1) IMRT and IGRT techniques aim to improve outcomes for head and neck cancer patients by better targeting tumors and reducing toxicity to organs at risk.
2) Early phase trials show dose escalated IMRT is feasible and improves local control for larynx and hypopharynx cancers compared to conventional radiotherapy.
3) Ongoing randomized trials are investigating whether parotid gland-sparing IMRT reduces xerostomia compared to conventional radiotherapy for oropharynx cancers.
4) Novel applications of IMRT include its use for unknown primary cancers to potentially improve local control without high toxicity. Integration of imaging techniques with IMRT may further optimize treatment.
This document discusses clinical issues related to IMRT planning for head and neck cancer. It summarizes guidelines for delineating the gross tumor volume (GTV) using PET, CT, and MRI imaging as well as clinical examination. It also provides recommendations for outlining nodal GTVs and clinical target volumes (CTVs). Additionally, it addresses dose escalation strategies and techniques for sparing organs at risk like the larynx when treating the low neck region.
This document discusses intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) for head and neck cancers. It provides details on contouring targets and organs at risk for treatment planning. It summarizes evidence from trials on reducing xerostomia with IMRT. It also discusses the benefits of daily imaging with IGRT for accurate treatment delivery and potentially reducing planning target volume margins. Adaptive planning is mentioned as an area that continues to be explored to account for anatomical changes over the course of radiation treatment.
1) This study compared parotid sparing intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to conventional radiation therapy in patients with head and neck cancer.
2) It found significantly lower rates of grade 2 or worse xerostomia at 1 and 2 years for patients receiving IMRT compared to conventional radiation.
3) IMRT also resulted in improved saliva flow and quality of life scores compared to conventional radiation with comparable overall survival and progression-free survival between the two groups.
Brain metastasis is a common complication of systemic cancers. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an effective treatment modality for patients with a limited number of brain metastases and good performance status. SRS provides high local tumor control rates comparable to surgery but is non-invasive. While SRS alone risks new metastases developing elsewhere in the brain, combining SRS with whole brain radiation therapy improves local and distant brain control but increases risks of cognitive decline. Patient prognosis depends on factors like performance status, number and size of metastases, and control of the primary cancer.
1) Imaging modalities like CT, MRI, PET, and ultrasound with FNAC can detect occult metastases in the clinically node-negative neck in 50-60% of cases, according to literature, but their reported sensitivities are likely overestimated since histopathology is used as the gold standard.
2) Ultrasound with FNAC has the highest reported accuracy for detecting occult metastases in the N0 neck when performed by well-trained clinicians, with a sensitivity of 56% and specificity of 100% according to meta-analyses.
3) However, even the most accurate imaging may fail to detect at least 25-30% of occult metastases that are smaller than 5mm, suggesting imaging has fundamental limits in
This document discusses prostate motion and its impact on image-guided radiotherapy for prostate cancer. It finds that the rectum is a major source of interfractional prostate variation. Strategies like rectal emptying can help reduce shifts. Daily imaging allows for reduced planning target volume margins and decreased rectal toxicity despite dose escalation. However, optimal clinical target volume to planning target volume expansions remain unclear due to factors like extracapsular extension and residual errors. Different image guidance methods each have benefits and limitations for margin reduction and dose escalation in prostate cancer radiotherapy.
This document discusses image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) for gynecologic malignancies. It begins by defining IGRT and noting that its definition is not standardized. It then discusses various imaging modalities that can be used for IGRT, including CT, MRI, PET, and ultrasound. In particular, it explores how these advanced imaging techniques can help with target delineation and treatment delivery verification. It also examines different IGRT approaches like planar, volumetric, and adaptive IGRT. Adaptive IGRT holds promise for adjusting treatment plans based on tumor response over the course of therapy but faces technical challenges that require further study.
Chirurgia di preservazione dell'udito. lento progresso e nuove strategieMerqurio
This study evaluated hearing outcomes for 115 patients who underwent hearing preservation surgery for acoustic neuromas. The goal was to determine the tumor size and level of pre-operative hearing that resulted in high rates of preserved hearing. Two groups of patients were evaluated based on tumor size - those with tumors ≤ 10mm and those >10mm. Patients with tumors ≤ 10mm and good pre-operative hearing (≤20dB PTA, ≥80% SDS) had a 76% success rate of preserved hearing. Patients with smaller tumors but poorer pre-operative hearing had lower success rates. The authors concluded that hearing preservation surgery is most effective for acoustic neuromas ≤10mm with good pre-operative hearing and can be an optimal treatment
This document discusses clinical issues related to IMRT planning for head and neck cancer. It summarizes guidelines for delineating the gross tumor volume (GTV) using PET, CT, and MRI imaging as well as clinical examination. It also provides recommendations for outlining nodal GTVs and clinical target volumes (CTVs). Additionally, it addresses dose escalation strategies and techniques for sparing organs at risk like the larynx when treating the low neck region.
This document discusses intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) and image guided radiation therapy (IGRT) for head and neck cancers. It provides details on contouring targets and organs at risk for treatment planning. It summarizes evidence from trials on reducing xerostomia with IMRT. It also discusses the benefits of daily imaging with IGRT for accurate treatment delivery and potentially reducing planning target volume margins. Adaptive planning is mentioned as an area that continues to be explored to account for anatomical changes over the course of radiation treatment.
1) This study compared parotid sparing intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) to conventional radiation therapy in patients with head and neck cancer.
2) It found significantly lower rates of grade 2 or worse xerostomia at 1 and 2 years for patients receiving IMRT compared to conventional radiation.
3) IMRT also resulted in improved saliva flow and quality of life scores compared to conventional radiation with comparable overall survival and progression-free survival between the two groups.
Brain metastasis is a common complication of systemic cancers. Stereotactic radiosurgery (SRS) is an effective treatment modality for patients with a limited number of brain metastases and good performance status. SRS provides high local tumor control rates comparable to surgery but is non-invasive. While SRS alone risks new metastases developing elsewhere in the brain, combining SRS with whole brain radiation therapy improves local and distant brain control but increases risks of cognitive decline. Patient prognosis depends on factors like performance status, number and size of metastases, and control of the primary cancer.
1) Imaging modalities like CT, MRI, PET, and ultrasound with FNAC can detect occult metastases in the clinically node-negative neck in 50-60% of cases, according to literature, but their reported sensitivities are likely overestimated since histopathology is used as the gold standard.
2) Ultrasound with FNAC has the highest reported accuracy for detecting occult metastases in the N0 neck when performed by well-trained clinicians, with a sensitivity of 56% and specificity of 100% according to meta-analyses.
3) However, even the most accurate imaging may fail to detect at least 25-30% of occult metastases that are smaller than 5mm, suggesting imaging has fundamental limits in
This document discusses prostate motion and its impact on image-guided radiotherapy for prostate cancer. It finds that the rectum is a major source of interfractional prostate variation. Strategies like rectal emptying can help reduce shifts. Daily imaging allows for reduced planning target volume margins and decreased rectal toxicity despite dose escalation. However, optimal clinical target volume to planning target volume expansions remain unclear due to factors like extracapsular extension and residual errors. Different image guidance methods each have benefits and limitations for margin reduction and dose escalation in prostate cancer radiotherapy.
This document discusses image-guided radiotherapy (IGRT) for gynecologic malignancies. It begins by defining IGRT and noting that its definition is not standardized. It then discusses various imaging modalities that can be used for IGRT, including CT, MRI, PET, and ultrasound. In particular, it explores how these advanced imaging techniques can help with target delineation and treatment delivery verification. It also examines different IGRT approaches like planar, volumetric, and adaptive IGRT. Adaptive IGRT holds promise for adjusting treatment plans based on tumor response over the course of therapy but faces technical challenges that require further study.
Chirurgia di preservazione dell'udito. lento progresso e nuove strategieMerqurio
This study evaluated hearing outcomes for 115 patients who underwent hearing preservation surgery for acoustic neuromas. The goal was to determine the tumor size and level of pre-operative hearing that resulted in high rates of preserved hearing. Two groups of patients were evaluated based on tumor size - those with tumors ≤ 10mm and those >10mm. Patients with tumors ≤ 10mm and good pre-operative hearing (≤20dB PTA, ≥80% SDS) had a 76% success rate of preserved hearing. Patients with smaller tumors but poorer pre-operative hearing had lower success rates. The authors concluded that hearing preservation surgery is most effective for acoustic neuromas ≤10mm with good pre-operative hearing and can be an optimal treatment
PET and radiotherapy for head and neck cancer provides essential information for target volume selection and delineation. Functional imaging with FDG-PET is more sensitive and specific than CT or MRI for detecting metastatic lymph nodes. Integrating PET into the treatment planning process allows more accurate gross tumor volume definition compared to CT alone. Adaptive radiotherapy using serial PET imaging during treatment may enable biological target volume adaptation and improved dose distribution optimization. Future applications include exploring other PET tracers and integrating multi-modality image registration with dose adaptation.
This document discusses the use of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for treating cervix cancer. It notes that IMRT is rarely used currently but could help reduce dose to normal tissues and potentially replace brachytherapy. The document outlines the need for accurate target volume definition using imaging like MRI and CT. It also describes the inverse planning process for IMRT and challenges like organ motion. While IMRT may help spare organs at risk, issues like increased leakage, integral dose and treatment time must be considered.
This document discusses guidelines for diagnosing and treating ground glass opacities (GGO) in the lungs. It notes that GGOs are an under-recognized sign of early lung cancer in Asia. CT scans are better than chest x-rays at detecting small nodules and GGOs. The characteristics of GGO lesions on CT scans, such as size and density, can help determine cancer risk and appropriate treatment, which may include limited surgical resection for small, low-density GGOs. Overall treatment outcomes are excellent for resected pure GGO malignant nodules regardless of specific characteristics.
The document discusses craniospinal irradiation (CSI), which delivers radiation to the entire cranial-spinal axis to treat intracranial tumors. It was pioneered in the 1950s and is commonly used to treat tumors that may spread through the cerebrospinal fluid such as medulloblastoma. The document outlines the techniques, challenges, indications, and evolving approaches for CSI such as reduced dose protocols and hyperfractionated regimens. It discusses topics like patient positioning, target volumes, critical structures, field arrangements, and the use of newer technologies like virtual simulation.
The document discusses the historical perspectives and principles of limb salvage surgery for malignant bone sarcomas. It notes that before the 1970s, amputation was standard treatment but survival rates were low. Developments in chemotherapy in the 1970s-80s improved outcomes. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy provided pre-op tumor downstaging while the patient awaited surgery. Modern imaging allows better staging and understanding of tumor extent. With multimodal treatment including chemotherapy and improved surgical techniques, 80-85% of patients can now be treated with limb-preserving wide resection. Limb salvage provides similar survival benefits to amputation.
This document discusses the use of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for cervical cancer. It addresses the challenges of IMRT including uterine and vault motion. IMRT is well-suited for post-operative cases, extended field radiation to cover para-aortic lymph nodes, dose escalation to lymph nodes through simultaneous integrated boost plans, and bone marrow sparing to reduce chemotherapy toxicity. The document reviews several studies demonstrating the dosimetric benefits of IMRT for reducing doses to organs at risk like the bowel, bladder, and rectum.
This document provides contouring and treatment planning guidelines for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). It discusses indications, contraindications, simulation, target volume delineation, organ at risk contouring, dose prescription, and plan evaluation for SBRT treatment of lung, spine, liver, and other cancers. Key considerations include ensuring accurate tumor targeting given organ motion, minimizing dose to nearby organs at risk, and prescribing ablative doses in a small number of fractions to achieve tumor control.
Diffusion-weighted and Perfusion MR Imaging for Brain Tumor Characterization ...Arif S
This document provides an overview of diffusion-weighted and perfusion MR imaging techniques for characterizing brain tumors and assessing treatment response. It discusses how perfusion MR imaging can provide physiological information on tumor vascularity and differentiate tumor grades. Diffusion-weighted imaging provides data on water diffusion properties within tumors and surrounding tissue. Together these techniques can help delineate tumor margins, guide biopsy planning, and monitor response to therapies like radiation and anti-angiogenic drugs by detecting changes in vascularity and cellularity. The document reviews the strengths and limitations of these methods compared to histopathology.
The implementation of MDCT in urological imaging has solved much of the diagnostic dilemma. Thanks to its multiplanar capabilities and post processing techniques.
This document provides information on the Renaissance Surgical Guidance System, a robotic system used for spine surgery. It discusses the key components of the system including the robotic device and guiding cannula. It then highlights clinical evidence from several studies demonstrating the system's high accuracy rates between 98.3-99.7% for spine implants. The studies also found benefits of the robotic system compared to traditional surgery such as reduced radiation exposure, complication rates, and hospital stays. The document emphasizes that the robot assists but does not replace the surgeon and has enabled experienced surgeons to perform complex spine surgeries and corrections.
The document discusses surgical margins in breast conservation therapy for early stage breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).
- There is no consensus on what constitutes a safe surgical margin width, but margins of 10 mm are generally considered low risk for local recurrence, while margins of 2 mm or less are often considered inadequate.
- Positive margins are associated with increased risk of local recurrence, but the significance of close margins (within 1 mm) remains controversial.
- The surgeon must balance the risks of local recurrence and cosmesis when planning breast conservation therapy to avoid compromising patient prognosis.
Novel RT techniques for treating lung cancer 1403Yong Chan Ahn
- Novel RT techniques such as SBRT, IMRT, IGRT and particle beam therapy can provide high local control rates for lung cancer with reduced toxicity compared to conventional RT.
- SBRT achieved 90% local control and favorable 5-year survival for primary and metastatic lung cancers at SMC with very low complication risks.
- IMRT may be beneficial for large or centrally-located tumors but further study is needed due to the study's retrospective nature and heterogeneous patient population.
- Particle beam therapy, such as proton therapy, can further reduce dose to organs-at-risk compared to photon therapies and may allow dose escalation for improved outcomes, particularly for locally advanced lung cancers.
Surgical anatomy of microsurgical sulcal key pointsINUB
This document describes a study of key anatomical points along brain sulci that are important for microneurosurgery. The study evaluated 32 cerebral hemispheres to identify and characterize sulcal points like the anterior sylvian point, inferior and superior rolandic points, and intersections of other sulci. Measurements were made of distances between these points. The results provide a framework of sulcal landmarks to aid microneurosurgical planning and intraoperative identification of brain structures.
This document provides an overview and practical tips for spine stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). It discusses patient selection criteria including good performance status and life expectancy. Required imaging includes MRI and CT to aid targeting of the gross tumor volume (GTV) and clinical target volume (CTV). Treatment planning considerations include dose selection of 24-35Gy in 3-5 fractions and organ at risk constraints. Delivery involves cone beam CT guidance to ensure accurate positioning. Case studies demonstrate targeting of spinal metastases from different primary cancers. The document emphasizes the importance of immobilization, image guidance and multidisciplinary care for safe and effective spine SBRT.
This document summarizes new abdominal MR imaging protocols using fast 3D gradients and breath hold techniques. It discusses T1, T2, diffusion weighted sequences and the use of liver specific contrast agents for evaluating conditions like cirrhosis, HCC and cholangiocarcinoma. Protocols for liver lesions include pre and post contrast T1 weighted sequences in arterial, portal venous and hepatobiliary phases. Diffusion imaging and hepatobiliary phase are valuable for small HCC detection. Multiphase kidney protocols evaluate corticomedullary, nephrographic and excretory phases for renal tumors. New protocols combining diffusion and hepatobiliary imaging improve HCC detection over single sequences.
1. The patient presented with a 1.5 x 1.5 cm cancerous growth on their uvula. A biopsy confirmed it was a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.
2. A mould was prepared using alginate impression material and dental stone to create an intraoral prosthesis for brachytherapy treatment planning and delivery.
3. Brachytherapy treatment was planned using CT imaging and catheter reconstruction to deliver 60Gy in 13/14 fractions twice daily to adequately cover the clinical target volume while sparing nearby organs at risk.
RSNA 2008 will feature presentations on the latest developments in radiology, including medical imaging informatics, quantitative imaging, and molecular imaging. Notable topics include the use of CT for abdominal trauma, CAD for pulmonary nodule detection, CT colonography for polyp screening, and diffusion-weighted imaging of tumors. Emerging areas like nuclear medicine quantitative imaging, MR-guided therapies, and radiation oncology immunomodulators will also be represented. The meeting aims to deliver cutting-edge research while promoting quality in radiology.
The document discusses intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for head and neck cancers. It describes how IMRT improves target coverage and sparing of organs-at-risk like the parotid glands compared to conventional radiation therapy. Studies show IMRT reduces the risk of xerostomia and improves quality of life outcomes for patients.
A Wisconsin man was arrested for allegedly threatening to blow up a local radio station after he was upset by comments made on-air by two of the station's hosts. Police searched the man's home and did not find any explosives, but did locate several guns and hundreds of rounds of ammunition. The man is facing charges of making terrorist threats and could face up to six years in prison if convicted.
PET and radiotherapy for head and neck cancer provides essential information for target volume selection and delineation. Functional imaging with FDG-PET is more sensitive and specific than CT or MRI for detecting metastatic lymph nodes. Integrating PET into the treatment planning process allows more accurate gross tumor volume definition compared to CT alone. Adaptive radiotherapy using serial PET imaging during treatment may enable biological target volume adaptation and improved dose distribution optimization. Future applications include exploring other PET tracers and integrating multi-modality image registration with dose adaptation.
This document discusses the use of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for treating cervix cancer. It notes that IMRT is rarely used currently but could help reduce dose to normal tissues and potentially replace brachytherapy. The document outlines the need for accurate target volume definition using imaging like MRI and CT. It also describes the inverse planning process for IMRT and challenges like organ motion. While IMRT may help spare organs at risk, issues like increased leakage, integral dose and treatment time must be considered.
This document discusses guidelines for diagnosing and treating ground glass opacities (GGO) in the lungs. It notes that GGOs are an under-recognized sign of early lung cancer in Asia. CT scans are better than chest x-rays at detecting small nodules and GGOs. The characteristics of GGO lesions on CT scans, such as size and density, can help determine cancer risk and appropriate treatment, which may include limited surgical resection for small, low-density GGOs. Overall treatment outcomes are excellent for resected pure GGO malignant nodules regardless of specific characteristics.
The document discusses craniospinal irradiation (CSI), which delivers radiation to the entire cranial-spinal axis to treat intracranial tumors. It was pioneered in the 1950s and is commonly used to treat tumors that may spread through the cerebrospinal fluid such as medulloblastoma. The document outlines the techniques, challenges, indications, and evolving approaches for CSI such as reduced dose protocols and hyperfractionated regimens. It discusses topics like patient positioning, target volumes, critical structures, field arrangements, and the use of newer technologies like virtual simulation.
The document discusses the historical perspectives and principles of limb salvage surgery for malignant bone sarcomas. It notes that before the 1970s, amputation was standard treatment but survival rates were low. Developments in chemotherapy in the 1970s-80s improved outcomes. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy provided pre-op tumor downstaging while the patient awaited surgery. Modern imaging allows better staging and understanding of tumor extent. With multimodal treatment including chemotherapy and improved surgical techniques, 80-85% of patients can now be treated with limb-preserving wide resection. Limb salvage provides similar survival benefits to amputation.
This document discusses the use of intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for cervical cancer. It addresses the challenges of IMRT including uterine and vault motion. IMRT is well-suited for post-operative cases, extended field radiation to cover para-aortic lymph nodes, dose escalation to lymph nodes through simultaneous integrated boost plans, and bone marrow sparing to reduce chemotherapy toxicity. The document reviews several studies demonstrating the dosimetric benefits of IMRT for reducing doses to organs at risk like the bowel, bladder, and rectum.
This document provides contouring and treatment planning guidelines for stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). It discusses indications, contraindications, simulation, target volume delineation, organ at risk contouring, dose prescription, and plan evaluation for SBRT treatment of lung, spine, liver, and other cancers. Key considerations include ensuring accurate tumor targeting given organ motion, minimizing dose to nearby organs at risk, and prescribing ablative doses in a small number of fractions to achieve tumor control.
Diffusion-weighted and Perfusion MR Imaging for Brain Tumor Characterization ...Arif S
This document provides an overview of diffusion-weighted and perfusion MR imaging techniques for characterizing brain tumors and assessing treatment response. It discusses how perfusion MR imaging can provide physiological information on tumor vascularity and differentiate tumor grades. Diffusion-weighted imaging provides data on water diffusion properties within tumors and surrounding tissue. Together these techniques can help delineate tumor margins, guide biopsy planning, and monitor response to therapies like radiation and anti-angiogenic drugs by detecting changes in vascularity and cellularity. The document reviews the strengths and limitations of these methods compared to histopathology.
The implementation of MDCT in urological imaging has solved much of the diagnostic dilemma. Thanks to its multiplanar capabilities and post processing techniques.
This document provides information on the Renaissance Surgical Guidance System, a robotic system used for spine surgery. It discusses the key components of the system including the robotic device and guiding cannula. It then highlights clinical evidence from several studies demonstrating the system's high accuracy rates between 98.3-99.7% for spine implants. The studies also found benefits of the robotic system compared to traditional surgery such as reduced radiation exposure, complication rates, and hospital stays. The document emphasizes that the robot assists but does not replace the surgeon and has enabled experienced surgeons to perform complex spine surgeries and corrections.
The document discusses surgical margins in breast conservation therapy for early stage breast cancer and ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS).
- There is no consensus on what constitutes a safe surgical margin width, but margins of 10 mm are generally considered low risk for local recurrence, while margins of 2 mm or less are often considered inadequate.
- Positive margins are associated with increased risk of local recurrence, but the significance of close margins (within 1 mm) remains controversial.
- The surgeon must balance the risks of local recurrence and cosmesis when planning breast conservation therapy to avoid compromising patient prognosis.
Novel RT techniques for treating lung cancer 1403Yong Chan Ahn
- Novel RT techniques such as SBRT, IMRT, IGRT and particle beam therapy can provide high local control rates for lung cancer with reduced toxicity compared to conventional RT.
- SBRT achieved 90% local control and favorable 5-year survival for primary and metastatic lung cancers at SMC with very low complication risks.
- IMRT may be beneficial for large or centrally-located tumors but further study is needed due to the study's retrospective nature and heterogeneous patient population.
- Particle beam therapy, such as proton therapy, can further reduce dose to organs-at-risk compared to photon therapies and may allow dose escalation for improved outcomes, particularly for locally advanced lung cancers.
Surgical anatomy of microsurgical sulcal key pointsINUB
This document describes a study of key anatomical points along brain sulci that are important for microneurosurgery. The study evaluated 32 cerebral hemispheres to identify and characterize sulcal points like the anterior sylvian point, inferior and superior rolandic points, and intersections of other sulci. Measurements were made of distances between these points. The results provide a framework of sulcal landmarks to aid microneurosurgical planning and intraoperative identification of brain structures.
This document provides an overview and practical tips for spine stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT). It discusses patient selection criteria including good performance status and life expectancy. Required imaging includes MRI and CT to aid targeting of the gross tumor volume (GTV) and clinical target volume (CTV). Treatment planning considerations include dose selection of 24-35Gy in 3-5 fractions and organ at risk constraints. Delivery involves cone beam CT guidance to ensure accurate positioning. Case studies demonstrate targeting of spinal metastases from different primary cancers. The document emphasizes the importance of immobilization, image guidance and multidisciplinary care for safe and effective spine SBRT.
This document summarizes new abdominal MR imaging protocols using fast 3D gradients and breath hold techniques. It discusses T1, T2, diffusion weighted sequences and the use of liver specific contrast agents for evaluating conditions like cirrhosis, HCC and cholangiocarcinoma. Protocols for liver lesions include pre and post contrast T1 weighted sequences in arterial, portal venous and hepatobiliary phases. Diffusion imaging and hepatobiliary phase are valuable for small HCC detection. Multiphase kidney protocols evaluate corticomedullary, nephrographic and excretory phases for renal tumors. New protocols combining diffusion and hepatobiliary imaging improve HCC detection over single sequences.
1. The patient presented with a 1.5 x 1.5 cm cancerous growth on their uvula. A biopsy confirmed it was a moderately differentiated squamous cell carcinoma.
2. A mould was prepared using alginate impression material and dental stone to create an intraoral prosthesis for brachytherapy treatment planning and delivery.
3. Brachytherapy treatment was planned using CT imaging and catheter reconstruction to deliver 60Gy in 13/14 fractions twice daily to adequately cover the clinical target volume while sparing nearby organs at risk.
RSNA 2008 will feature presentations on the latest developments in radiology, including medical imaging informatics, quantitative imaging, and molecular imaging. Notable topics include the use of CT for abdominal trauma, CAD for pulmonary nodule detection, CT colonography for polyp screening, and diffusion-weighted imaging of tumors. Emerging areas like nuclear medicine quantitative imaging, MR-guided therapies, and radiation oncology immunomodulators will also be represented. The meeting aims to deliver cutting-edge research while promoting quality in radiology.
The document discusses intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for head and neck cancers. It describes how IMRT improves target coverage and sparing of organs-at-risk like the parotid glands compared to conventional radiation therapy. Studies show IMRT reduces the risk of xerostomia and improves quality of life outcomes for patients.
A Wisconsin man was arrested for allegedly threatening to blow up a local radio station after he was upset by comments made on-air by two of the station's hosts. Police searched the man's home and did not find any explosives, but did locate several guns and hundreds of rounds of ammunition. The man is facing charges of making terrorist threats and could face up to six years in prison if convicted.
This document discusses the future of mobile development and how constant change will impact it. Over the past 18 years, mobile technology has advanced significantly from early devices like the Blackberry and Windows Mobile to modern smartphones like the iPhone and Android. However, some things have remained constant like performance issues, battery life frustrations, and how users get accustomed to new technologies quickly. The future of mobile is unknown, but boundaries between native, web and cloud will blur and users will be in control. Devices will act as hubs and sync smartly while wearables grow. Developers must embrace change, focus on content over apps, and optimize for performance and ubiquity across diverse platforms.
Lamond Ayers is a recruiter with over 13 years of experience in corporate recruiting and 3 years in agency recruiting. He has a wide range of skills including full cycle recruiting, social media recruiting, client management, and coordinating applicant tracking systems. Ayers has experience recruiting for a variety of industries such as information technology, aeronautics, healthcare, and automotive. He is proficient in many applicant tracking systems and recruitment tools.
A beginner's guide to getting the most out of talking to strangers. For journalism students and anyone who's interested in how to talk with people and come away with a story.
The document presents an evaluation framework for assessing the JISC Business and Community Engagement (BCE) programme. It identifies key outcomes and impacts to evaluate at the programme, workstream, and project levels. These include impacts on strategies, activities, and wider engagement. The framework provides an initial assessment of the type of impacts each workstream may have. Evaluation should be an ongoing process throughout project delivery and involve external independent evaluators and stakeholders.
Link journalism involves linking to reporting or sources on the web to enhance, complement or add context to original reporting. It can also curate topical news to help people find the most interesting, credible content from any source. While linking, journalists must verify the accuracy and credibility of sources to avoid plagiarism. Linking allows readers to access primary sources and check quotes in context. When done well, link journalism can provide greater depth than traditional media by connecting readers to a wide range of information on a topic.
The document summarizes an opportunity for vendors to partner with ShopToEarth, an online marketplace focused on earth-friendly products, to gain access to their growing customer base. Key points:
1) ShopToEarth has over 85,000 members who are required to spend $100 per month on products, generating thousands of new customers for partner vendors.
2) Vendors would provide a 15-20% discount on products and negotiate a percentage of sales to partner with ShopToEarth.
3) In exchange, vendors gain new customers and sales with no advertising costs through the ShopToEarth portal and membership base, which is growing by over 1,000 new members per day.
1) The influenza A (H1N1) virus, also known as swine flu, first emerged in 2009 and has had effects on both public health and the global economy.
2) Economically, industries involving travel, tourism, and leisure saw declines as fears of the pandemic led to reduced travel and canceled plans. Stock prices in these industries fell.
3) Countries where the virus spread more widely, such as Mexico, experienced heavier economic impacts as illness and fears of infection led to declines in economic activity, retail, and service industries. The pandemic exacerbated economic troubles in vulnerable nations.
The document describes the first Slovak hackerspace called ProgressBAr. It will be located in Bratislava and aims to provide a space for people interested in technology and science to learn and socialize outside of traditional educational institutions. The hackerspace will have various working groups focused on different technical areas that will hold regular workshops and meetings. It will also provide infrastructure and resources for members to work on their own projects. The hackerspace plans to be financially supported through member fees and donations.
This document summarizes Max Firtman's presentation on breaking limits with HTML5 on mobile. The presentation covered hacks for improving the user interface, such as making the screen full screen, supporting high resolution canvases, and handling different screen densities. It also discussed hacks for enhancing device interaction like accessing the device's camera and notifications. Finally, it provided ways to enhance apps through tricks like customizing the home screen title and live tiles. The overall presentation focused on pushing the boundaries of HTML5's capabilities on mobile through creative coding techniques.
The document discusses how signs of Allah (God) can be seen in patterns and regularities throughout nature, from the laws of astronomy and physics to biology, ecology, and beyond. It provides examples from the Quran of principles like the expanding universe and the water cycle that were described in the Quran centuries before being scientifically established. The overall message is that the Quran provides divine guidance that is rooted in factual signs and patterns observable in the natural world.
Mr. Libka serves as Transformation Administrator for the Illinois Association of Regional Superintendents of Schools. He has been deployed to manage the DePue, IL USD 103 project funded by a $6,000,000 grant.
Cardell wanted to go to the park ever since he was a puppy. "Cardell Goes to the Park" is a photo book for children that follows Cardell and his adventures.
Dose Escalation By Imrt And Organ Trackingin Prostate Cancerfondas vakalis
1) This study assessed toxicity in 18 patients treated with dose-escalated IMRT to 80 Gy for prostate cancer while using organ tracking of the prostate.
2) Acute and early late toxicity was minimal, with limited urinary toxicity and minimal rectal toxicity observed.
3) Dose volume histograms showed dose constraints for organs at risk were met.
4) Further follow-up is still needed to fully assess long-term toxicity and efficacy of this aggressive dose escalation approach.
The document discusses results from the Phase 3 ESTABLISH 2 clinical trial comparing the efficacy and safety of tedizolid to linezolid for the treatment of acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. The trial demonstrated that tedizolid was non-inferior to linezolid across all efficacy endpoints while exhibiting a favorable safety and tolerability profile with fewer gastrointestinal side effects. Tedizolid represents a promising new 6-day treatment option for skin infections that could provide an improved option compared to the standard 10-day linezolid regimen.
Rituximab treatment resulted in:
1) Significant short-term reductions in IgM levels, anti-MAG antibody titers, and B cell counts.
2) Clinical improvements at 12 months in 16 of 26 patients based on MRC, INCAT, and ISS scales.
3) Electrophysiological improvements in motor and sensory nerve conduction velocities and distal motor latencies.
Long-term follow up of 12 patients found sustained benefits in 10 responders over 36 months, while 2 non-responders relapsed and required retreatment.
This document analyzes dosimetric parameters associated with acute toxicity in breast irradiation using 3D conformal radiation therapy (3DCRT). It found that a breast planning target volume (PTV) exceeding 1150 ml was associated with a 7.7 times higher risk of grade 2 or 3 acute toxicity, regardless of other dosimetric factors. 107 breast cancer patients treated with 3DCRT were analyzed, and mean PTV volume was 777 ml. Larger PTV volume was the only factor correlated with increased acute toxicity in multivariate analysis.
This document discusses management and treatment options for basal cell carcinoma (BCC). It summarizes several studies on photodynamic therapy (PDT) using methyl aminolevulinate (MAL-PDT) and its long-term outcomes and recurrence rates for different types of BCC compared to other treatments like surgery and cryotherapy. It also discusses the use of imiquimod cream and fluorouracil for treating BCC, as well as cryotherapy and oral agents currently in development for advanced BCC cases. The document concludes that having a choice of topical therapies is beneficial but they have non-specific modes of action, while pathway inhibitors taken orally show promise but have limiting side effect profiles.
Role of systemic therapy in management of laryngeal carcinomaMohammed Fathy
This document discusses the role of systemic therapy in the management of laryngeal carcinoma. It begins with an introduction to chemotherapy and the goals of cancer treatment. It then reviews different chemotherapy regimens and targeted agents that have been studied in clinical trials for laryngeal cancer. It summarizes several landmark randomized controlled trials that have evaluated induction chemotherapy, concurrent chemoradiotherapy, and sequential chemoradiotherapy approaches. The document concludes by reviewing meta-analyses that have assessed the benefits of adding chemotherapy to radiotherapy for head and neck cancers.
1) The document discusses optimal practice in radiation treatment for head and neck cancer in the 21st century, focusing on balancing treatment targets and sparing normal tissues using available technology and expertise.
2) It reviews treatment options and approaches for different stages of head and neck cancer, highlighting evidence that altered fractionation and chemoradiation can improve outcomes over standard radiation alone.
3) Challenges of implementing intensity-modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) for head and neck cancer are discussed, as well as examples of how IMRT can improve target coverage and tissue sparing compared to conventional techniques.
This study examined dosimetric parameters and local recurrence rates in 62 patients with single brain metastases treated with linear accelerator-based stereotactic radiosurgery (LB-SRS). The median prescribed dose was 14.5Gy to the 90% isodose line. Fifteen patients experienced local recurrence in the irradiated area. The study found no significant association between dosimetric parameters like minimum dose, and local recurrence rates. However, tumor coverage, homogeneity and conformity were acceptable. The study concluded that dosimetric factors may not be predictive of local control for LB-SRS of solitary brain metastases.
1) Acromegaly is caused by excess growth hormone production, usually from a pituitary tumor. The goals of treatment are to control symptoms, suppress hormone levels, decrease tumor size, and preserve normal pituitary function.
2) Surgical removal of the tumor via transsphenoidal surgery often results in remission, with higher rates for microadenomas versus macroadenomas. Pre-operative factors like tumor size and invasiveness affect outcomes.
3) Medical therapies like somatostatin analogs and GH receptor antagonists can help control hormone levels and symptoms in cases where surgery is not effective or possible. These medications provide alternatives or adjuncts to surgery in treating acromegaly.
Disease modifying treatments for multiple sclerosis have evolved significantly over time. Early treatments focused on interferon-beta, which showed moderate effectiveness in reducing relapses and disability progression. Newer monoclonal antibody treatments such as natalizumab provided greater reductions in disease activity but also carried increased safety risks. The latest oral therapies including fingolimod, teriflunomide, dimethyl fumarate, and laquinimod provide over 50% reductions in relapse rates compared to earlier treatments with generally improved safety profiles. Ongoing research continues to evaluate new mechanisms of action to more effectively treat multiple sclerosis.
This document discusses endoscopic therapies for the management of variceal hemorrhage, specifically endoscopic sclerotherapy (EST) and endoscopic variceal ligation (EVL). It provides background on variceal bleeding and survival rates over time. It then describes the modalities and techniques of EST and EVL, including injection methods, sclerosing agents used, risks, and indications. Randomized controlled trials comparing EST and EVL are summarized, showing higher eradication rates with EVL. In conclusion, endoscopic therapies like EST and EVL are effective for controlling acute variceal bleeding and reducing recurrence when used for primary or secondary prophylaxis.
This document summarizes key findings regarding dose-limiting toxicities from radiation therapy for various brain structures and tumors. It notes that necrosis rates for brain tumors start around 5% at 60 Gy, with various structures like the optic nerves and endocrine system showing toxicity starting at doses of 50-45 Gy. Late toxicities from a phase III trial escalating glioblastoma radiation from 60 to 72 Gy showed slightly higher rates of neurological and other toxicities in the higher dose arm. Further evidence is discussed relating radiation dose and fractionation to risks of dementia, cochlear dysfunction, and other issues. Intensity modulated radiation therapy may help reduce doses to critical structures like the optic chiasm compared to 3D conformal radiation therapy based
1) The document discusses a masterclass on non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) surgery.
2) It presents a case study of a 59-year-old female with an incidental chest X-ray finding and questions regarding her diagnosis, staging, and treatment options.
3) The document reviews NSCLC staging statistics, survival rates based on stage, and concepts in personalized and integrated therapy for NSCLC.
1) This document discusses predicting clinical and biochemical outcomes before external radiotherapy combined with hormonal treatment for prostate cancer.
2) It notes that PSA progression is not a good endpoint since testosterone suppression delays failure, and that models are derived from academic centers and may not apply to "community" patients.
3) Meta-analyses show benefits of hormones plus radiotherapy for PSA failure, clinical progression-free survival, cancer-specific survival, and overall survival. One study showed NNT of 10.4 to prevent one prostate cancer death at 8 years.
The document summarizes the experience of using stereotactic body radiation therapy (SBRT) and intensity modulated radiation therapy (IMRT) at SMC for lung cancer. Specifically:
- SBRT provided high local control (90%) and low toxicity for early stage lung cancer with few side effects. IMRT improved target coverage and spared normal tissues compared to 3D-CRT for locally advanced lung cancer.
- A study of 77 patients with stage IIIB N3+ lung cancer treated with chemoradiation found IMRT (used in 29 patients) achieved better lung sparing than 3D-CRT based on dosimetry, with similar treatment outcomes.
This document discusses the changing landscape and treatment of lymphomas with a focus on the role of radiotherapy. Some key points:
- Non-Hodgkin lymphomas present many challenges due to their diversity and changing outcomes over time. Radiotherapy is an effective local therapy for tumor control and can cure localized disease.
- For stage I/II follicular lymphoma and mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma, radiotherapy alone provides excellent long-term local control and survival.
- For localized diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, combined modality treatment with chemotherapy and radiotherapy improves outcomes. Ongoing studies are evaluating the role of radiotherapy in the rituximab era.
Christopher Azzoli, M.D., Assistant Member, Thoracic Oncology Service, Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center: Current Modalities in the Treatment of Lung Cancer
Presented at New Frontiers in the Management of Solid and Liquid Tumors hosted by the John Theurer Cancer Center at Hackensack University Medical Center. jtcancercenter.org/CME
The document discusses head and neck cancer, focusing on individualizing treatment. It notes that head and neck cancer incidence is increasing, with some caused by HPV. EGFR is a molecular target in these cancers. Studies combining EGFR inhibitors like cetuximab with chemoradiation in locally advanced disease showed increased toxicity but uncertain efficacy benefits. Biomarker-selected treatment de-intensification may be appropriate for HPV-positive cancers.
2021 lung presentation pro or contra moscouGeorgesNOEL3
1) For operable stage III NSCLC patients with resectable tumors, preoperative chemoradiotherapy followed by surgery may improve survival outcomes compared to surgery or chemoradiotherapy alone.
2) For stage III NSCLC patients with N2 nodal involvement who have undergone complete resection, postoperative radiotherapy does not provide a survival benefit and can increase toxicity.
3) For unresectable locally advanced stage III NSCLC patients, concurrent chemoradiotherapy improves survival compared to radiotherapy alone and should be the standard of care. Adding consolidation immunotherapy after chemoradiotherapy may provide additional benefits.
This document discusses pancreatic cancer and its treatment. It begins by stating that pancreatic cancer is most commonly diagnosed as locally advanced or metastatic. It then discusses the role of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy in the treatment of pancreatic cancer. It notes that the majority of surgically treated patients will have a recurrence, with a median survival of 15-20 months. The value of adjuvant and neoadjuvant therapy is debated. The document summarizes several clinical trials investigating chemotherapy and chemoradiation as adjuvant treatment after surgery. It also discusses neoadjuvant therapy and its potential advantages over adjuvant therapy. Emerging strategies discussed include induction chemotherapy followed by localized chemoradiation or second line therapy. The document concludes by describing modern radiation
This document provides information on the evaluation and treatment of metastatic bone disease and spinal cord compression. It discusses:
1. Common sites of bone metastases from various primary cancers. Imaging tools to evaluate bone metastases like x-rays, bone scans, CT, PET, and MRI scans are described.
2. A multi-disciplinary treatment approach is recommended, including medical treatment, surgery, radiotherapy, radionuclides, chemotherapy, and hormonal therapy.
3. Details are provided on conventional and advanced radiation therapy techniques for treating bone metastases and spinal cord compression, including stereotactic radiosurgery. Overall pain relief rates, time to pain relief, and the benefits of combining surgery and radiation therapy are
This document discusses stereotactic body radiotherapy (SBRT) for early stage lung cancer patients who cannot undergo surgery. It describes how SBRT delivers a high radiation dose to the tumor in just 1-5 sessions. Studies show SBRT provides improved tumor control compared to conventional radiotherapy, with surprisingly low toxicity. Early investigations found 3-year tumor control rates of 60-80% with SBRT, similar to surgery. Larger prospective trials of SBRT for medically inoperable early stage lung cancer patients demonstrated 3-year local control of 90-98% and low risks of side effects. SBRT provides an effective non-invasive alternative to surgery for these high-risk patients.
Spinal cord compression bhf aos study day mar 2014 finalfondas vakalis
This document provides an overview of malignant spinal cord compression (MSCC). It begins with a clinical case of a 56-year-old man initially diagnosed with back pain who is later found to have prostate cancer with MSCC. The talk then covers the anatomy of the spinal cord, definition and incidence of MSCC, typical symptoms, investigations including MRI, and treatment options like surgery, radiotherapy, and steroids. Outcomes are discussed, with the median survival being 6 months. The document concludes by outlining the key priorities for implementing NICE guidance on MSCC, including early detection and treatment of suspected cases as emergencies.
The document discusses breast cancer treatment recommendations including:
- No radiation therapy is recommended for early stage DCIS or invasive breast cancer.
- A tumor bed boost is recommended for higher risk patients but large trials found no survival difference with or without a boost.
- Hypofractionated whole breast radiation has become a standard option based on trials showing no difference in survival outcomes compared to conventional fractionation.
- Several trials investigated omitting axillary lymph node dissection or radiation with favorable results for select patient groups with low tumor burden.
This document discusses recent data on radiation therapy for prostate cancer. It begins by outlining the risk of prostate cancer development and mortality rates over time. It then examines risk stratification systems and treatment options for low, intermediate, and high risk disease. The document focuses on the benefits of dose escalation in radiation therapy, noting several studies that found higher radiation doses improved outcomes with acceptable toxicity when using newer techniques like IMRT. It also discusses hypofractionated regimens and image-guided radiation as ways to further improve the therapeutic ratio. In summary, this document reviews evidence that higher and more precisely delivered radiation doses can improve prostate cancer control while maintaining reasonable side effects.
The document discusses the benefits of meditation for reducing stress and anxiety. Regular meditation practice can help calm the mind and body by lowering heart rate and blood pressure. Studies have shown that meditating for just 10-20 minutes per day can have significant positive impacts on both mental and physical health over time.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like anxiety and depression.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
This document summarizes a presentation on new perspectives on second-line therapy for non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). The presentation discusses current standards of care for second-line NSCLC, the unique needs of patients without targetable mutations, and emerging research findings. One study presented was the LUME-Lung 1 trial which found that the addition of the angiogenesis inhibitor nintedanib to docetaxel improved progression-free survival compared to placebo plus docetaxel in second-line NSCLC, with a significant overall survival benefit seen in the adenocarcinoma subgroup. Outstanding issues regarding biomarkers and the role of nintedanib in squamous cell carcinoma were discussed.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive function. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms for those who already suffer from conditions like depression and anxiety.
The document discusses the radiobiology behind dose fractionation in radiation therapy. It provides an overview of the linear quadratic model which describes how cell survival changes with dose and is used to determine biologically equivalent doses for different fractionation schedules. The model assumes equal effect per fraction but may not be accurate at high or low doses. Fractionation takes advantage of the four R's - repair, repopulation, redistribution, and reoxygenation - to better kill tumors while sparing normal tissues. The alpha/beta ratio indicates a tissue's sensitivity to fractionation and is used to estimate equivalent total doses for different fraction sizes.
The document discusses how tumor radiobiology may impact the move toward hypofractionation in radiation therapy. It reviews evidence that the classic linear-quadratic model does not fully capture tumor response at high radiation doses, and that other factors like vascular damage and immune effects become more important. Response heterogeneity between different tumor cell populations may also help explain why survival curves appear more linear at higher doses per fraction.
Rectal cancer treatment typically involves surgery. Local recurrence after conventional surgery occurs in 15-65% of cases on average. Long course preoperative chemoradiotherapy has been shown to reduce local recurrence rates compared to short course preoperative radiotherapy or radiotherapy alone. It increases local tumor control and survival rates with some toxicities but does not reduce colostomy rates. Preoperative chemoradiotherapy is superior to postoperative chemoradiotherapy in reducing local recurrence rates without affecting overall survival.
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a simplified look into the mechanisms involved in the regulation of respiration:
Learning objectives:
1. Describe the organisation of respiratory center
2. Describe the nervous control of inspiration and respiratory rhythm
3. Describe the functions of the dorsal and respiratory groups of neurons
4. Describe the influences of the Pneumotaxic and Apneustic centers
5. Explain the role of Hering-Breur inflation reflex in regulation of inspiration
6. Explain the role of central chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
7. Explain the role of peripheral chemoreceptors in regulation of respiration
8. Explain the regulation of respiration during exercise
9. Integrate the respiratory regulatory mechanisms
10. Describe the Cheyne-Stokes breathing
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 42, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 36, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
3. Chapter 13, Human Physiology by Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Our backs are like superheroes, holding us up and helping us move around. But sometimes, even superheroes can get hurt. That’s where slip discs come in.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/Pt1nA32sdHQ
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/uFdc9F0rlP0
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
One health condition that is becoming more common day by day is diabetes.
According to research conducted by the National Family Health Survey of India, diabetic cases show a projection which might increase to 10.4% by 2030.
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Travel vaccination in Manchester offers comprehensive immunization services for individuals planning international trips. Expert healthcare providers administer vaccines tailored to your destination, ensuring you stay protected against various diseases. Conveniently located clinics and flexible appointment options make it easy to get the necessary shots before your journey. Stay healthy and travel with confidence by getting vaccinated in Manchester. Visit us: www.nxhealthcare.co.uk
Osteoporosis - Definition , Evaluation and Management .pdfJim Jacob Roy
Osteoporosis is an increasing cause of morbidity among the elderly.
In this document , a brief outline of osteoporosis is given , including the risk factors of osteoporosis fractures , the indications for testing bone mineral density and the management of osteoporosis
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The UK is currently facing a Adhd Medication Shortage Uk, which has left many patients and their families grappling with uncertainty and frustration. ADHD, or Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, is a chronic condition that requires consistent medication to manage effectively. This shortage has highlighted the critical role these medications play in the daily lives of those affected by ADHD. Contact : +1 (747) 209 – 3649 E-mail : sales@trinexpharmacy.com
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
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Innovative Radiotherapy In Hnc
1. Innovative radiotherapy in HNC:
IMRT and IGRT
Dr Chris Nutting MD FRCP FRCR
Consultant and Senior Lecturer in Clinical Oncology
Head and Neck Unit, Royal Marsden Hospital &
The Institute of Cancer Research, Fulham Road, London
ESMO Stockholm 2008
2. Goals of Head and Neck IMRT
1. Reduce local failure by improved target volume
localisation, and dose escalation
Site: larynx and hypopharynx organ preserving
chemoradiation protocols in Stage III and IV
2. Reduce toxicity by improved dose distributions to
OAR
Site: Oropharynx – Parotid gland sparing
3. Novel techniques
Site: Unknown primary SCCHN
3. Phase I/II IMRT Trial Protocol
Aim:To find a suitable dose
escalation level for Phase III trial
using IMRT
Method: Single phase 63 Gy to
to tumour and 51.8 Gy to lymph
nodes in 28# with induction CF
and concomitant cisplatin
•Escalate to by 10% 67.2 Gy to
larynx and 56 Gy to nodes in 28 #
if late toxicity acceptable
•To escalate further to 15-20% if
possible Guerrero Urbano et al 2008
4. Demographics Table 1. Patient characteristics, larynx/ hypopharynx dose escalation study
Cohort 63Gy Cohort 67.2 Gy
Median follow up in weeks (range) 87 (55-162) 40 (9- 64)
Median age (range) 57 (35-75) 66 (60-85)
Gender Male 11 10
Female 4 5
Primary tumour site Larynx 7 7
: e mi t t n e m t a e r t n a e M Hypopharynx 8 8
T stage T1 0 1
±
s y a d 3 9 3 :tr o h o c y G 0. 3 6 • T2 3 3
syad 1 83 :trohoc yG2.76• ± T3 8 8
T4 4 3
N stage N0 4 8
SKAERB TNE MTAERT ON N1 4 2
N2a 1 0
%001 RAEN N2b 3 2
HTI W E C N AIL P M O C N2c 2 3
TNATIMOCMOC
N3 1 0
YPAREHTO MEHC
Neoadjuvant chemotherapy 15 13
Concomitant chemotherapy 15 14
Guerrero Urbano et al 2008
5. ACUTE RADIATION
DERMATITIS
100.0%
75.0%
G3 63.0Gy
G3 67.2Gy
50.0%
G2 63.0Gy
G2 67.2Gy
25.0%
0.0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 14
•G3 peak prevalence:
-63Gy cohort: 16.7%, week 1 post-RT
-67.2Gy cohort: 21.4%, on the last week of RT.
•No real difference between dose levels
•Skin sparing effect of MV photons
6. ACUTE RADIATION-INDUCED
DYSPHAGIA
Prevalence of acute G3 dysphagia
100.0%
80.0%
G3 dysphagia, %
s’namraepS :trohoc yG0.36 60.0%
67.2Gy cohort
tneiciffeoc noitalerroc knar 40.0%
63.0Gy cohort
d n a si ti s o c u m n e e w t e b
20.0%
ai g a h p s y d
) 2 0. 0 = p ( 6. 0 0.0%
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 14
Follow-up (weeks)
•Peak prevalence of dysphagia in both cohorts occurred following completion
of chemo-IMRT.
-64.3% for the 63.0Gy cohort, on weeks 1 and 2 post-RT
-83.3% on week 3 post-RT for the dose escalated cohort
Guerrero Urbano et al 2008
8. Late Normal Tissue Toxicity at 1 year
Dose Level I (63 Gy/28 #) Dose Level II (67.2 Gy/28 #)
Organ Grade I Grade II Grade III Grade I Grade II Grade III
Dysphagia 26% (4) 0% 0% 26% (4) 0% 6% (1)
Xerostomia 60% (9) 12% (2) 0% 53% (8) 0% 0%
Larynx 30% (5) 20% (3) 0% 46% (7) 6% (1) 0%
Subcutaneous 43% (6) 0% 0% 6% (1) 12% (2) 0%
Skin 20% (3) 20% (3) 0% 33% (5) 6% (1) 0%
Mucosa 33% (5) 0% 0% 43%(6) 0% 0%
9. Outcome: Survival
event_lr
100
Survival Function
90
1.0
80
Survival probability (%)
70
.8 60
group
50 0
1
40
.5 30
20
10
Cum Survival
.3 0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Survival Function Time
0.0 Censored Number at risk
0 12 24 36 48 Group: 0
29 25 16 10 7 5 2 1
Time to death- months Group: 1
31 24 13 10 7 0 0 0
%09 lavivrus eerf ymotcegnyraL llarevO
•Loco-regional 65% vs. 82% at 3 years
•To detect this difference in a Phase III trial would
require total of 320 patients (90% power 5% p)
10. Goals of Head and Neck IMRT
1. Reduce local failure by improved target volume
localisation, and dose escalation
Site: larynx and hypopharynx organ preserving
chemoradiation protocols in Stage III and IV
2. Reduce toxicity by improved dose distributions to
OAR
Site: Oropharynx – Parotid gland sparing
3. Novel techniques
Site: Unknown primary SCCHN
11. IMRT – Reducing the dose to the
parotid gland in tonsil cancer
12. Head and neck IMRT: Xerostomia
• Graff et al IJROBP 02/2007
• Matched case-control study of QoL after bilateral
CRT/IMRT
– IMRT improved dry mouth and sticky saliva (p= 0.0001)
– Prevalence Odds Ratios were: Dry mouth 3.2, Sticky
saliva 3.2, Oral pain 3.6, Trismus 2.6, Difficulty
swallowing 2.8.
13. Head and neck IMRT: Xerostomia
• Fang et al Cancer Jan 2007
• 237 Nasopharynx carcinoma patients
• Non-randomised allocation: Conv (152) vs
Conformal (CFRT – 33 IMRT 52)
• Conformal group showed improved QoL scores,
and multiple functional scores including
xerostomia, eating, speech, senses etc
• OR for xerostomia was 0.37 (CI 0.2-0.66)
• OR for global QoL was 2.0 (CI 1.2-3.7)
14. Head and neck IMRT: Xerostomia
• Pow et al IJROBP 2006
• Small randomised trial of 51 patients with T2
N0/1 M0 nasopharynx cancer
• CRT vs IMRT
• Recovery of parotid flow to at least 25% of pre-
treatment levels was 83% with IMRT, and 10%
with CRT
• IMRT patients had improved dry mouth and sticky
saliva
15. TROPSRAP Study Design
Head and neck cancer patients at high
risk of radiation induced xerostomia
Randomisation
Conventional Parotid-sparing
radiotherapy IMRT
1:1 randomisation
16. TROPSRAP Current status
PARSPORT closed to recruitment in Dec 2007
96 patients were randomised from 6 UK centers
Data collection rates ~80%
10% of trial participants died before reaching the
primary endpoint (usually of non-HNC)
Primary endpoint data collection should be
completed Dec 2008
17. IMRT – New tumour types
Expansion of indications into midline tumours: tongue
base, nasopharynx
PARSPORT II to investigate feasibility of bilateral parotid
gland sparing
18. vs
Mean doses to total
combined parotid salivary
tissue is the same with each
approach
This would predict that
saliva flow will be
equivalent in each approach
if gland is homogeneous
19. vs
Initial clinical results (n=60) suggest that the two approaches
are not equivalent, and that a higher rate of G0 xerostomia is
seen in patients treated with bilateral sparing of the superficial
lobes. This is an unexpected finding and may support the
findings from rat models that parotid tissue is not
homogeneous in its saliva production, or radiosensitivity.
20. Goals of Head and Neck IMRT
1. Reduce local failure by improved target volume
localisation, and dose escalation
Site: larynx and hypopharynx organ preserving
chemoradiation protocols in Stage III and IV
2. Reduce toxicity by improved dose distributions to
OAR
Site: Oropharynx – Parotid gland sparing
3. Novel techniques
Site: Unknown primary SCCHN
21. IMRT for unknown primary site
• Patients presenting with cervical lymph node
metastases and no mucosal tumour
• Post-operative options of hemi-neck RT or TMI
issues of local control vs survival
• Target volumes for post-op and potential
microscopic disease can be defined
• Hypothesis: Can TM-IMRT offer the advantages
of local control without the high levels of toxicity?
22. Basic principles of TM-IMRT
PTV1 (post-op) 60 Gy
in 30#
PTV2 elective
(microscopic disease)
50 Gy in 25#
Bhide et al 2008
24. IGRT in Head and Neck Cancer
1. Optimise conventional anatomic imaging
Site specific protocols e.g. skull base/BOT
Image registration
2. Add functional/biological information
FDG PET/CT, dceMRI, dynamic CT
3. Image areas of potential radioresistance
Hypoxia tracers, proliferation markers
25. Adjuvant MRI for GTV definition
•CT-GTV (red), MR-GTV (blue) and combined-GTV (pink).
•Part of the GTV is identified only on CT, part on MRI only
onabrU orerreuG .T.M rD fo ysetruoC
27. RMH Experience With PET/CT For
RT Planning
• Two groups of patients: 9 with known
primary site and 9 unknown
• RT planning performed with or without
PET/CT data
• Unknown primary planned for ipsilateral
neck irradiation only
8002 la te dlobweN
28. Known primaries: Change in CTV
900
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
Co nventio nal P ET/CT
Median increase 11cm3 (1, 65.8)
p=0.012 8002 la te dlobweN
29. % change in target volumes in Unknown
primaries: CT to PET/CT
250
200
1 50
1 00
50
0
CT P E T / CT
M odal i ty
8002 la te dlobweN
30. Imaging of hypoxia in head and neck cancer
Probability of normal tissue damage
Probability of tumour control
Normoxia Hypoxia
Radiation dose (Gy)
31. DCE-MRI
Pimonidazole
Source image
ROIs
Enhancement vs time
CA9
Wash-in rate
Newbold in press IJROBP
32. Conclusions
• We have attempted to design clinical trials with
clear questions to test IMRT in HNC
• Phase I and II results support dose escalation
strategies in SCCHN
• Parotid sparing IMRT: Randomised trial data now
available
• Novel IMRT techniques can be formulated and
tested to expand indications
• IGRT potentially offers new RT targets
• More clinical research in this area is required