What is Eutrophication and it's cause, what impacts on environment as well as on human and how to control it. All details shown in this ppt plus one case study.
A bioindicator is any an "indicator species" or group of species whose function, population, or status reveal the qualitative status of the environment.
What is Eutrophication and it's cause, what impacts on environment as well as on human and how to control it. All details shown in this ppt plus one case study.
A bioindicator is any an "indicator species" or group of species whose function, population, or status reveal the qualitative status of the environment.
Eutrophication & the Process of EutrophicationPantho Sarker
Eutrophication is the ultimate consequence of bacterial decomposition of the green lives and further scarcity of oxygen and suffocation as well. In this presentation we have tried to show the its' process, types, consequences, impact on nature and human life and how can we control it.
Biomagnification, also known
as bioamplification or biological magnification, is
any concentration of a toxin, such as pesticides, in
the tissues of tolerant organisms at successively
higher levels in a food chain.
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
Eutrophication & the Process of EutrophicationPantho Sarker
Eutrophication is the ultimate consequence of bacterial decomposition of the green lives and further scarcity of oxygen and suffocation as well. In this presentation we have tried to show the its' process, types, consequences, impact on nature and human life and how can we control it.
Biomagnification, also known
as bioamplification or biological magnification, is
any concentration of a toxin, such as pesticides, in
the tissues of tolerant organisms at successively
higher levels in a food chain.
Marine ecology deals with the study of the environment and life in marine waters. It involves the study of marine organisms and their habitat. The details of marine ecosystems are given in this module.
•Introduction of bioremediation: Bioremediation refers to the process of using microorganisms to remove the environmental pollutants i.e. toxic wastes found in soil, water, air etc.
•In situ bioremediation:
It involves a direct approach for the microbial
degradation of xenobiotics at the sites of pollution
(soil, ground water).
•Types of in situ bioremediation:
Natural attenuation.
Engineered in situ bioremediation.
- Bioventing, biosparging, bioslurping,
phytoremediation.
•Ex situ bioremediation:
Waste or toxic pollutants can be collected from the polluted sites and bioremediation can be carried out at a designated place or site.
• Types of ex situ bioremediation
Land farming, windrow, biopiles, bioreactors.
•Microorganisms use in bioremediation:
A number of naturally occurring marine microbes
such as Pseudomonas sp. is capable of degrading oil and other hydrocarbons.
•Factors affecting bioremediation:
Nutrient availability, moisture content, pH, temperature, contaminant availability.
•References:
Satyanarayana U. Biotechnology. BOOKS AND ALLIED (P) Ltd.
Sharma P.D. Environmental Microbiology. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Gupta P.K. Biotechnology and Genomics. RASTOGI PUBLICATIONS.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Biotechnology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Dubey R.C. A Textbook of Microbiology. S Chand And Company Ltd.
Willey/Sherwood/Woolverton. Prescott’s Microbiology. McGRAW-HILL INTERNATIONAL EDITION.
www.sciencedirect.com/bioremediation.
Eutrophication is the process by which a body of water becomes overly enriched with minerals and nutrients, leading to excessive plant growth.
Causes :- The main causes of eutrophication include agricultural runoff, wastewater discharge, and industrial pollution, which introduce high levels of nutrients into water bodies.
Human Induced cause :- Decomposition of organic matter releases nutrients into the water.
Runoff from natural sources such as forests and wetlands contributes nutrients to water bodies.
Aquatic plants and algae release nutrients during their life cycle.
Natural Cause :-Decomposition of organic matter releases nutrients into the water.
Runoff from natural sources such as forests and wetlands contributes nutrients to water bodies.
Aquatic plants and algae release nutrients during their life cycle.
Examples :- Yamuna River : The Yamuna River, one of the major rivers in India, has faced severe eutrophication due to the discharge of untreated sewage and industrial effluents.
Dal Lake, Jammu & Kashmir : Dal Lake, a famous tourist destination, has experienced eutrophication due to a combination of factors, including agricultural runoff, untreated sewage, and deforestation in the catchment area. Algal blooms and weed infestation have been observed.
Hussain Sagar Lake, Hyderabad : Hussain Sagar, a large artificial lake, has faced eutrophication challenges from both industrial and domestic sources. The nutrient loading has contributed to the growth of algae and the deterioration of water quality.
Sabarmati River, Gujrat : Sabarmati River has encountered eutrophication issues due to pollution from industrial discharges and urban runoff. Efforts are underway to rejuvenate the river and address water quality concerns.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
4. INTRODUCTION
Eutrophication, in Greek sense is eutrophia, meaning
”nourish well”. Or more precisely hypertrophication, is
the enrichment of a water body with nutrients. This process
induces growth of plants and algae and due to the biomass
load, may result in oxygen depletion of the water body.
One example is the "bloom" or great increase
of phytoplankton in a water body as a response to
increased levels of nutrients. Eutrophication is generally
induced by the discharge of phosphate-
containing detergents, fertilizers, or sewage, into an aquatic
system.
5.
6. TYPES OF EUTROPHICATION
1. Natural eutrophication
Although eutrophication is commonly caused by human activities, it can also
be a natural process, particularly in lakes. Paleolimnologists now recognise
that climate change, geology, and other external influences are critical in
regulating the natural productivity of lakes. Some lakes also demonstrate the
reverse process (meiotrophication), becoming less nutrient rich with time. The
main difference between natural and anthropogenic eutrophication is that the
natural process is very slow, occurring on geological time scales.
2. Cultural eutrophication
Cultural Eutrophication is the process that speeds up natural eutrophication
because of human activities . Due to some of the reasons like urbanization
, land runoff is accelerated and more nutrients such
as phosphates and nitrate are supplied to lakes and rivers, and then to
coastal estuaries and bays. Extra nutrients are also supplied by treatment
plants, fertilizers, farms, as well as untreated sewage in many cities.
8. MECHANISMS OF EUTROPHICATION
• Eutrophication arises from the oversupply of nutrients, which leads
to overgrowth of plants and algae. After such organisms die, the
bacterial degradation of their biomass consumes the oxygen in the
water, thereby creating the state of hypoxia.
• The primary limiting factor for eutrophication is phosphate.
Phosphorus is a necessary nutrient for plants to live, and is the
limiting factor for plant growth in many freshwater ecosystems. The
availability of phosphorus generally promotes excessive plant
growth and decay, on the other hand nitrogen in the form of nitrates
also play a vital role in the eutrophication process. Phosphates and
nitrates adheres tightly to the soil, so it is mainly transported by
leaching and erosion. Once translocated to lakes, the extraction of
phosphate becomes tough , hence the difficulty of reversing the
effects of eutrophication.
• The sources of these excess phosphates are phosphates in detergents,
industrial/domestic run-offs, and fertilizers emerging as the
dominant contributors to eutrophication.
9. • Sodium triphosphate, once a component of many detergents, was
a major contributor to eutrophication
• Enhanced growth of aquatic vegetation and algal blooms
disrupts normal functioning of aquatic ecosystem causing
various problems.
• The water becomes cloudy with a green , red or yellow shade
indicating the algal blooms. These blooms block the penetration
of sunlight into the water body, apparently the dissolved oxygen
level in the water body also decreases. Lack of oxygen kills the
aquatic plants and animals.
• Death of these organisms and life forms increases the level of
organic and inorganic matter, which require large amount of
oxygen for decomposition.
• Now the depletion of oxygen level leads to the accumulation of
nutrients unable to be decomposed. Slowly the aquatic
ecosystem is converted from aerobic to anaerobic condition,
increasing the number of anaerobes which apparently gives a
pungent odour generally produced by methanogens and sulphur
bacteria . Now this water ecosystem can no longer support life
also causing hazardous effects to the environment. Eventually
the aquatic ecosystem turns into a bog and gradually converts
into a terrestial ecosystem.
10.
11. SOURCES OF EUTROPHICATION
• Point sources
Point sources are directly attributable to one influence. In point sources the nutrient
waste travels directly from source to water. Point sources are relatively easy to regulate.
• Nonpoint sources
Nonpoint source pollution is that which comes from diffused sources. Nonpoint sources
are difficult to regulate and usually vary spatially and temporally.
Point sources
• Wastewater effluent (municipal and
industrial)
• Runoff and leachate from waste disposal
systems
• Runoff and infiltration from animal
feedlots
• Runoff from mines, oil fields, unsewered
industrial sites
• Overflows of combined storm and sanitary
sewers
• Runoff from construction sites .
• Untreated sewage
Nonpoint sources
Runoff from agriculture/irrigation
Runoff from pasture and range
Urban runoff from unsewered areas
Septic tank leachate
Runoff from construction sites >20,000
m²
Runoff from abandoned mines
Atmospheric deposition over a water
surface
Other land activities generating contaminants
12.
13. EFFECTS OF EUTROPHICATION.
• Primary productivity increases and diversity of primary
producers varies.
• Growth of aquatic plants and algae reduces the light
penetration and also increases the turbidity . Death of
resident organisms takes place.
• DO level decreases and sedimentation rate increases.
• Species diversity is altered , inturn overall aquatic
ecosystem is effected.
• Accumulation of organic and inorganic nutrients.
• Conversion of aerobic environment to anaerobic inturn
altering the appearance , odour of the water body.
• Anaerobes produce toxins and usage of this water causes
health problems.
• Aquatic ecosystem is depleted.
14. SOME EXAMPLES OF EUTROPHIC LAKES.
• Udaisagar lake, situated around 13kms in the east of
Udaipur revealed high phosphate content due to discharge
of pollutants from surrounding phosphorite mines,
chemical factories , distillery and domestic effluents. This
lake shows a green shade of algal bloom witnessing
eutrophication.
15. • Dal is a lake in Srinagar , which is named the "Jewel in the crown
of Kashmir“. The lake is also an important source for commercial
operations in fishing and water plant harvesting. The lake covers
an area of 18 square kilometers (6.9 sq mi) and is part of a natural
wetland which covers 21.1 square kilometers.
Due to increasing urbanization , industrial discharge and use of
chemical fertilizers in and around the area has resulted in the
pollution of the lake causing eutrophication.
16. A view of chelur lake situated near Shimoga district, which is
densely covered by aquatic weeds and algal blooms. The
reason being the lake is surrounded by agricultural fields, the
application of fertilizers in there leach into the lake causing
hypertrophication.
17. CONTROL OF EUTROPHICATION.
Role of nitrogen and phosphorus is overwhelming in the
eutrophication process , which needs to be controlled and
affective measures need to be taken.
• Sources of nitrogen and phosphorus need to be checked
and prevented from entering the water body.
• Timely removal of sediments and overgrown aquatic
plants from the water bodies.
• Stimulation of algal food web.
• Industrial, municipal and domestic outflow need to be
treated prior to releasing. Use of fertilizers to be avoided.
• Physiochemical methods to be adopted for the removal of
excessive dissolved nutrients. Nitrogen testing to be done.
• Chemicals such as alum, lime , sodium aluminate can be
used to reduce the level of contamination.
However halting of eutrophication process is difficult, but
can be temporarily controlled to some extent.
18. SUMMARY
Eutrophication is most commonly associated with
the cultural pollution of water with excessive
nutrients. The effect of this is rapid increase in
biomass, causing both positive and negative
effects. Positive effects relate to use as source of
fish food, improves biodiversity, enhance
ecotourism. Negative effects include decrease in
aquatic diversity, human health impacts , ecological
impacts. Overall the eutrophication process need to
be controlled and affective measures to be
implemented in order to replenish the water bodies.
19. CONCLUSION
Human induced eutrophication has heavily degraded
freshwater systems worldwide by reducing water quality and
altering the structure and functioning of ecosystem. With the
demand of freshwater sources expected to increase
substantially, these anthropogenic influences have severe
environmental and economic repercussions. The first
obvious step towards protection and restoration of lake is to
divert or treat excessive phosphorus inputs via nutrient
lodging restrictions. Living organisms can be used as
monitors of trophic status of lakes. Nitrogen testing to be
done to avoid use of nitrogenous compounds.
Phytochemical tests can be achieved to remove excessive
nutrients. Effluents and runoff water into the lake need to be
treated .
It takes a very long time to overcome the problem of
eutrophication, but can be minimized to a substantial level
by incorporating some of the preventive measures.
20. REFERENCES
1. Maier, R. M., Pepper, I. L. and Gerba, C. P. 2009.
Environmental Microbiology ,2nd edn. Academic press,
Amsterdam, 598 pp.
2. Atlas, R. M. 1997.Principles of Microbiology,2nd edn.
McGraw Hill education , New Delhi, 1298 pp.
3. Atlas, R. M. and Bartha, R. 2009. Microbial ecology,
fundamentals and applications, 4th edn. Pearson
education, New Delhi. 704 pp.
4. Toratora,G.J., Funke,B.R. and Case,C.L. 2007.
Microbiology an introduction, 11th edn. Pearson
education, South Asia. 975 pp.