This document compares the removal of anionic surfactant from greywater using natural and chemical adsorbents. Batch adsorption experiments were conducted using alum and lime as chemical adsorbents, and powdered karanj seed and tulsi leaves as natural adsorbents. The effects of adsorbent dose, pH, contact time, and adsorption isotherms were examined. Results showed that the natural adsorbents were more effective at removing anionic surfactant than the chemical adsorbents. Maximum adsorption capacities were higher for the natural adsorbents based on fitting isotherm data to Langmuir and Freundlich models. Overall, the study demonstrated that
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
The International Journal of Engineering & Science is aimed at providing a platform for researchers, engineers, scientists, or educators to publish their original research results, to exchange new ideas, to disseminate information in innovative designs, engineering experiences and technological skills. It is also the Journal's objective to promote engineering and technology education. All papers submitted to the Journal will be blind peer-reviewed. Only original articles will be published.
The papers for publication in The International Journal of Engineering& Science are selected through rigorous peer reviews to ensure originality, timeliness, relevance, and readability.
Phytoremediation potential of native plant species for gaseous pollution from...Innspub Net
In developing countries, brick kilns are not well regulated by government agencies. As a result most of the time they are installed near to the cities to reduce transport cost. They use coal, waste plastic, scrap tires, etc as fuel. Brick kiln produces number of toxic pollutant like CO2, SOx, NOx, HF, etc. They produce tons of gaseous pollution which effect near and far settled human population. Phytoremediation is considered the most suitable option for developing countries because of low cost, eco-friendliness and easily manageable. In current study, the purpose was to identify tolerant plant species near the brick kilns by measuring air pollution tolerance index (APTI). Species of trees including Mangifera indica, Morus alba, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus globulus, Dalbergia sissoo and Moringa oleifera were selected for sampling. Samples were collected during July and December at 100m, 300m, 500m and 700m distance around the brick kilns from two selected sampling sites. Moringa oleifera (APTI=17.60) was identified as tolerant and a sink of hydrogen fluoride (HF). Whereas, Eucalyptus globules (APTI=9.91) was found sensitive, so it can be used as bio-indicator of HF. This study recommends the plantation of Moringa oleifera around brick kiln for HF phytoremediation.
Evaluation of air pollution tolerant tree species for Kothagiri Municipal Town, the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu.
Senthilkumar P and Paulsamy S.
Journal of research in Biology (2011) 2: 148-152
Abstract:
Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) has been determined by pooling the at-tributes viz., total chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and moisture content of leaves and leaf extract pH for certain locally available tree species in and around Kothagiri Municipal Town, the Nilgiris. Of the 24 species analyzed 6 tree species such as Alnus nepalensis, Callistemon lanceolata, Eucalyptus ficifolia, Ficus elastica, Michelia champaca and Toona ciliate recorded higher APTI values. Hence, it is suggested that these tree spe-cies can be given priority for plantation programme in and around industrial com-plexes, road sides and also new urbanized areas in Kotagiri so as to reduce the effect of air pollution and makes the environment clean.
A presentation of emerging contaminants in biosolids, and how these contaminants might affect the use of biosolids recovered from sewage for use in agriculture
REMOVAL OF TOXIC CHEMICALS AND BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS FROM GROUNDWATER WELLS U...ijac123
Water pollution is one of the most important environmental problems in the world. In developing countries,
contaminated water has frequently caused water diseases. Today, water borne toxic chemicals (anions and
heavy metal ions) and biological pollutants pose a great threat to the safety of water supplies. Currently,
the quality of groundwater with respect to pollutants is of great concern. Modified Downflow Hanging
Sponge (DHS) reactor will be a good groundwater treatment technology in the near future, it is used for
excellent removal of heavy metals, anions, organic pollutants and harmful microbes, and also the reactor
has advantages like low cost, easy to apply and satisfaction level. In order to achieve these objectives,
treatment scheme has been investigated. It consists of mixing organic chelator with impure groundwater in
different concentrations followed by a downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor. In the presence of 0.5 g/L
of the chelator, the average removal of total NO3 and NO2 and (total dissolved solids) TDS are respectively
72%, 62% and 75%. The results show that, when Cd treated with chelator, the amount decreases from
0.0063 to 0.0 mgL-1 (100%) after 1 h, Cu decreases from 0.0023 to 0.0 mgL-1 (100%) after 1 h, Fe
decreases from 0.4 to 0.0 mgL-1 (100%) after 1 h, Mn decreases from 0.3 to 0.0 mgL-1 (100%) after 1 h and
Zn decreases from 0.012 to 0.0 mgL-1 (100%) after 1 h. Also, the results show removal of fecal coliform .
Decreased from 50 to 0 and the overall removal efficiency of fecal coliform is (100%).
Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface water and sediment usi...IOSR Journals
This research presents the development of a methodology for analysing volatile organic compounds in selected zones of Asa River, Kwara State. The liquid-liquid extraction procedure of two organic solvent (Hexane : Dichloromethane) (1:1 v/v) was employed to remove volatile organic compounds from river and sediment samples, for further identification and quantification showed very good recovery and repeatability. The mean recovery percentage range was between 96.7±1.5 - 104.0±1.0 for river samples while 97.3±2.2 - 104.0±1.0 for sediment samples at a fortification level of 0.01 μg/l. In addition, volatile organic compounds were determined by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.05 μg/l which was below the maximum level allowed by the European council directives for volatile organic compounds (0.5 μg/l).
Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water Using Water HyacinthIDES Editor
Water pollution has become one of the most serious
problems of today’s civilization. In the last few years
considerable amount of research has been done on the
potential of aquatic macrophytes for pollutant removal or even
as bio-indicators for heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. Water
hyacinth is one of the aquatic plant species successfully used
for wastewater treatment. It is very efficient in removing
pollutants like suspended solids, BOD, organic matter, heavy
metals and pathogens. This paper mainly focuses on the
treatment of waste water using the plant ‘water hyacinth’ and
has given emphasis to the removal of heavy metals by the
plant. Water hyacinth’ could grow in sewage; they absorb and
digest the pollutants in wastewater, thus converting sewage
effluents to relatively clean water. Thus, the plants hold
promise as a natural water purification system, which could
be established at a fraction of the cost of a conventional sewage
treatment facility. The study conducted in this regard revealed
how efficiently wastewater could be treated using the plant
‘Water hyacinth’.
Study and prediction of persistent organochlorine and organophosphorous pesti...iosrjce
The indiscriminate use of toxic pesticides had created an environment that without this poison the
plant life is unfruitful leading to the farmer’s life miserable. For several years, this phenomenon was continuing
and the ecosystem is protecting the environment and the life of human being from high risk of toxicity. But, how
long it will continue or weather a paradigm change in the agricultural field is required? With this objective a
field study was conducted in the cardamom plantations of Idukki district in South India to estimate and predict
the persistence of pesticide residue in the soil environment. It is observed that residues of endosulfan, DDT and
organophosphorous pesticides were present in soil samples at 31.6 %, 29 % and 21 % respectively. The present
study gives a prediction of the concentration of persistent pesticide residues in the soil if the present dose and
frequency of application is continued. The study also highlighted the adsorption capacity of soil in the study
area and low water solubility of pesticides used in cardamom plantations which is referred as partition
coefficient. The soil properties such as pH, organic content and microbial concentration which determine the
fate of degradation of pesticides and formation of its metabolites are also been discussed in this context. Based
on the observations and analysis, it is concluded that the formation of degradation products and bound residues
decrease at higher concentration of pesticide applications but the concentration of persistent pesticides
increases and the biodegradation reduced in such cases due to bound residues and reduced biological activity.
The predicted values on multiple applications where the concentrations in soil may build up and reach a
plateau, are 2.559,0.2559, 1.7324 and 0.659 mgKg-1
in the case of endosulfan, DDT, organophosphorous and
total pesticides respectively.
Microbial Decolorization of Leather Dye Effluentijtsrd
As we know 71% of Earths Surface is covered with water. Water is one of the most essential element for the persistence of life on this planet. Pure and contamination free water is the dire necessity of every living being present on Earth but today water pollution has posed great threat to the existence of life. The discharge of effluents from various industries into the water bodies are mainly responsible for water pollution specially effluents from leather industry are the most contaminating as along with the harmful chemicals they contain organic matter as well. The dyes disposed by the leather industry are the most harmful for the environment. The conventional physicochemical methods used for the treatment of leather dyes in the contaminated water i.e. coagulation, precipitation, oxidation etc have disadvantages and limitations. This study presents microbial decolorization of leather dye effluents from Shigella sp. isolated from effluent samples collected from leather industry. Different parameters such as temperature and pH were optimized for decolorization of Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet, EosinYellow, Safranine dyes by using bacterial isolates. Optimum temperature for decolorization was observed to be 300c, the optimum pH range for decolorization was found to be from pH6-pH8. All the samples were incubated at 30-°C 150 rpm. The decolorization was measured as decrease in absorbance maxima at 663 nm, 590 nm, 518nm, 530 nm for mehtylene blue, crystal violet, eosin yellow, safranine respectively. Dr. Jitender Kumar | Navleen Kaur Chopra"Microbial Decolorization of Leather Dye Effluent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2405.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/2405/microbial-decolorization-of-leather-dye-effluent/dr-jitender-kumar
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Phytoremediation potential of native plant species for gaseous pollution from...Innspub Net
In developing countries, brick kilns are not well regulated by government agencies. As a result most of the time they are installed near to the cities to reduce transport cost. They use coal, waste plastic, scrap tires, etc as fuel. Brick kiln produces number of toxic pollutant like CO2, SOx, NOx, HF, etc. They produce tons of gaseous pollution which effect near and far settled human population. Phytoremediation is considered the most suitable option for developing countries because of low cost, eco-friendliness and easily manageable. In current study, the purpose was to identify tolerant plant species near the brick kilns by measuring air pollution tolerance index (APTI). Species of trees including Mangifera indica, Morus alba, Acacia nilotica, Eucalyptus globulus, Dalbergia sissoo and Moringa oleifera were selected for sampling. Samples were collected during July and December at 100m, 300m, 500m and 700m distance around the brick kilns from two selected sampling sites. Moringa oleifera (APTI=17.60) was identified as tolerant and a sink of hydrogen fluoride (HF). Whereas, Eucalyptus globules (APTI=9.91) was found sensitive, so it can be used as bio-indicator of HF. This study recommends the plantation of Moringa oleifera around brick kiln for HF phytoremediation.
Evaluation of air pollution tolerant tree species for Kothagiri Municipal Town, the Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu.
Senthilkumar P and Paulsamy S.
Journal of research in Biology (2011) 2: 148-152
Abstract:
Air pollution tolerance index (APTI) has been determined by pooling the at-tributes viz., total chlorophyll, ascorbic acid and moisture content of leaves and leaf extract pH for certain locally available tree species in and around Kothagiri Municipal Town, the Nilgiris. Of the 24 species analyzed 6 tree species such as Alnus nepalensis, Callistemon lanceolata, Eucalyptus ficifolia, Ficus elastica, Michelia champaca and Toona ciliate recorded higher APTI values. Hence, it is suggested that these tree spe-cies can be given priority for plantation programme in and around industrial com-plexes, road sides and also new urbanized areas in Kotagiri so as to reduce the effect of air pollution and makes the environment clean.
A presentation of emerging contaminants in biosolids, and how these contaminants might affect the use of biosolids recovered from sewage for use in agriculture
REMOVAL OF TOXIC CHEMICALS AND BIOLOGICAL POLLUTANTS FROM GROUNDWATER WELLS U...ijac123
Water pollution is one of the most important environmental problems in the world. In developing countries,
contaminated water has frequently caused water diseases. Today, water borne toxic chemicals (anions and
heavy metal ions) and biological pollutants pose a great threat to the safety of water supplies. Currently,
the quality of groundwater with respect to pollutants is of great concern. Modified Downflow Hanging
Sponge (DHS) reactor will be a good groundwater treatment technology in the near future, it is used for
excellent removal of heavy metals, anions, organic pollutants and harmful microbes, and also the reactor
has advantages like low cost, easy to apply and satisfaction level. In order to achieve these objectives,
treatment scheme has been investigated. It consists of mixing organic chelator with impure groundwater in
different concentrations followed by a downflow hanging sponge (DHS) reactor. In the presence of 0.5 g/L
of the chelator, the average removal of total NO3 and NO2 and (total dissolved solids) TDS are respectively
72%, 62% and 75%. The results show that, when Cd treated with chelator, the amount decreases from
0.0063 to 0.0 mgL-1 (100%) after 1 h, Cu decreases from 0.0023 to 0.0 mgL-1 (100%) after 1 h, Fe
decreases from 0.4 to 0.0 mgL-1 (100%) after 1 h, Mn decreases from 0.3 to 0.0 mgL-1 (100%) after 1 h and
Zn decreases from 0.012 to 0.0 mgL-1 (100%) after 1 h. Also, the results show removal of fecal coliform .
Decreased from 50 to 0 and the overall removal efficiency of fecal coliform is (100%).
Determination of volatile organic compounds in surface water and sediment usi...IOSR Journals
This research presents the development of a methodology for analysing volatile organic compounds in selected zones of Asa River, Kwara State. The liquid-liquid extraction procedure of two organic solvent (Hexane : Dichloromethane) (1:1 v/v) was employed to remove volatile organic compounds from river and sediment samples, for further identification and quantification showed very good recovery and repeatability. The mean recovery percentage range was between 96.7±1.5 - 104.0±1.0 for river samples while 97.3±2.2 - 104.0±1.0 for sediment samples at a fortification level of 0.01 μg/l. In addition, volatile organic compounds were determined by Gas chromatography – mass spectrometry. The limit of quantification was 0.05 μg/l which was below the maximum level allowed by the European council directives for volatile organic compounds (0.5 μg/l).
Removal of Heavy Metals from Waste Water Using Water HyacinthIDES Editor
Water pollution has become one of the most serious
problems of today’s civilization. In the last few years
considerable amount of research has been done on the
potential of aquatic macrophytes for pollutant removal or even
as bio-indicators for heavy metals in aquatic ecosystems. Water
hyacinth is one of the aquatic plant species successfully used
for wastewater treatment. It is very efficient in removing
pollutants like suspended solids, BOD, organic matter, heavy
metals and pathogens. This paper mainly focuses on the
treatment of waste water using the plant ‘water hyacinth’ and
has given emphasis to the removal of heavy metals by the
plant. Water hyacinth’ could grow in sewage; they absorb and
digest the pollutants in wastewater, thus converting sewage
effluents to relatively clean water. Thus, the plants hold
promise as a natural water purification system, which could
be established at a fraction of the cost of a conventional sewage
treatment facility. The study conducted in this regard revealed
how efficiently wastewater could be treated using the plant
‘Water hyacinth’.
Study and prediction of persistent organochlorine and organophosphorous pesti...iosrjce
The indiscriminate use of toxic pesticides had created an environment that without this poison the
plant life is unfruitful leading to the farmer’s life miserable. For several years, this phenomenon was continuing
and the ecosystem is protecting the environment and the life of human being from high risk of toxicity. But, how
long it will continue or weather a paradigm change in the agricultural field is required? With this objective a
field study was conducted in the cardamom plantations of Idukki district in South India to estimate and predict
the persistence of pesticide residue in the soil environment. It is observed that residues of endosulfan, DDT and
organophosphorous pesticides were present in soil samples at 31.6 %, 29 % and 21 % respectively. The present
study gives a prediction of the concentration of persistent pesticide residues in the soil if the present dose and
frequency of application is continued. The study also highlighted the adsorption capacity of soil in the study
area and low water solubility of pesticides used in cardamom plantations which is referred as partition
coefficient. The soil properties such as pH, organic content and microbial concentration which determine the
fate of degradation of pesticides and formation of its metabolites are also been discussed in this context. Based
on the observations and analysis, it is concluded that the formation of degradation products and bound residues
decrease at higher concentration of pesticide applications but the concentration of persistent pesticides
increases and the biodegradation reduced in such cases due to bound residues and reduced biological activity.
The predicted values on multiple applications where the concentrations in soil may build up and reach a
plateau, are 2.559,0.2559, 1.7324 and 0.659 mgKg-1
in the case of endosulfan, DDT, organophosphorous and
total pesticides respectively.
Microbial Decolorization of Leather Dye Effluentijtsrd
As we know 71% of Earths Surface is covered with water. Water is one of the most essential element for the persistence of life on this planet. Pure and contamination free water is the dire necessity of every living being present on Earth but today water pollution has posed great threat to the existence of life. The discharge of effluents from various industries into the water bodies are mainly responsible for water pollution specially effluents from leather industry are the most contaminating as along with the harmful chemicals they contain organic matter as well. The dyes disposed by the leather industry are the most harmful for the environment. The conventional physicochemical methods used for the treatment of leather dyes in the contaminated water i.e. coagulation, precipitation, oxidation etc have disadvantages and limitations. This study presents microbial decolorization of leather dye effluents from Shigella sp. isolated from effluent samples collected from leather industry. Different parameters such as temperature and pH were optimized for decolorization of Methylene Blue, Crystal Violet, EosinYellow, Safranine dyes by using bacterial isolates. Optimum temperature for decolorization was observed to be 300c, the optimum pH range for decolorization was found to be from pH6-pH8. All the samples were incubated at 30-°C 150 rpm. The decolorization was measured as decrease in absorbance maxima at 663 nm, 590 nm, 518nm, 530 nm for mehtylene blue, crystal violet, eosin yellow, safranine respectively. Dr. Jitender Kumar | Navleen Kaur Chopra"Microbial Decolorization of Leather Dye Effluent" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-1 | Issue-5 , August 2017, URL: http://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd2405.pdf http://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/2405/microbial-decolorization-of-leather-dye-effluent/dr-jitender-kumar
International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA) is an open access online peer reviewed international journal that publishes research and review articles in the fields of Computer Science, Neural Networks, Electrical Engineering, Software Engineering, Information Technology, Mechanical Engineering, Chemical Engineering, Plastic Engineering, Food Technology, Textile Engineering, Nano Technology & science, Power Electronics, Electronics & Communication Engineering, Computational mathematics, Image processing, Civil Engineering, Structural Engineering, Environmental Engineering, VLSI Testing & Low Power VLSI Design etc.
Characterization of organic compounds from biosolids of Buenos Aires City, Silvana Torri
Como citar este trabajo
Torri S.I., C. Alberti. 2012. Characterization of organic compounds from biosolids of Buenos Aires City, Journal of Soil Science and Plant Nutrition, 12 (1), 143-152
Triclosan Persistence in Environment and Its Potential Toxic Effects on AlgaeAJASTJournal
Triclosan (TCS) is widely used as an antibacterial agent in various industrial products, such as textile goods, soap, shampoo, liquid toothpaste and cosmetics, and often detected in wastewater effluent. Triclosan is highly toxic to aquatic animals, and is particularly highly toxic to the algae, which was used as a test organism in this study. Algae represent the first nutritional base on the aquatic food chain due to their ability to synthesize organic molecules using sunlight and carbon dioxide. Thus, the cultivation of algae has been an integral part for the production of commercially important species on aquaculture. This has been the reason to make great efforts in order to understand effect of triclosan to natural periphyton communities (algae). However, there is a paucity of data on the toxicity of triclosan and its effects on aquatic organisms. In this study, the toxicity of triclosan to a microalga was examined. The present investigation showed that “chlorophyll a” pigment in control algae was 5.92 mg/L and it decreased, when algae was treated with different concentration of triclosan (10-50 ppm). The study revealed that, as the concentration of triclosan increased then algae growth declined. It was observed that conductivity also increased because of decreased “chlorophyll a” and decreased phytoplankton levels. This result indicates that triclosan exerts a marked influence on algae, which are important organisms being the first-step producers in the ecosystem; therefore, the possible destruction of the balance of the ecosystem is expected if triclosan is discharged into the environment at high levels. The bioaccumulation of TCS in human impregnation from foodstuff exposure (in particular fish) and likely risk for human population also.
Study on Physico- Chemical Parameters of Waste Water Effluents from Kombolcha...AI Publications
The physicochemical parameters of wastewater collected from five sampling sites were investigated. These parameters were analyzed by standard methods. The pH of the waste water varied from 4.7 to8.2, while the waste water conductivity ranges from 1205.3 to 7130.17 µScm−1. The maximum total dissolved solid was 8100mg/l.and the maximum biological oxygen demand was 2763.35 mg/l. The chemical oxygen demand of the selected samplesites varied widely (772.56–3105.13 mg/l), the nitrate content was found to be maximum insample W5 (166.00mg/l), and the sulfate content was found to be high in samples W1 andW5 (500and 4875mg/l). The chloride and sulphied contents were maximum atsamplesof W3 and W5 their concentrations were8543.45 and 10.7mg/lrespectively. Thephysicochemicalparameters studied in this work were varied between the samplesand almost all parameters studied were higher compared with the permissible limit prescribed by the United States Environmental Protection Agency and World Health Organization.
Environmental Pollution, Global Climate Change and Biodiversity Management approaches
current status of pollution levels (air, soil and water), strategies implied to curb the problem (particularly in India) and recent research carried in different parts of the world. Mitigation and adaption approach to climate change.
Turbidity is one of the major culprits which help microbes present in water and waste water to survive. Also
drastically impact the water treatment efficiency mainly the process of disinfection. Coagulants such as Alum, PAC (Poly Aluminium Chloride), FeCl3 etc, are majorly used for the turbidity removal in water. Among this Alum is the most widely used coagulant in water treatment, because of its proven performance and cost effectiveness. Although alum has a proven track record,
usage of same in drinking water system increases the concentration of Aluminium ion which does not falls under the WHO (World Health Organization) norms of drinking water standards. Hence this study would be an alternate approach for turbidity
reduction in water by using natural coagulants. Different studies in ancient Tamil Literature show Strychnos potatorum Linn or
Nirmali seed act as a best coagulating agent, which in turn helps in removal of turbidity in water. This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of Strychnos potatorum Linn seed extract in removal of turbidity from the selected water samples. An existing
water softener system of capacity 2 m3
/hr from a Residential Apartment named M/s.Ozone Pavillion was selected with an existing scheme of Alum dosing system, Pressure sand filter, Activated Carbon filter and Softener. In this scheme the Alum dosing was replaced with Strychnos potatorum Linn seed extract dosing and the softener filter was bypassed. Two different water samples
were selected (Bore Well Water and Surface Water) and jar test was performed with the Strychnos potatorum Linn extract to arrive the best suited dose for the turbidity reduction. Here the jar test performed with different concentration of Strychnos potatorum Linn extract starting from 20 mg/l to 60 mg/l and selected the concentration of 60 mg/l as the best suited dose for
turbidity reduction. The selected concentration was used for a pilot plant study in the existing water treatment plant designed by M/s. Green Enviro Polestar. The study showed the turbidity removal efficiency of 40% to 60% and highly emphasizes the usage of Strychnos potatorum Linn seed extract as a natural coagulant in water treatment systems.
In order to assessing whether algae can reduce the pollution concentration of the effluents by
absorbing the nutrients, it is found that effluents can effectively be treated by employing algal organisisms such
as Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium species and these organisms are frequently found in the polluted waters and
they were recorded as pollution tolerant forms. In the laboratory procedures out of the several media tested
Modified CHU No. 10 medium was found to be quite suitable for both the test organisms. It was found that up to
87% and 85% of phosphate uptake was achieved by Oscillatoria and Stigeoclonium respectively with 13% and
16% increase of D.O. in the effluents by the tenth day. In case of organic matter Oscillatoria removed 73% and
Stigeoclonium 70% up to tenth day
In recent years, nanoparticles that have size of 1-100 nm is widely used for textile, pharmacy,
cosmetic and treatment of industrial wastewater. Producing and using of nanoparticles widely, causes
important accumulation in nature and toxicity on ecosystem. Knowledge of potential toxicity of nanoparticles is
limited. In this study, six different nanoparticles nano-zinc oxide, nano-silicon dioxide, nano-cerium oxide,
nano-aluminum oxide, nano-hafnium oxide, and nano-tantalum oxide which used commonly, were studied to
investigate toxic impacts on organisms. We studied nine different acute toxicity test (bacteria – Escherichia coli
(gram negative bacteria) ; bacteria – Bacillus cereus (gram positive bacteria) ; bacteria – Vibrio fischeri
(bioluminescences bacteria) ; methane Archae Bacteria ; yeast – Candida albicans ; mold – Aspergillus niger ;
algae – Chlorella sp. ; Crustacea – Daphnia magna ; lepistes - Poecillia reticula) for the effect of
nanoparticles to different trophic levels. In general, the most toxic nanoparticle is nano-zinc oxide and the least
toxic nanoparticle is nano-hafnium oxide. Among the used organisms in acute toxicity test; the most sensitive
organism is algae - Chlorella sp ;the most resistant organism is fish- Poecillia reticula.
The Effluent Quality Discharged and Its Impacts on the Receiving Environment ...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
The study evaluates the performance of Kacyiru Sewage Treatment Plant and its effluent impacts on the receiving wetland. Influent and effluent wastewaters as well as receiving wetland water qualities were measured from April to September 2019, at Kacyiru estate. The average removal efficiency (%) of the parameters such as TN, TP, COD, BOD 5 were recorded as 46.57; 61.49; 50.51; 66.79 respectively. The parameters such as pH, TDS, temperature value, were recorded within the prescribed limit of Rwanda standards for domestic wastewater discharge. The other parameters such as NTU, TN, TP, TSS, BOD 5 and Fecal coliforms were not complying with National standards requirements for domestic wastewater discharge. The finding showed that the excess nutrient observed may present potential sources of pollution in wetland and decrease the oxygen levels which affect the water living organisms. The discharged effluents contain microbes which can negatively devastate the receiving environment, thus the effect of discharged wastewater on environment is significant.
DEVELOPMENT OF MATHEMATICAL MODEL TO PREDICT THE TRANSPORT OF E.COLI IN A NAT...IAEME Publication
Development of mathematical model to predict the rate of microbial depositions (E.coli) in a natural pond has been carried out. The models were developed to monitor the rate of concentration at different periods, with respect to the length of the pond at various sample station. Results of the theoretical values were compared with the experimental analysis. The analysis was thoroughly done to determine the physiochemical parameters of the pond. Microbial traces were found from the experimental analysis at different periods up to hundred days. The developed model compared favourably well with the experimental values. The values explain the rate of microbial growth and level of lag phase condition. The growth rate of the microbes were found to be higher because there is high deposition of substrate for growth and energy, while at some periods it degrades showing that the substrates have reduced in concentration including the inhibition from the pH. In some cases when the microbes developed lag phase condition it may be as a result of other environmental factors. Finally, the growth rates are between fifty and hundred days, showing that there is constant regeneration of the microbes including other environmental factors.
Similar to Removal of anionic surfactant from grey water and its comparison with chemical adsorbent (20)
Encryption in Microsoft 365 - ExpertsLive Netherlands 2024Albert Hoitingh
In this session I delve into the encryption technology used in Microsoft 365 and Microsoft Purview. Including the concepts of Customer Key and Double Key Encryption.
UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series, part 4DianaGray10
Welcome to UiPath Test Automation using UiPath Test Suite series part 4. In this session, we will cover Test Manager overview along with SAP heatmap.
The UiPath Test Manager overview with SAP heatmap webinar offers a concise yet comprehensive exploration of the role of a Test Manager within SAP environments, coupled with the utilization of heatmaps for effective testing strategies.
Participants will gain insights into the responsibilities, challenges, and best practices associated with test management in SAP projects. Additionally, the webinar delves into the significance of heatmaps as a visual aid for identifying testing priorities, areas of risk, and resource allocation within SAP landscapes. Through this session, attendees can expect to enhance their understanding of test management principles while learning practical approaches to optimize testing processes in SAP environments using heatmap visualization techniques
What will you get from this session?
1. Insights into SAP testing best practices
2. Heatmap utilization for testing
3. Optimization of testing processes
4. Demo
Topics covered:
Execution from the test manager
Orchestrator execution result
Defect reporting
SAP heatmap example with demo
Speaker:
Deepak Rai, Automation Practice Lead, Boundaryless Group and UiPath MVP
Epistemic Interaction - tuning interfaces to provide information for AI supportAlan Dix
Paper presented at SYNERGY workshop at AVI 2024, Genoa, Italy. 3rd June 2024
https://alandix.com/academic/papers/synergy2024-epistemic/
As machine learning integrates deeper into human-computer interactions, the concept of epistemic interaction emerges, aiming to refine these interactions to enhance system adaptability. This approach encourages minor, intentional adjustments in user behaviour to enrich the data available for system learning. This paper introduces epistemic interaction within the context of human-system communication, illustrating how deliberate interaction design can improve system understanding and adaptation. Through concrete examples, we demonstrate the potential of epistemic interaction to significantly advance human-computer interaction by leveraging intuitive human communication strategies to inform system design and functionality, offering a novel pathway for enriching user-system engagements.
JMeter webinar - integration with InfluxDB and GrafanaRTTS
Watch this recorded webinar about real-time monitoring of application performance. See how to integrate Apache JMeter, the open-source leader in performance testing, with InfluxDB, the open-source time-series database, and Grafana, the open-source analytics and visualization application.
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Length: 30 minutes
Session Overview
-------------------------------------------
During this webinar, we will cover the following topics while demonstrating the integrations of JMeter, InfluxDB and Grafana:
- What out-of-the-box solutions are available for real-time monitoring JMeter tests?
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Essentials of Automations: Optimizing FME Workflows with ParametersSafe Software
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Here’s what you’ll gain:
- Essentials of FME Parameters: Understand the pivotal role of parameters, including Reader/Writer, Transformer, User, and FME Flow categories. Discover how they are the key to unlocking automation and optimization within your workflows.
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After immersing yourself in the blue book and its red counterpart, attending DDD-focused conferences, and applying tactical patterns, you're left with a crucial question: How do I ensure my design is effective? Tactical patterns within Domain-Driven Design (DDD) serve as guiding principles for creating clear and manageable domain models. However, achieving success with these patterns requires additional guidance. Interestingly, we've observed that a set of constraints initially designed for training purposes remarkably aligns with effective pattern implementation, offering a more ‘mechanical’ approach. Let's explore together how Object Calisthenics can elevate the design of your tactical DDD patterns, offering concrete help for those venturing into DDD for the first time!
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The IoT and OT threat landscape report has been prepared by the Threat Research Team at Sectrio using data from Sectrio, cyber threat intelligence farming facilities spread across over 85 cities around the world. In addition, Sectrio also runs AI-based advanced threat and payload engagement facilities that serve as sinks to attract and engage sophisticated threat actors, and newer malware including new variants and latent threats that are at an earlier stage of development.
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When stars align: studies in data quality, knowledge graphs, and machine lear...
Removal of anionic surfactant from grey water and its comparison with chemical adsorbent
1. Journal of Energy Technologies and Policy
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ISSN 2224-3232 (Paper) ISSN 2225-0573 (Online)
Vol.3, No.11, 2013 – Special Issue for International Conference on Energy, Environment and Sustainable Economy (EESE 2013)
Natural Adsorbent: Removal of Anionic surfactant from grey
water and its comparison with chemical adsorbent
Chanda Verma1, Santosh K. Sar2* and J.Mathew1
2.
1. Department of Chemistry, Saint Thomas College, Bhilai, (C.G.) 490006
Department of Applied Chemistry, Centre for Environmental Science & Engineering, Bhilai Institute of
Technology, Durg (C.G.) 491002
* E-mail of the corresponding author: santoshsar@hotmail.com
Abstract
The study aims at comparing removal method of Anionic Surfactant from grey water using natural and chemical
adsorbent. The study focused on the comparison of various parameters of the method. The comparison was
effectively done by performing batch adsorption experiment in grey water. The chemical adsorbent selected was
alum and lime whereas the natural bioadsorbent was powder of karanj seed and tulsi leaves. The optimum
adsorbent dose, equilibrium time, pH condition and contact time was determined. In the Batch study a series of
10 mL samples of AS bearing waste water (100 μg mL-1) were shaken for 1h with adsorbents at varying doses.
Isotherm data at 270C were fitted to Freundlich model better than to Langmuir model. The R 2 value for CA-1,
CA-2, NA-1 and NA-2 was calculated and compared. The Qmax. for CA-1 & CA-2 ,BA-1 & BA-2 were found to
be 0.6, 0.9, 34.48 and 64.66 mg/g. Maximum adsorbent capacities (Q max.) was obtained by the natural adsorbent
than chemical adsorbent. The natural adsorbents showed very good correlation.
1.
Introduction :
Human kind has a large foot print on Earth. Overexploitation and misuse of resources has led to problems such
as water scarcity and polluted water bodies, with severe consequences for human health and welfare. Almost half
of the world's population faces water scarcity of some sort. Furthermore, over half of the world's hospital beds
are occupied with people suffering from illnesses linked with contaminated water and 1.8 million children die
every year from a water related disease. The World Health Organization reports that 9 % of the global disease
burden could be prevented by increasing the access to safe drinking water, improving sanitation and hygiene and
improving wastewater management (Pruss- Ustun et al.2008 ). Our lifestyle is largely dependent on the chemical
products that are mass produced. About 300 million tons of synthetic compounds are annually produced for
industrial processes or consumer products (Schwarzenbach et al.2006). As a result, trace xenobiotic organic
compounds (also known as organic micropollutants) are commonly present in the aquatic environment. Concerns
have been raised about the occurrence of pharmaceuticals, hormones and personal care products in the
environment (Daughton & Ternes 1999), (Heberer & Ternes, 2002). Although present in the range of ngL -1- μ
gL-these compounds are biologically active and may influence aquatic organisms (Heberer & Ternes 2002).
Recovery of resources from waste is a well established practice in the industrial sector. Process water is being
recycled, heat exchangers are used to recover energy from process streams and raw materials are recovered from
waste streams. Concepts of decentralized sanitation and reuse apply the same logic to household wastewater, no
longer seen as a waste stream but as a source of nutrients, energy and water. (Otterpohl 2002). In this way,
wastewater management can become more efficient and potentially more successful than conventional
wastewater management to increase access to safe drinking water and improve sanitation and hygiene.
In most developing countries, discharges from point sources have increased significantly as a result of
industrialization and high living standards. Additionally, an excessive nutrient load to rivers in these countries
has been accompanied by untreated wastewater discharges (Smith et al.1999. The Global Environmental
Monitoring System (GEMS) of the United Nations Environmental Program (UNEP) reported heavy pollution in
several rivers around the World (Bichi & Anyata 1999).. Synthetic surface active agents (synthetic surfactants)
or detergents are used in many industries and in everyday life. The main hazard of detergent pollution lays in
their effect on water ecosystems as a whole. In the first instance, surfactants may adversely affect microalgae at
the lowest tropic level and impact on their function as major suppliers of oxygen to water bodies (Patin 1985).
Surfactants are a group of compounds used daily in huge amounts mainly in household applications and as
industrial cleaning agents. According to the Council of European Surfactants Producers Statistics the total
quantity of surfactants (without soaps) consumed in Western Europe in 2002 was more than 2.5 million tons
(Gonzalez et al.2007). Nowadays, the role of surfactants and surfactant detergents a factor of surface and ground
water pollution is comparable to that of oil pollution of the world oceans. If the 10 million tons of surfactants
annually manufactured worldwide were spread in adsorption layers, they could cover the surface of our planet
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with nearly 15 monolayers ( Sineva et al.2007). An appealing alternative to these procedures for remediation of
anionic surfactants is the use of adsorption technologies. In fact, adsorption protocols of anionic surfactants from
water have been extensively studied and a wide range of adsorption materials have been tested. A number of
adsorption systems have been explored for the removal of surfactants in aqueous solution. Numerous
adsorbents, such as activated carbon, layered double hydroxides, silica, mineral oxides and natural biomass, have
been extensively investigated (Pavan et al.2002, Brown & Zhao 1993, Vanjara & Dixit 1996). Recently research
has focused on low cost and easily available materials such as waste activated carbon and rubber granules.
(Sandeep et al. 2003, Paritosh et al.2002). This study aims at comparing removal method of AS from grey water
using natural and chemical adsorbent .The study focused on the comparison of various parameters of the method.
The comparison was effectively done by performing batch adsorption experiment in grey water. The chemical
adsorbent selected was alum and lime whereas the natural bioadsorbent was powder of karanj seed and tulsi
leaves. The optimum adsorbent dose , equilibrium time, pH condition and contact time was determined .The
natural adsorbent was found to be more effective than the chemical adsorbent.
2.
Methodology
2.1 Materials & Reagents :
Acridine orange (ACO),SDS, glacial acetic acid, toluene were from BDH(AR grade) and were used as received.
Crystal violet (CV), orthophosphoric acid, Benzene was from MERCK
and were used without further
purification.
2.2 Adsorbents :
Alum(Al2(SO4)3.24H2O) and Lime Ca (OH)2was supplied by S.D Fine Chemicals and were used as received.
Karanj seed and Tulsi leaf was available from the college campus .
2.3 Method :
The determination analysis was done by spectrophotometric method. Systronics 105 with 1cm quartz cell was
used for spectrophotometric analysis. Standard Solution of Sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS) Sodium dodecyl
sulphate (sigma, purity > 99.0 %) was dried at 50 0C under reduced pressure until a constant mass was achieved
before weighing. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) of SDS is 8.1 x 10 -3 M (~ 2333 ppm) SDS working
solutions were prepared by appropriate dilution of the stock solution with doubly distilled water. However, the
concentration of a diluted stock solution decreases after allowing it to stand for one day. Therefore, the working
solution was prepared immediately prior to use by accurate dilution of the stock solution. The stock and working
solutions were kept in refrigerator to avoid probable biodegradation .Doubly distilled de-ionized water was used
throughout. Crystal violet (CV), the cationic dye (M.wt.407.9) was dissolve in doubly distilled water to give
5x10-3 M stock solution. The solution was stored under cold and dark condition. The stability of solution was
monitored by measuring absorption spectra in the visible region. Standard Solutions of SDS 10 mL aliquots
having varying concentration from 0.6 to 10 ppm (mgL-1) were taken in the separating funnel. In the Separating
funnel Crystal violet and orthophosphoric acid (100µL) each are added followed by the addition of 5mL
benzene. The contents are shaken for 1 min. and then allowed to settle for 5 min. The aqueous layer is discarded.
The benzene layer is collected and 2.5 mL of this solution is used. The coloured benzene layer is directly used
for the absorbance measurements at 565nm against the reagent blank and prepared the Calibration graph by
plotting absorbance versus concentration of SDS. The concentration of SDS in the sample was computed by
using the calibration graph prepared under similar condition.
2.4 Bio-Adsorbents :
The preparation process of the bio-adsorbents was carried out in the following way; The raw materials were
washed first with tap water and then with distill water to avoid the presence of any foreign materials. Moisture
contents of seeds were estimated as percentage water of fresh weight. Five replicates with five seeds each were
taken and their moisture content was determined by hot air oven method. Seeds were kept for 72 hours at 1030C
(ISTA 1996). The weights were taken before and after oven drying. The moisture content was calculated as
follows and expressed in percentage. The moisture content of seed was determined by the following formula:Seed fresh weight - Seed dry weight
% Moisture Content (% MC) = ------------------------------------------------- X 100
Seed fresh weight
Seed fresh weight - Seed dry weight
Water Content (g H2O g-1 DM) = ------------------------------------------------Seed dry weight
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Karanj seeds are oily seeds and the water content was recalculated for zero amount of lipid (Sacandé et
al. 2000) and expressed as follows as g H2O g-1 DM
Seed Fresh Weight - Seed Dry Weight
Water Content (g H2O g-1 DM) = -----------------------------------------------------(at Zero oil Content)
Seed Dry Weight - Seed Oil Content
Water content expressed as g H2O g-1 DM hereafter is actually water content calculated with zero oil
unless otherwise mentioned. When the seeds attain a constant weight they were reduced into powder by
a domestic mill. No pH modification was needed, as natural pH 7 was achieved.
Leaves of Ocimum Sanctum were dried in shadow for several days. Dried leaves were ground and
sieved to 50 mesh sizes. It was then washed with distill water. Washing was continued till the pH of fíltrate
became neutral. And filter cake was first dried at room temperature and then in an oven at 105°C to attain
constant weight. No other chemical and/or physical treatments were used prior to biosorption experiments. The
biomasses were then stored in the dessicator to protect it from moisture. The adsorbent applied are Lime (CA1), Alum (CA-2),Karanj seed (NA-1) and Tulsi leaf (NA-2). Further throughout the chapter for convenience the
Pongammia pinnata seeds and Ocimum sanctum leaves will be expressed as Natural adsorbate -1 (NA-1) and
Natural adsorbate -2 (NA-2).
3. Result and Discussion
3.1 Effect of adsorbent dosage :
In the Batch study a series of 10 mL samples of AS bearing waste water (100 μg mL -1) were shaken for 1h with
adsorbents at varying doses (1– 900g/L).In batch study it is very necessary to find optimum adsorbent dose of
the adsorbent and the result was shown in the figure – 1
Figure -1 Effect of adsorbent dose on AS removal by Chemical adsorbents (CA-1 & CA-2) and Bio adsorbents
(NA-1 & NA-2).
3.2 Effect of pH :
pH values were varied between 4 and 9, in order to determine its influence on surfactant removal. Experimental
data series is shown in Figure 2. A fixed dose of 5g/L of adsorbent with a surfactant dose of 10 ppm was taken.
The chemical adsorbents (CA-1 & CA-2) are found to be in the alkaline medium as there would have been
increase of anions (OH- & SO42- ) and the natural adsorbents (BA-1 & BA-2) are found to be in the acidic
medium as the proteinic nature of the natural adsorbents makes the medium cationic. The electrostatic attraction
between the natural adsorbent and negative – charge surfactant active centers is reinforced. The adsorption of
the AS was found to be efficient by the natural adsorbent shown in Figure -2
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Figure -2 pH influence on surfactant removal
3.3 Effect of Effect of contact time :
Waste water (10 mL) with fixed adsorbent dose and pH was shaken for 1h. In all cases, after shaking, the sample
were allowed to settle for 5 min. and then filtered through whatmann paper no.42. The results are depicted on
Figure -3
Figure -3 Effect of Contact time
3.4 Isotherm studies :
If it is assumed that the uptake of SDS by the adsorbent is the result of physical attraction or chemical coordination between the SDS and chemical moiety on the adsorbents then the maximum number of such sites
would be finite. When the adsorbent and adsorbate come in contact with each other, dynamic equilibrium is
established between the adsorbate concentration in both the phases. The state is dynamic in nature, as the amount
of adsorbate migrating onto the adsorbent would be counter balanced by the amount of adsorbate migrating back
into the solution. When all the sites available achieve equilibrium,the adsorptive capacity would be maximum
(Weber & Morris 1963). A plot of equilibrium concentration (Ce) and adsorptive capacity (Qe) was drawn for
each adsorbent. The adsorption isotherms for different adsorbents are shown in Figure 4 – 11. To estimate
maximum adsorption capacity (Qmax.) linearized forms of Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were prepared
based on the following equations,
(1)
(2)
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where Ce is the solute concentration at equilibrium in aqueous phase in mg/L, q e is the solute adsorbed per unit
weight of adsorbent in mg/g. Qmax. is the maximum solute adsorbed per unit weight of adsorbents in mg/g and b,
n. Kf are constants. Separate curves were drawn for all adsorbents by plotting 1/q e against 1/Ce to get the
corresponding Langmuir isotherms, and from the equations Qmax. was obtained.
Figure - 4 Langmuir Isotherm of CA-1
Figure - 5 Langmuir Isotherm of CA-2
Figure-6 Langmuir Isotherm of NA-1
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Figure-7 Langmuir Isotherm of NA-2
Figure-8 Freundlich Isotherm of CA-1
Figure -9 Freundlich Isotherm of CA-2
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Figure - 10
Freundlich Isotherm of NA-1
Figure - 11
Freundlich Isotherm of NA-2
The equations obtained for Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms for the chemical and natural
adsorbents are shown in table – 1
Table 1. Langmuir and Freundlich adsorption isotherms parameters for the chemical and natural adsorbents
Adsorbent
Equation for Langmuir model
Equation for Freundlich model
CA-1
1/qe = 2284.(1/Ce) + 1.532 (0.897)*
logqe=0.297 logCe – 1.9982(0.862)*
CA-2
1/qe = 2310.(1/Ce) + 1.106 (0.888)*
log qe = 0.779 logCe – 2.394(0.815)*
NA-1
1/qe = 2.316.(1/Ce) + 0.029 (0.928)*
logqe= 0.552 log Ce +0.017 (0.900)*
NA-2
1/qe = 0.290.(1/Ce) + 0.015(0.941)*
Log qe = 0.654 log Ce + 0.719(0.991)*
*R2 values of CA-1 and CA-2, NA-1 and NA-2
The Qmax. for CA-1 & CA-2, NA-1 & NA-2 were found to be 0.6,0.9,34.48 and 64.66 mg/g. Maximum
adsorbent capacities (Qmax.) was obtained by the natural adsorbent than chemical adsorbent. The natural
adsorbents showed very good correlation. The natural adsorbents are found to be a potential adsorbent for AS.
3.5 FTIR and SEM images :
Further characteristics of the natural adsorbents were analyzed using SEM (scanning electron microscopy) and
Infrared spectrum was analyzed. The images are shown in Figure 12-15. The presence of cavities in the SEM
images shows the binding sites of the adsorbent. In the FTIR spectrum the presence of peaks at 3348 and 1678
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cm-1 indicates the presence of –COOH and /or –OH groups which also contributes to some extent to the removal
of SDS.
Figure - 12
FT-IR figure of NA-1 (Karanj seed)
Figure - 13 FT-IR of NA-2 (Tulsi Leaf)
Based on the FTIR studies it can be concluded that the various functional group act as efficient sites for the
adsorption of the surfactant which takes place by the substitution of amine, nitro, hydroxyl and carboxylic
groups by the hydrophyllic end of the surfactant.
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SEM image of Karanj seeds (Figure-14 & 15) were taken in various magnification of 20 μm,50 μm,100 μm and
500μm. The images show cavities which explain the presence of active sites for adsorption present in the
Naturaladsorbent-1.
Figure-14 SEM (Scanned Electron Image) of NA-1 Karanj seed
SEM , Image of Tulsi leaf (Figure - 15) was taken in various specifications of 100 μm, 200 μm and 500 μm and
was found fine cavities in the Natural adsorbent -2 which explains the adsorption capability of Tulsi leaf.
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Figure-15 SEM (Scanned Electron Image) of NA-2 Tulsi leaf
4. Conclusion
Four adsorbents –Lime, Alum, Karanj seeds & Tulsi leafs were tried for AS removal. Lime and Alum shows a
poor performance. The chemical adsorbent amount is also huge in terms of removal of AS. The natural
adsorbents exhibited maximum removal efficiency ranged from 90 % to 94 % As pH increases, efficiency of the
process decreases, due surely to the cationic character of the Biomass protein and to the fact that at acidic pH
hydrophobic links are enhanced. Temperature does not affect significantly to surfactant removal process. The
Qmax.values were compared. Isotherm data at 270 C were fitted to Freundlich model better than to Langmuir
model. The R2 value for CA-1, CA-2, NA-1 and NA-2 was calculated and compared. In terms of co-relation
coefficient the natural adsorbents are found to be in good agreement. Among both the types of adsorbents the
natural adsorbents are found to be free of cost material. These adsorbent leaves scope to study more extensively
for their commercial applicability.
Acknowledgement
Authors are thankful to Mr.Sumit Agrawal and Mr.Brijesh Tripathi, scholar of DRDE, Gwalior for providing
FTIR & SEM images.
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