
food packaging
Fe Water treatment
Sn Paints
Se, Ca, Mg Nutraceuticals, health supplements
Metal oxides TiO2, ZnO, SiO2, Al2O3 Cosmetics, paints, coatings
Carbon materials Carbon black Substrate bound, but released with tyre wear
Carbon nanotubes Used in a variety of composite materials
Fullerenes (C60-C80) Medical and cosmetics use
Miscellaneous Nanoclay Plastic packaging
Ceramic Coatings
Organic nanoparticles Vitamins, medicines, carriers for medicines and
cosmetics, food additives and ingredients
Brar et al., 2010 (Waste Management )
10. Toxicity of Nanoparticle found in wastewater and sewage-sludge
Type of
nanoparticles
Test organisms Effects References
TiO2, SiO2 and
ZnO
Gram-positive
Bacillus subtilis and
Gram negative
Escherichia coli
Antibacterial
activity increasing
with particle
concentration
US EPA (2005);
Adams et al.
(2006)
Multi-walled
carbon
nanotube,
aluminum,
alumina, zinc,
and zinc
oxide
Seed germination
and root growth of
plant species (radish,
rape, ryegrass,
lettuce, corn, and
cucumber)
Inhibition on root
and plants.
Suspensions of
2000 mg L-1 nano-
Zn or nano-ZnO
practically
terminated root
elongation of the
tested plant
species
Lin and Xing (2007)
C60 fullerene Salmonella
thyphimurium
Antimutagenic Babynin et al.
(2002)
11. Type of
nanoparticles
Test organisms Effects References
A mixture of
nanoscale SiO2
and TiO2
Soybean
(Glycine max)
Increases nitrate
reductase, enhances its
abilities of absorbing
and utilizing water and
fertilizer, stimulate its
antioxidant system,
and apparently hasten
its germination and
growth
Lu et al. (2002)
C60-nano-particles
(Buckminster
fullerenes)
Algae
(Pseudokirchneriella
subcapitata) and
crustaceans
(Daphnia magna)
On interaction with
other organic
compounds,
the toxicity was
magnified
Baun et al. (2007)
Cont…
12. Evidence for Bioavailability of Nanoparticles from Soil to food
chain
Gold-nanomaterials can be absorbed by
earthworms and biodistributed to
tissues and trophic transfer when
assessing the ecological risks of
Nanomaterials (Unrine et al., 2010).
Gold nanoparticles built up in
tobacco leaf tissue, and tobacco
hornworms that ate the plants
accumulated concentrations of
the nanomaterials about 6 to 12
times higher than in the plant
(Judy et al., 2011).
Predatory microbes also built up
concentrated levels of cadmium
selenide nanoparticles after
eating smaller microbes that
ingested them (Werlin et al.,
2011).
13. Mechanisms of nanoparticle accumulation and degradation in sewage
sludge
Brar et al., 2010 (Waste Management )
14. Effects of nano-ZnO, bulk ZnO, and soluble Zn on nitrificaton of the activated
sludge
Nitrificaton Chemicals IC50
(mg-Zn L-1)
Ammonium
oxidation
Nano-ZnO 13
Bulk ZnO 7.5
Zn ion (II) 6.5
Nitrite
oxidation
Nano-ZnO 476
Bulk ZnO ND
Zn ion (II) 71
Liu et al., 2011 (Science of the Total Environment )
15. Effects of nano-ZnO, bulk ZnO, and soluble Zn on activated
sludge respiration
(a) Oxygen uptake rate (OUR) under different concentrations of nano-ZnO.
(b) Plots of the inhibition rate as a function of added nano-ZnO, bulk ZnO, and soluble
Zn concentration
Liu et al., 2011 (Science of the Total Environment )
16. Effect of ZnO nanoparticles on methane production during anaerobic digestion
of waste activated sludge (WAS)
Mu et al., 2011 (Water Research)
81.7%
24.9%
Scanning electron micrographs imaging of
sludge long-term exposed to 0 mg/g-TSS
(A), 1 mg/g-TSS (B), 30 mg/g-TSS (C), and
150 mg/g-TSS (D) of ZnO NPs during WAS
anaerobic digestion
90.6%
36.2%
17. Effects of ZnO NPs on the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production and
biomass viability during anaerobic digestion of WAS.
ROS, including superoxide, H2O2,
and hydroxyl radical are
produced in the presence of
oxygen (Murphy, 2009).
However, it has been reported
that H2O2 can also be produced
under anaerobic conditions
(Degli-Esposti and McLennan,
1998).
The increase of ROS in the
sludge exposed to higher
dosages of ZnO NPs was a likely
reason for their adverse effect
on sludge anaerobic digestion.
Mu et al., 2011 (Water Research)
18. Phytotoxicity of the sewage sludges containing multiwalled carbon
nanotubes (MWCNTs)
Effect of CNT aging in sewage sludges
on root growth of Cucumis sativus
Lepidium sativum root growth inhibition in
soil amended by sewage sludge containing
MWCNTs
Oleszczuk et al., 2011 (Journal of Hazardous Materials)
Root growth inhibition (%)
20. Removal processes of nano-particles in WWTPs
(1) Collection system: use of products
such as, cosmetics, fragrances,
pharmaceuticals etc. which comprise
nanoparticles;
(2) Bar screen
(3) Grit removal
(4) Primary sedimentation system
(5) Secondary treatment systems
(6) Secondary sedimentation
(7) Sludge thickener: concentration of nanoparticles; digester: via microbial
interactions; organic matter interactions; sludge dewatering; landfills (adsorption,
leaching leading to groundwater and sub-surface water contamination)
(8) Disinfection process
(9) Release into the receiving waters
(10) Advanced tertiary treatment
Brar et al., 2010 (Waste Management )
21. Removal of contaminant from sewage sludge using nano-particles
1) NPs that degrade contaminants in situ
(e.g., photocatalysis of organic matter using TiO2 NPs).
Fe3O4 NPs :Sludge =1:1
Sa´nchez et al., 2011 (Trends in Analytical Chemistry)
2) NPs that adsorb contaminants
(e.g., CaCO3 adsorbs Ni, and Fe3O4 adsorbs As and Cr).
Adsorbed metals lose their toxicity. Moreover, NPs can be
separated from media using magnetic or gravitational
fields.
3) NPs conjugated to molecules that adsorb contaminants
(e.g., NPs conjugated to cyclodextrins that adsorb persistent organic pollutants).
22. Application of nanoparticles in decontamination of wastewater and sludge
Pollutant Nanoparticle Mechanism Reference
Acetone, benzene,
In(OH)Photocatalytic
3 and toluene
degradation (UV)
Yan et al. (2010)
Trichloroethylene Bimetallic particles of
nickel on iron,
supported on
functionalized carbon
nanotubes
Catalytic
breaking of C–Cl
bond
Jasper et al. (2010)
Anthracene-9-
carbonxylic acid
CdSe Photocatalytic
degradation
(green
monochromatic
light)
Yang et al. (2010)
Cr(VI) Zero-valence iron Reduction Xu et al. (2007)
Pb(II) Titanium phosphate Adsorption Jia et al. (2009)
Hg(II) FeS Adsorption Xiong et al. (2009)
23. Removal of engineered nanoparticles
(ENPs) from sewage sludge ???
ENPs is itself toxic to the ecosystem
There is too many unanswered questions regarding the
fate and impact of ENPs to environment
25. What is pharmaceuticals and personal
care products (PPCPs) ???
“Any product used by individuals for personal health or cosmetic reasons or used
by agribusiness to enhance growth or health of livestock.” (U.S. EPA)
PPCPs are a diverse group of chemicals comprising all human and
veterinary drugs (available by prescription or over-the-counter; including
the new genre of “biologics”), diagnostic agents (e.g., X-ray contrast
media), “nutraceuticals” (bioactive food supplements such as huperzine
A), and other consumer chemicals, such as fragrances (e.g., musks) and
sun-screen agents (e.g., methylbenzylidene camphor); also included are
“excipients” (so-called “inert” ingredients used in PPCP manufacturing
and formulation).
Daughton and Ternes, 1999 (Environmental Health Perspectives )
26. Common Contaminants in waste water and sewage sludge
Chemical Group
EDC (Endocrine Disrupting Chemical)
PBT (Persistent, Bioaccumulative Toxic)
POP (Persistent Organic Pollutant)
OWC (Organic Wastewater Contaminant)
PPCP (Pharmaceuticals
and Personal Care
Product)
Priority Pollutant
ECC (Emerging Compound of Concern)
Xenobiotics
HPV (High Production Volume) chemical
POHO (Pollutant Of Human Origin)
PPCPs as “Emerging”
Risks?
There is no reason to believe
that PPCPs have not existed in the
environment for as long as they
have been used commercially
It has only become
more widely evident in the last
decade because continually
improving chemical analysis
methodologies have lowered
the limits of detection for a
wide array of xenobiotics in
environmental matrices
27. PPCPs Sources
Manufacturing process waste
Wastes from the distributor, pharmacy, hospital
and healthcare facility
Wastes from residential care facilities
Pharmaceuticals from the consumer
Excreted metabolites entering wastewater
28. Pathways of PPCP Source to sewage sludge
• Ingested then excreted
• Discharged during bathing
• Discharged during medication
disposal
• 50% of all unused prescriptions
• 80% of all unused antibiotics
31. PPCPs identified in environment
Compound Use/Origin Environmental occurrence
Acetaminophen Analgesic Removed efficiently by WWTS,
max. conc. in effluent 6μg l-1
Benzafibrate Lipid regulator Removal efficiency 83%, max. conc.
in effluent 4.6μgl-1
Chloroxylenol Antiseptic In influents and effluents <0.1μg l-1
Clofibric acid Metabolite of clofibrate Removal efficiency 51%,
Diatrizoate X-ray contrast media Resistant to biodegradation
Diclofenac-Na Analgesic Removal efficiency 69%, max. conc.
in effluent 2.1 μg l-1
Fluoxetine Antidepressant No studies
Fluvoxamine Antidepressant No studies
Gentisic acid Metabolite of
acetylsalicylic acid
Efficiently removed by WWTS
Meclofenamic acid Anti-inflammatory Not detected in WWTS
Daughton and Ternes, 1999 (Environmental Health Perspectives )
32. Fate of pharmaceutical compounds
Halling-Sorensen, 1998 repotred that chloramphenicol glucoronide and N-4-
acetylated sulphadimidine (phase II metabolites of the antibiotics chloramphenicol
and sulphadimidine, respectively), are reactivated in liquid manure
Penicillin antibiotics are eliminated rapidly and have short half-lives in the body,
usually 30-60 minutes, and very high concentrations are excreted in urine: it has
been determined that up to 40% of penicillin V is excreted unchanged (Christensen,
1998).
33. Risk of PPCPs
The antibiotics like fluoroquinolones ciprofloxacin and norfloxacin are
substantially eliminated in wastewater treatment (80–90%) by sorption
transfer to sewage sludge and in sludge treated soil (Giger et al., 2003).
Triclosan acts as an antibacterial, having particular enzymatic targets
(lipid synthesis). Bacteria could develop resistance to triclosan. So, this
could lead to development of resistance and change in microbial
community structure (Mc Murry et al., 1998)
Musk xylene has proved carcinogenic in a rodent bioassay and is
significantly absorbed through human skin; from exposure to combined
sources, a person could absorb 240 μg/day (Bronaugh et al., 1998).
Critical role of production of "multixenobiotic resistance” which harm to
soil as well as aquatic environments (Daughton and Ternes, 1999)
34. Antibiotics problem in biological treatment processes of WWTPs
Antibiotic Excretion (%)
Unchanged Other Metabolites
Amoxicillin 80-90 10-20
Penicillin V 40 60
Penicillin G 50-70 30-50
Sulphamethoxasole 15
Trimethoprim 60
Erythromycin >60
Roxithromycin >60
Clarithromycin >60
Minocycline 60 40
Alcock et al., 1999
Antibiotics leave humans
unchanged by the body
metabolism and it has been
determined that up to 90% of
the parent compounds are
excreted unchanged. These
active products can be excreted
either as unchanged compounds
or as conjugates; 30-90% of
administered antibiotics are
excreted via urine as active
substances.
This introduces the problem at the WWTS of disruption of biological treatment
processes, as pharmaceutical compounds, particularly antibiotics, can potentially
affect bacteria.
35. Antusch, 1999
Musk Compounds in Sewage Sludge
Musk compounds use in cosmetic and detergent products
Persistent, bioaccumulative pollutants and sometimes highly toxic
Compound
(mg/kg)
N>
LOD
Sediment:
industrial area
Sediment:
residential area
Sewage sludge
Musk-xylene 6 <0.005-0.20 0.066-0.134 < 0.005
Musk-ketone 7 <0.01-1.78 0.15-0.36 <0.01-0.06
Celestolide 12 <0.01-0.28 0.19-0.52 0.12-0.29
Galoxolide 17 0.08-5.2 9.1-21.8 4.3-13.4
Tonalide 17 0.13 - 8.9 9.5 - 36.7 4.0 - 12.6
N = number of samples analysed
N>LOD number of samples over the limit of detection
36. 123
42
21
18 17
9
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
Media
Number of PCP Detected
No. of PPCP in Biosolids, Wastewater &
Treatment Related Media
Wastewater
Drinking water (tap)
Biosolids & Sludge
Agricultural Runoff
Raw drinking water
Animal waste
Daughton and Ternes, 1999 (Environmental Health Perspectives )
37. Amount of PPCPs in different units of Sewage treatment
plant
Ibuprofen (IBP), Naproxen (NPX), Diclofenac (DCF), Galaxolide (HHCB), Tonalide (AHTN)
Reif et al., 2010 (Journal of Environmental Monitoring )
38. Frequency of detection of pharmaceuticals in wastewater
influent (WWI), effluent (WWE) and sewage sludge
Jelic et al., 2011 (Water Research )
39. Partition of pharmaceuticals in sewage water and sludge during
wastewater treatment
Jelic et al., 2011 (Water Research )
40. PPCPs removal efficiencies during anaerobic
digestion of sludge
Higher removal
efficiencies of
PPCPs at lower
sludge retention
time (SRT)
Carballa et al., 2007 (Water Research )
41. Aerobic biodegradation of pharmaceuticals inoculated
with diluted waste activated sludge
Yu et al., 2006 (Agricultural Water Management )
42. Interaction between Diclofenac and Soil Humic Acids
UV-Vis curves of titration of 1 μM Na-diclofenac with HAs. (a) Normalized
absorbance values of diclofenac recorded at the two characteristic λmaxAbs
Margon et al., 2009 (Soil and Sediment Contamination )
43. Removal of pharmaceuticals from the Sewage sludge by fungus
Trametes versicolor
Rodríguez-Rodríguez et al., 2011 (Bioresource Technology )
44. Removal efficiency of carbamazepine by Typha spp.
Dordio et al., 2011 (Bioresource Technology )
45. Uptake of the pharmaceutical Fluoxetine Hydrochloride from growth
medium by cauliflower
Fluoxetine uptake to cauliflower tissue
cultures and amounts in residual media.
(A)Fluoxetine μg per gram of wet cauliflower
tissue;
(B)Fluoxetine μg per milligram of lipid of
tissue;
(C)% uptake of initial Fluoxetine added (9.8 μg)
and percentage residue in media.
Redshaw et al., 2008 (Phytochemistry )
46. Most visual effect of PPCP in environment
Decline of Vultures in Pakistan and India –
Possible Link with Diclofenac
At the 6th World Conference on Birds of
Prey and Owls (Budapest, Hungary, 18-23
May 2003), Prof. J. Lindsay Oaks
(Washington State University) presented
evidence that the die-offs may have
resulted from diclofenac poisoning.
47. Management of PPCPs
Public awareness
Unused PPCPs return to manufacturer for disposal
Incineration
Highly engineered sanitary landfill
Frequent monitoring in aquatic body
48. Conclusions
NPs and PPCPs enters wastewater streams and significant portion of NPs
in wastewater are expected to partition between sewage and sludge
which is ultimate fate to food chain.
Nanoparticles contaminated sewage sludge inhibited the seed
germination and root growth of radish, rape, lettuce and cucumber.
Application of higher doses of ZnO-NPs inhibited the production of
methane, respiration and also nitrification during anaerobic digestion of
waste activated sludge.
Many of PPCP compounds have the potential to bioaccumulate that why
there is concern about their presence in wastewater and sewage sludge.
Use of Trametes versicolor and Typha spp. as a potential agent for the
degradation of pharmaceuticals at environmentally relevant
concentrations in sewage sludge.
49. Future steps
Development of cohesive National or International
guidance for disposal/recycling of PPCPs
Development of integrated industry-consumer
stewardship programs for minimizing the introduction of
PPCPs to the environment (pollution prevention, source
control)
Safety limit of PPCPs in wastewater, sewage sludge and
soil
Study the ecotoxicity effect of PPCPs and NPs
contaminated sewage slugde in agroecosystem