The ovarian plexus contains both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves.
Sympathetic nerves T10 and T11 are afferent for pain as well as efferent or vasomotor.
Parasympathetic nerves S2 - S4 are vasodilator
Cryptorchidism, or undescended testes, is a common birth defect where one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum. It results from complex interactions between hormonal and mechanical factors during fetal development. The condition affects 1-4% of full-term and up to 45% of preterm male infants. Risk factors include low birth weight, prematurity, and genetic susceptibility. While often isolated, cryptorchidism can also be associated with syndromes involving reduced androgen production or action. Spontaneous descent is more likely in premature infants and may occur later in the first year of life.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the scrotum. It describes the layers of the scrotum from the outer skin to the inner layers surrounding the testes. It also discusses the blood supply, lymphatic drainage and innervation of the scrotum and testes. The microanatomy section provides details on the structure of the testes and epididymis as well as the contents of the spermatic cord. Common scrotal swellings are listed and clinical applications of scrotal anatomy are mentioned.
The document discusses the anatomy of the perineum region in males and females. It describes the boundaries and contents of the superficial and deep perineal pouches located in the urogenital triangle of the perineum. Key structures discussed include the superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles, sphincter urethrae muscle, bulbourethral glands, internal pudendal artery and related muscles and nerves.
The document summarizes the blood supply of the female pelvis. It describes the branches of the internal iliac artery and vein that supply various pelvic structures like the uterus, vagina, ovaries and rectum. It also discusses variations in pelvic vasculature and anastomoses between vessels that allow for collateral blood flow. Applied clinical points are mentioned, such as the risk of ureter injury during uterine artery ligation and routes for metastatic spread from pelvic cancers.
The document provides an overview of the pelvis and perineum anatomy. It describes:
1) The pelvic cavity is bounded by bones and muscles and contains organs like the bladder, intestines, and reproductive organs.
2) The pelvis is divided into the true pelvis and false pelvis. The true pelvis contains pelvic organs and the false pelvis contains parts of the intestines.
3) The pelvic floor is formed by muscles like the levator ani and coccygeus that support the pelvic organs.
The anterior abdominal wall has several layers including skin, superficial fascia, muscles, and peritoneum. The superficial fascia contains two layers - Camper's fascia and Scarpa's fascia. There are 5 muscles in the anterior abdominal wall - 3 flat muscles (external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis) and 2 vertical muscles (rectus abdominis, pyramidalis). The rectus abdominis muscles are enclosed in a sheath formed by the aponeuroses of the lateral muscles. Several important anatomical landmarks are described including the linea alba, arcuate line, and semilunar line. The abdominal wall has blood supply from superior and inferior epigastric
The perineum is the region between the thighs that contains the external genitalia and anal opening. It is bounded by the pelvic floor muscles superiorly and the thighs laterally. The perineum can be divided into the urogenital triangle anteriorly, containing the genital structures, and the anal triangle posteriorly, containing the anus. Each triangle contains superficial and deep pouches separated by fascial layers. The pouches contain muscles, nerves, and vessels related to the genital and anal structures. The perineal body is an important structure that provides support to the pelvic floor.
Cryptorchidism, or undescended testes, is a common birth defect where one or both testes fail to descend into the scrotum. It results from complex interactions between hormonal and mechanical factors during fetal development. The condition affects 1-4% of full-term and up to 45% of preterm male infants. Risk factors include low birth weight, prematurity, and genetic susceptibility. While often isolated, cryptorchidism can also be associated with syndromes involving reduced androgen production or action. Spontaneous descent is more likely in premature infants and may occur later in the first year of life.
The document summarizes the anatomy of the scrotum. It describes the layers of the scrotum from the outer skin to the inner layers surrounding the testes. It also discusses the blood supply, lymphatic drainage and innervation of the scrotum and testes. The microanatomy section provides details on the structure of the testes and epididymis as well as the contents of the spermatic cord. Common scrotal swellings are listed and clinical applications of scrotal anatomy are mentioned.
The document discusses the anatomy of the perineum region in males and females. It describes the boundaries and contents of the superficial and deep perineal pouches located in the urogenital triangle of the perineum. Key structures discussed include the superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles, sphincter urethrae muscle, bulbourethral glands, internal pudendal artery and related muscles and nerves.
The document summarizes the blood supply of the female pelvis. It describes the branches of the internal iliac artery and vein that supply various pelvic structures like the uterus, vagina, ovaries and rectum. It also discusses variations in pelvic vasculature and anastomoses between vessels that allow for collateral blood flow. Applied clinical points are mentioned, such as the risk of ureter injury during uterine artery ligation and routes for metastatic spread from pelvic cancers.
The document provides an overview of the pelvis and perineum anatomy. It describes:
1) The pelvic cavity is bounded by bones and muscles and contains organs like the bladder, intestines, and reproductive organs.
2) The pelvis is divided into the true pelvis and false pelvis. The true pelvis contains pelvic organs and the false pelvis contains parts of the intestines.
3) The pelvic floor is formed by muscles like the levator ani and coccygeus that support the pelvic organs.
The anterior abdominal wall has several layers including skin, superficial fascia, muscles, and peritoneum. The superficial fascia contains two layers - Camper's fascia and Scarpa's fascia. There are 5 muscles in the anterior abdominal wall - 3 flat muscles (external oblique, internal oblique, transversus abdominis) and 2 vertical muscles (rectus abdominis, pyramidalis). The rectus abdominis muscles are enclosed in a sheath formed by the aponeuroses of the lateral muscles. Several important anatomical landmarks are described including the linea alba, arcuate line, and semilunar line. The abdominal wall has blood supply from superior and inferior epigastric
The perineum is the region between the thighs that contains the external genitalia and anal opening. It is bounded by the pelvic floor muscles superiorly and the thighs laterally. The perineum can be divided into the urogenital triangle anteriorly, containing the genital structures, and the anal triangle posteriorly, containing the anus. Each triangle contains superficial and deep pouches separated by fascial layers. The pouches contain muscles, nerves, and vessels related to the genital and anal structures. The perineal body is an important structure that provides support to the pelvic floor.
The document provides an overview of the bony pelvis, including its functions, divisions, boundaries, diameters, sex differences, and applied anatomy. Key points include:
- The pelvis is composed of bones including the two hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx. It functions in locomotion, weight transmission, muscle attachments, and protection of pelvic organs.
- The pelvis is divided into the greater pelvis and lesser pelvis (true pelvis), with the latter further divided into the inlet, outlet, and cavity.
- Sex differences in the adult pelvis include a thicker and heavier structure in males versus thinner and lighter in females. Dimensions like the subpubic angle and
The document discusses the anatomy and abnormalities of the umbilical cord that can be identified on prenatal ultrasound. It provides details on the normal structure of the cord including the umbilical vessels and Wharton's jelly. Common abnormalities discussed include short or long cord length, umbilical cord cysts, single umbilical artery, velamentous or furcate cord insertion, and umbilical cord coiling abnormalities. Associations of various cord abnormalities with adverse pregnancy outcomes are also summarized.
The document summarizes the development of the female reproductive system. It begins with the formation of the genital ridge in the intermediate mesoderm at 3 weeks. At 5-6 weeks, primordial germ cells form the indifferent gonad. In the absence of the Y chromosome, the gonad develops into an ovary with cortical cords and primordial follicles. The ovaries descend into the pelvis guided by the gubernaculum. Meanwhile, the paramesonephric ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina. The vagina develops from the sinovaginal bulbs and vaginal plate. Remnants of the mesonephric ducts include the epoophoron and
This document discusses the physiology and pathology of ejaculation. It begins with an overview of the autonomic and somatic innervations involved in the male sexual response cycle. It then describes the processes of emission and ejaculation, which are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. It discusses various conditions like premature ejaculation, anejaculation, and retrograde ejaculation. It provides diagnostic criteria and treatments for these conditions. It also includes three case studies describing men with premature ejaculation, retrograde ejaculation, and anejaculation after a spinal injury.
1. The müllerian ducts normally develop into the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper two-thirds of the vagina. Failures or abnormalities during development can result in müllerian duct anomalies.
2. Development occurs through three phases - organogenesis, fusion, and septal resorption. Failures in fusion can lead to bicornuate or didelphys uterus, while failed septal resorption causes septate uterus.
3. Müllerian duct anomalies have a variety of presentations including infertility, miscarriage, and obstructed reproductive systems. Diagnosis is made through ultrasound, hysterosalpingography, or laparoscopy.
This document summarizes the pelvic blood supply and innervation. It describes the branches of the internal iliac arteries which supply structures in the pelvis such as the bladder, uterus, rectum and muscles. It also outlines the sacral plexus and its branches including the pudendal nerve which innervates the genitals. The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are discussed, including the lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves which contribute to the inferior hypogastric plexus.
The document summarizes pelvic floor anatomy and functions. It describes the levator ani muscles as the most important muscles that support pelvic organs. It outlines the boundaries and contents of the pelvis, perineum, and anterior and posterior triangles. Key structures like the anal sphincter complex, perineal body, and pelvic floor innervation are defined. The document also discusses pelvic floor dysfunction, classifications of perineal tears, and exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles.
The perineum is the region between the pubic symphysis and coccyx. It includes the external genitalia and anal canal. The perineum is divided into the urogenital triangle anteriorly, containing the vagina in females, and the anal triangle posteriorly, containing the anus. The pudendal canal runs through the ischioanal fossae, containing vessels and nerves, including the pudendal nerve which innervates the perineum. The urogenital diaphragm spans the urogenital triangle, containing sphincter muscles. Structures of the perineum are separated by fascial layers including the superficial and deep perineal fascia.
ANATOMY OF UTERUS
ANATOMY OF OVARY
ANATOMY OF FALLOPIAN TUBES
ANATOMY OF UTERUS &ITS APPENDAGES
ANATOMY OF CERVIX
ANATOMY OF UTERUS PPT
BLOOD SUPPLY, NERVE SUPPLY, LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
HISTOLOGY
Anatomy of the breast for medical/dental students. This presentation also contains MCQs to test your knowledge as well as clinical scenario to apply your knowledge.
The perineum is the diamond-shaped region between the thighs and below the pelvic diaphragm. It is divided into the urogenital triangle anteriorly and the anal triangle posteriorly. The urogenital triangle contains the superficial and deep perineal spaces, separated by the perineal membrane. The superficial perineal space contains muscles like the bulbospongiosus and blood vessels, while the deep perineal space contains the sphincter urethrae muscle and membranous urethra. Posteriorly, the ischiorectal fossae are located lateral to the anal canal and contain fat, blood vessels and nerves like the pudendal nerve. Diseases
The document discusses the anatomy of the perineum region in males and females. It describes key structures like the urogenital triangle, anal triangle, levator ani muscle, pelvic fascia, perineal membrane, superficial and deep perineal pouches, urogenital diaphragm, and perineal body. It provides details on the layers of fascia in the region, contents of the pouches, functions of the perineal body, and injuries that can occur like lacerations or episiotomies. The document is authored by Dr. Mohamed El fiky, Professor of anatomy and embryology.
This document provides an overview of penile anatomy. It describes the external structures of the penis including the skin, root, body, corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, dartos fascia, and Buck's fascia. It also details the internal anatomy such as the arterial and venous blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and nerve supply. Surgical implications are discussed regarding the arterial patterns and blood supply to different penile regions. Key points are made about vascularity and tissues involved in hypospadias.
The document discusses the anatomy of the breast. It covers topics such as location and extent of the breast, layers and structures within the breast like skin, parenchyma, ducts and lobes. It also discusses blood supply, lymphatic drainage including lymph node stations, nerve supply and radiological anatomy of the breast.
The testis is the male gonad located in the scrotum. It has two poles, two borders, and two surfaces. The testis is covered by three layers: the tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginea, and tunica vasculosa. Internally, the testis contains 200-300 lobules with seminiferous tubules that produce sperm. The testis receives blood supply from the abdominal aorta and drains into veins that lead to the inferior vena cava or left renal vein. Lymphatic drainage is to the pre-aortic and para-aortic lymph nodes. The testis has both sensory and motor nerve supply. Abnormalities can
Mullerian duct anomalies occur due to abnormal development of the paired mullerian ducts in females during embryological development. The three main phases of mullerian duct development are organogenesis, fusion, and septal resorption. When one or more of these phases are disrupted, it can lead to mullerian duct anomalies such as a bicornuate or septate uterus. Mullerian duct anomalies are diagnosed using imaging modalities like ultrasound, MRI, and hysterosalpingography which allow visualization of the uterine cavity and identification of the specific anomaly present. The most common anomalies include septate uterus, bicornuate uterus, and arcuate uterus.
This presentation aims to explain the anatomical features and clinical implications of the lower uterine segment (LUS). The LUS is the part of the uterus between the attachment of the peritoneum superiorly and the internal cervical os inferiorly. It contains less muscle fibers and blood vessels than the upper segment. During pregnancy, the LUS stretches to form the lower part of the uterine cavity in the third trimester. Placental attachment to the LUS can lead to bleeding risks as the area thins in preparation for labor. The LUS is the site of incision for caesarean sections due to its weaker muscles and blood supply.
The scrotum contains the testes and is divided into right and left sides. It has 5 layers from inner to outer: skin, dartos muscle, external spermatic fascia, cremasteric muscle and fascia, and internal spermatic fascia. The dartos muscle contracts in the cold to protect the testes and relaxes in warmth. Blood supply comes from various arteries and drains into veins that lead to the inferior vena cava or left renal vein.
The cervical plexus is formed from the ventral rami of the upper four cervical nerves. It has superficial branches that supply skin of the head and neck, and deep branches that innervate muscles in the neck. The phrenic nerve arises from cervical nerves C3-C5 and innervates the diaphragm. It passes behind the neck vessels and scalenus anterior muscle into the thorax. The ansa cervicalis is formed by the union of superior and inferior roots, and it supplies infrahyoid neck muscles.
The document describes the anatomy of the male and female urethra. It details the blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of both. The male urethra has three parts - preprostatic, prostatic, and spongy. The female urethra is shorter and wider than the male. Applied aspects discussed include urethritis, hypospadias, and catheterization techniques for the male urethra.
The document provides an overview of the bony pelvis, including its functions, divisions, boundaries, diameters, sex differences, and applied anatomy. Key points include:
- The pelvis is composed of bones including the two hip bones, sacrum, and coccyx. It functions in locomotion, weight transmission, muscle attachments, and protection of pelvic organs.
- The pelvis is divided into the greater pelvis and lesser pelvis (true pelvis), with the latter further divided into the inlet, outlet, and cavity.
- Sex differences in the adult pelvis include a thicker and heavier structure in males versus thinner and lighter in females. Dimensions like the subpubic angle and
The document discusses the anatomy and abnormalities of the umbilical cord that can be identified on prenatal ultrasound. It provides details on the normal structure of the cord including the umbilical vessels and Wharton's jelly. Common abnormalities discussed include short or long cord length, umbilical cord cysts, single umbilical artery, velamentous or furcate cord insertion, and umbilical cord coiling abnormalities. Associations of various cord abnormalities with adverse pregnancy outcomes are also summarized.
The document summarizes the development of the female reproductive system. It begins with the formation of the genital ridge in the intermediate mesoderm at 3 weeks. At 5-6 weeks, primordial germ cells form the indifferent gonad. In the absence of the Y chromosome, the gonad develops into an ovary with cortical cords and primordial follicles. The ovaries descend into the pelvis guided by the gubernaculum. Meanwhile, the paramesonephric ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina. The vagina develops from the sinovaginal bulbs and vaginal plate. Remnants of the mesonephric ducts include the epoophoron and
This document discusses the physiology and pathology of ejaculation. It begins with an overview of the autonomic and somatic innervations involved in the male sexual response cycle. It then describes the processes of emission and ejaculation, which are controlled by the sympathetic nervous system. It discusses various conditions like premature ejaculation, anejaculation, and retrograde ejaculation. It provides diagnostic criteria and treatments for these conditions. It also includes three case studies describing men with premature ejaculation, retrograde ejaculation, and anejaculation after a spinal injury.
1. The müllerian ducts normally develop into the fallopian tubes, uterus, cervix, and upper two-thirds of the vagina. Failures or abnormalities during development can result in müllerian duct anomalies.
2. Development occurs through three phases - organogenesis, fusion, and septal resorption. Failures in fusion can lead to bicornuate or didelphys uterus, while failed septal resorption causes septate uterus.
3. Müllerian duct anomalies have a variety of presentations including infertility, miscarriage, and obstructed reproductive systems. Diagnosis is made through ultrasound, hysterosalpingography, or laparoscopy.
This document summarizes the pelvic blood supply and innervation. It describes the branches of the internal iliac arteries which supply structures in the pelvis such as the bladder, uterus, rectum and muscles. It also outlines the sacral plexus and its branches including the pudendal nerve which innervates the genitals. The sympathetic and parasympathetic systems are discussed, including the lumbar and sacral splanchnic nerves which contribute to the inferior hypogastric plexus.
The document summarizes pelvic floor anatomy and functions. It describes the levator ani muscles as the most important muscles that support pelvic organs. It outlines the boundaries and contents of the pelvis, perineum, and anterior and posterior triangles. Key structures like the anal sphincter complex, perineal body, and pelvic floor innervation are defined. The document also discusses pelvic floor dysfunction, classifications of perineal tears, and exercises to strengthen the pelvic floor muscles.
The perineum is the region between the pubic symphysis and coccyx. It includes the external genitalia and anal canal. The perineum is divided into the urogenital triangle anteriorly, containing the vagina in females, and the anal triangle posteriorly, containing the anus. The pudendal canal runs through the ischioanal fossae, containing vessels and nerves, including the pudendal nerve which innervates the perineum. The urogenital diaphragm spans the urogenital triangle, containing sphincter muscles. Structures of the perineum are separated by fascial layers including the superficial and deep perineal fascia.
ANATOMY OF UTERUS
ANATOMY OF OVARY
ANATOMY OF FALLOPIAN TUBES
ANATOMY OF UTERUS &ITS APPENDAGES
ANATOMY OF CERVIX
ANATOMY OF UTERUS PPT
BLOOD SUPPLY, NERVE SUPPLY, LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
HISTOLOGY
Anatomy of the breast for medical/dental students. This presentation also contains MCQs to test your knowledge as well as clinical scenario to apply your knowledge.
The perineum is the diamond-shaped region between the thighs and below the pelvic diaphragm. It is divided into the urogenital triangle anteriorly and the anal triangle posteriorly. The urogenital triangle contains the superficial and deep perineal spaces, separated by the perineal membrane. The superficial perineal space contains muscles like the bulbospongiosus and blood vessels, while the deep perineal space contains the sphincter urethrae muscle and membranous urethra. Posteriorly, the ischiorectal fossae are located lateral to the anal canal and contain fat, blood vessels and nerves like the pudendal nerve. Diseases
The document discusses the anatomy of the perineum region in males and females. It describes key structures like the urogenital triangle, anal triangle, levator ani muscle, pelvic fascia, perineal membrane, superficial and deep perineal pouches, urogenital diaphragm, and perineal body. It provides details on the layers of fascia in the region, contents of the pouches, functions of the perineal body, and injuries that can occur like lacerations or episiotomies. The document is authored by Dr. Mohamed El fiky, Professor of anatomy and embryology.
This document provides an overview of penile anatomy. It describes the external structures of the penis including the skin, root, body, corpora cavernosa, corpus spongiosum, dartos fascia, and Buck's fascia. It also details the internal anatomy such as the arterial and venous blood supply, lymphatic drainage, and nerve supply. Surgical implications are discussed regarding the arterial patterns and blood supply to different penile regions. Key points are made about vascularity and tissues involved in hypospadias.
The document discusses the anatomy of the breast. It covers topics such as location and extent of the breast, layers and structures within the breast like skin, parenchyma, ducts and lobes. It also discusses blood supply, lymphatic drainage including lymph node stations, nerve supply and radiological anatomy of the breast.
The testis is the male gonad located in the scrotum. It has two poles, two borders, and two surfaces. The testis is covered by three layers: the tunica vaginalis, tunica albuginea, and tunica vasculosa. Internally, the testis contains 200-300 lobules with seminiferous tubules that produce sperm. The testis receives blood supply from the abdominal aorta and drains into veins that lead to the inferior vena cava or left renal vein. Lymphatic drainage is to the pre-aortic and para-aortic lymph nodes. The testis has both sensory and motor nerve supply. Abnormalities can
Mullerian duct anomalies occur due to abnormal development of the paired mullerian ducts in females during embryological development. The three main phases of mullerian duct development are organogenesis, fusion, and septal resorption. When one or more of these phases are disrupted, it can lead to mullerian duct anomalies such as a bicornuate or septate uterus. Mullerian duct anomalies are diagnosed using imaging modalities like ultrasound, MRI, and hysterosalpingography which allow visualization of the uterine cavity and identification of the specific anomaly present. The most common anomalies include septate uterus, bicornuate uterus, and arcuate uterus.
This presentation aims to explain the anatomical features and clinical implications of the lower uterine segment (LUS). The LUS is the part of the uterus between the attachment of the peritoneum superiorly and the internal cervical os inferiorly. It contains less muscle fibers and blood vessels than the upper segment. During pregnancy, the LUS stretches to form the lower part of the uterine cavity in the third trimester. Placental attachment to the LUS can lead to bleeding risks as the area thins in preparation for labor. The LUS is the site of incision for caesarean sections due to its weaker muscles and blood supply.
The scrotum contains the testes and is divided into right and left sides. It has 5 layers from inner to outer: skin, dartos muscle, external spermatic fascia, cremasteric muscle and fascia, and internal spermatic fascia. The dartos muscle contracts in the cold to protect the testes and relaxes in warmth. Blood supply comes from various arteries and drains into veins that lead to the inferior vena cava or left renal vein.
The cervical plexus is formed from the ventral rami of the upper four cervical nerves. It has superficial branches that supply skin of the head and neck, and deep branches that innervate muscles in the neck. The phrenic nerve arises from cervical nerves C3-C5 and innervates the diaphragm. It passes behind the neck vessels and scalenus anterior muscle into the thorax. The ansa cervicalis is formed by the union of superior and inferior roots, and it supplies infrahyoid neck muscles.
The document describes the anatomy of the male and female urethra. It details the blood supply, lymphatic drainage and nerve supply of both. The male urethra has three parts - preprostatic, prostatic, and spongy. The female urethra is shorter and wider than the male. Applied aspects discussed include urethritis, hypospadias, and catheterization techniques for the male urethra.
The peripheral nervous system consists of the spinal nerves, cranial nerves, autonomic nervous system, and peripheral nerve fibers. The autonomic nervous system is further divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems which generally have opposing effects on target organs. The sympathetic nervous system is responsible for the "fight or flight" response and mobilizes the body during stress through thoracolumbar outflow. The parasympathetic nervous system is responsible for "rest and digest" functions through craniosacral outflow.
The perineum is the diamond-shaped region between the pelvic outlet and the thighs. It is divided into an anterior urogenital triangle and a posterior anal triangle by an imaginary line between the ischial tuberosities. The anal triangle contains the external anal sphincter and is supplied by the inferior rectal branches of the pudendal nerve. The urogenital triangle contains erectile tissue that forms the clitoris or penis, as well as muscles and glands. The main blood supply is from the internal pudendal artery and its branches, while lymphatic drainage involves the superficial and deep inguinal nodes as well as internal iliac nodes.
The document describes the anatomy of the spinal cord, including:
- The spinal cord extends from the foramen magnum to the lumbar vertebrae in adults. It has cervical and lumbar enlargements corresponding to innervation of the upper and lower extremities.
- The meninges (dura mater, arachnoid mater, pia mater) surround and protect the spinal cord. The spinal cord has gray matter in an H-shaped configuration containing nerve cells and white matter tracts carrying ascending and descending signals.
- Ascending tracts include the spinothalamic tracts (pain and temperature), and posterior columns (position sense and touch). Descending tracts include the corticospinal
Spinal nerves emerge from the spinal cord and carry sensory and motor information between the spinal cord and specific body regions. There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that are categorized based on the region of the spinal cord they emerge from. The anterior rami of spinal nerves form plexuses that further distribute nerves to various body structures, while the thoracic spinal nerves directly innervate the intercostal muscles and skin as intercostal nerves.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the female genital tract, including both external and internal structures. Externally, it describes the vulva, clitoris, labia majora and minora, vestibule, and vaginal opening. Internally, it outlines the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, ovaries, and their blood supply, nerve innervation, and lymphatic drainage. It also discusses the supporting pelvic floor muscles and ligaments of the uterus and ovaries.
This document provides an overview of the anatomy of the female genital tract. It describes the external genitalia including the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, and vaginal opening. It then discusses the internal genital organs such as the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. It details the structure, blood supply, nerve supply, and functions of each organ. Accessory organs like the breasts are also briefly covered. The document aims to comprehensively summarize the anatomy of the female reproductive system.
The document discusses the anatomy and neural control of the bladder. It describes the layers of muscle that compose the bladder wall and urethra. Both the internal and external urethral sphincters are discussed as well as their innervation. Five reflex loops or centers are described that coordinate the filling and voiding of the bladder involving brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. Different types of neurogenic bladder dysfunction are also summarized based on the level of nervous system lesion.
The document summarizes the anatomy of abdominal nerves. It describes that the vagus nerve originates in the brain and forms plexuses like the celiac plexus that supply the stomach, liver, and pancreas. The renal and ovarian plexuses also arise from the celiac plexus to innervate the kidneys, ovaries, and uterus. The lumbar nerves like the iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal, and genitofemoral nerves branch from the lumbar spine to innervate the inguinal region. The lumbosacral plexus is formed from the lumbar and sacral plexuses and gives rise to nerves like the pudendal nerve that forms the pelvic plexus to
There are 31 pairs of spinal nerves that emerge from the spinal cord and transmit signals between the spinal cord and specific body regions. They are divided into cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, and coccygeal nerves. The anterior rami of spinal nerves form plexuses that branch into major nerves like the brachial plexus and lumbar plexus, which provide motor and sensory innervation to the limbs and trunk. Intercostal nerves also directly innervate the chest wall.
The male reproductive system consists of both external and internal structures. The external structures include the penis, scrotum, and testicles. The internal structures, or accessory organs, include the vas deferens, seminal vesicles, urethra, and prostate gland. The testicles produce sperm and hormones within the scrotum. During arousal, erectile tissues in the penis fill with blood, causing an erection. Semen, containing sperm and fluids, is produced and travels through the reproductive organs before being ejaculated through the urethra.
Cranial nerves Not directly associated with the eyeOthman Al-Abbadi
The cranial nerves do not directly relate to the eye, except for the optic nerve (CN II). The 12 pairs of cranial nerves originate from the brain and leave the cranial cavity through openings. The olfactory (CN I), optic (CN II), and vestibulocochlear (CN VIII) nerves are entirely sensory. The facial (CN VII) nerve contains motor, sensory, and parasympathetic components. The glossopharyngeal (CN IX) and vagus (CN X) nerves are mixed nerves containing motor, sensory and parasympathetic fibers. The hypoglossal nerve (CN XII) is a pure motor nerve that supplies the muscles of the tongue.
The document provides an overview of the anatomy of the female reproductive system. It describes the external genitalia (vulva) which includes the labia majora, labia minora, clitoris, urethral opening, and vaginal opening. It then discusses the internal genitalia of the vagina, uterus, fallopian tubes, and ovaries. The document outlines the structures and clinical relevance of the vulva, perineum, and their blood supply, innervation, and applied anatomy.
Trigeminal nerve maxillary nerve and clinical implicationDr Ravneet Kour
The document discusses the maxillary branch of the trigeminal nerve and its clinical implications. It begins by describing the basic anatomy of neurons, nerves and cranial nerves. It then focuses on the trigeminal nerve as the fifth cranial nerve, describing its nuclei, ganglion and three main branches - the ophthalmic, maxillary and mandibular nerves. Most of the document details the anatomy and branches of the maxillary nerve, including those in the pterygopalatine fossa, orbit, infraorbital canal and face. It concludes by discussing three clinical implications - trigeminal neuralgia, herpes zoster ophthalmicus and Wallenberg syndrome.
The document describes the anatomy of the anterior abdominal wall, including nerves, arteries, veins, and lymph drainage. It also discusses the inguinal canal, spermatic cord, and posterior abdominal wall. Key points include:
- The anterior abdominal wall is supplied by thoracic and lumbar nerves and arteries like the superior and inferior epigastric arteries.
- The inguinal canal allows structures like the spermatic cord to pass from the abdomen into the scrotum in males. It has walls formed by muscles like the internal oblique.
- The spermatic cord contains structures like the vas deferens, testicular vessels, and remnants of the processus vaginalis in males.
The major arteries, veins and nerves of the pelvis are described. The internal iliac artery and its branches supply the pelvic organs and structures. It has anterior and posterior trunks that give rise to arteries like the obturator, internal pudendal and inferior gluteal. The internal iliac vein drains deoxygenated blood from the pelvis. Lymph nodes in the pelvis include external iliac, internal iliac, sacral and common iliac nodes. The sacral plexus and coccygeal plexus provide motor and sensory innervation through nerves such as the pudendal and obturator nerves.
The male external genital organs include the penis, scrotum, testes, epididymides, and spermatic cords. The penis has two parts - the root and body. The body contains three cylinders that become engorged with blood during erection. The scrotum is a cutaneous sac that contains the testes and associated structures. Each testis produces and stores sperm and is surrounded by membranes. The epididymis is a highly coiled tube that acts as a reservoir for sperm. The spermatic cord connects the testes to the abdomen and contains vessels and nerves.
Similar to Innervation of female reproductive systm.pptx (20)
Internal pudendal artery- Deep artery of penis, dorsal artery of penis, artery of bulb of penis.
Femoral artery- Superficial external pudendal artery, superficial dorsal artery.
Accessory organs of GI and their physiology.pptxSuryansh Agrawal
This document summarizes key aspects of gastrointestinal physiology, including the accessory organs of the GI tract, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder. It describes the structure, components, functions, regulation, and applied physiology of each organ. The salivary glands, pancreas, and liver are involved in digestion through their secretions of enzymes. The liver also plays major roles in metabolism, storage, and excretion. The gallbladder stores and concentrates bile produced by the liver to aid in fat digestion. Diseases associated with each organ like pancreatitis, cirrhosis, and gallstones are also discussed.
Artery of the mediastinum that supplies blood to the right arm and the head and neck.
It is the first branch of the aortic arch.
It is also called trunk because it is base for two very important artery.
After it emerges, the brachiocephalic artery divides into the right common carotid artery and the right subclavian artery.
Clinical Ethics Committees - Some Local Health Districts and Specialty Networks within NSW Health have established local clinical ethics committees. These committees variously provide education, local policy advice regarding ethical issues arising in their facilities and ethics case consultation.
Human rights are universal legal guarantees protecting individuals and groups against actions by States (governments), which interfere with fundamental freedoms and human dignity.
Human rights law obliges governments to do some things, and prevents them from doing others.
The right to non-discrimination, equal protection and equality before the law; this right ensures that PLWHA are not discriminated against.
The right to life. this right ensures that PLWHA are assured of a guarantee to live and cannot be denied to do so on the basis of their HIV status.
INFORMATION SHARING AND SHARED DECISION MAKING IN CLINICAL .pptxSuryansh Agrawal
Important of information sharing is vital to safeguarding and promoting the welfare of children, young people and adults. The decisions about how much information to share, with whom and when, can have a profound impact on individuals' lives. It could ensure that an individual receives the right services at the right time
This document discusses stigma experienced by different groups in healthcare settings and its negative impacts. It identifies four drivers of stigma: language used, implicit and conscious biases, lack of respect for people's lives, and fear. Stigma reduces access to care, increases stress, and risks assault. The document proposes a new stigma model to understand individual and intersecting stigmas, and identify stigma practices across health conditions to inform policy. Interventions aim to reduce prejudice towards patients, but few address multiple stigmatized groups simultaneously despite stigma's effects on individuals and facilities. More research on overlooked conditions and standardized measures is still needed.
Thermodynamics deals with concepts of heat, temperature, and energy conversion. Thermal equilibrium occurs between substances when there is no further heat transfer between them. Internal energy is the total energy of all atoms and molecules in a substance due to their random motion. Thermodynamic systems are classified as open, closed, or isolated based on heat and matter transfer ability. The first law of thermodynamics relates heat and work through a mathematical equation. Entropy is a measure of disorder or randomness that increases for energy received by a system and decreases for energy given out. The second law of thermodynamics prohibits heat from spontaneously flowing from cold to hot without work.
Gel electrophoresis is a technique used to separate macromolecules like DNA, RNA, and proteins based on their size and charge. It works by applying an electric current to a gel, which causes charged molecules to migrate through the gel at different rates depending on their size and charge. The document discusses the history and development of gel electrophoresis, the basic principles and apparatus used, how to prepare and run a gel, and applications like DNA fingerprinting, antibiotic testing, and vaccine development. Common errors that can affect electrophoresis results include sample contamination, problems with the gel or electric current, and issues with visualization of the separated molecules.
The document summarizes several collagen-related diseases including scurvy, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, and osteogenesis imperfecta. Scurvy is caused by a vitamin C deficiency and results in bleeding gums and bruising. Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is caused by genetic defects in collagen processing enzymes and can be inherited. Osteogenesis imperfecta is a genetic disorder where mutations in collagen genes cause brittle bones that fracture easily, and is treated through bracing, surgery, and antibiotics for infections. Overall the document discusses the biochemical causes and clinical presentations of several heritable conditions related to defects in collagen production and structure.
Basavarajeeyam is a Sreshta Sangraha grantha (Compiled book ), written by Neelkanta kotturu Basavaraja Virachita. It contains 25 Prakaranas, First 24 Chapters related to Rogas& 25th to Rasadravyas.
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
8 Surprising Reasons To Meditate 40 Minutes A Day That Can Change Your Life.pptxHolistified Wellness
We’re talking about Vedic Meditation, a form of meditation that has been around for at least 5,000 years. Back then, the people who lived in the Indus Valley, now known as India and Pakistan, practised meditation as a fundamental part of daily life. This knowledge that has given us yoga and Ayurveda, was known as Veda, hence the name Vedic. And though there are some written records, the practice has been passed down verbally from generation to generation.
Integrating Ayurveda into Parkinson’s Management: A Holistic ApproachAyurveda ForAll
Explore the benefits of combining Ayurveda with conventional Parkinson's treatments. Learn how a holistic approach can manage symptoms, enhance well-being, and balance body energies. Discover the steps to safely integrate Ayurvedic practices into your Parkinson’s care plan, including expert guidance on diet, herbal remedies, and lifestyle modifications.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
- Video recording of this lecture in English language: https://youtu.be/kqbnxVAZs-0
- Video recording of this lecture in Arabic language: https://youtu.be/SINlygW1Mpc
- Link to download the book free: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/nephrotube-nephrology-books.html
- Link to NephroTube website: www.NephroTube.com
- Link to NephroTube social media accounts: https://nephrotube.blogspot.com/p/join-nephrotube-on-social-media.html
Cell Therapy Expansion and Challenges in Autoimmune DiseaseHealth Advances
There is increasing confidence that cell therapies will soon play a role in the treatment of autoimmune disorders, but the extent of this impact remains to be seen. Early readouts on autologous CAR-Ts in lupus are encouraging, but manufacturing and cost limitations are likely to restrict access to highly refractory patients. Allogeneic CAR-Ts have the potential to broaden access to earlier lines of treatment due to their inherent cost benefits, however they will need to demonstrate comparable or improved efficacy to established modalities.
In addition to infrastructure and capacity constraints, CAR-Ts face a very different risk-benefit dynamic in autoimmune compared to oncology, highlighting the need for tolerable therapies with low adverse event risk. CAR-NK and Treg-based therapies are also being developed in certain autoimmune disorders and may demonstrate favorable safety profiles. Several novel non-cell therapies such as bispecific antibodies, nanobodies, and RNAi drugs, may also offer future alternative competitive solutions with variable value propositions.
Widespread adoption of cell therapies will not only require strong efficacy and safety data, but also adapted pricing and access strategies. At oncology-based price points, CAR-Ts are unlikely to achieve broad market access in autoimmune disorders, with eligible patient populations that are potentially orders of magnitude greater than the number of currently addressable cancer patients. Developers have made strides towards reducing cell therapy COGS while improving manufacturing efficiency, but payors will inevitably restrict access until more sustainable pricing is achieved.
Despite these headwinds, industry leaders and investors remain confident that cell therapies are poised to address significant unmet need in patients suffering from autoimmune disorders. However, the extent of this impact on the treatment landscape remains to be seen, as the industry rapidly approaches an inflection point.
share - Lions, tigers, AI and health misinformation, oh my!.pptxTina Purnat
• Pitfalls and pivots needed to use AI effectively in public health
• Evidence-based strategies to address health misinformation effectively
• Building trust with communities online and offline
• Equipping health professionals to address questions, concerns and health misinformation
• Assessing risk and mitigating harm from adverse health narratives in communities, health workforce and health system
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of the physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar lead (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
6. Describe the flow of current around the heart during the cardiac cycle
7. Discuss the placement and polarity of the leads of electrocardiograph
8. Describe the normal electrocardiograms recorded from the limb leads and explain the physiological basis of the different records that are obtained
9. Define mean electrical vector (axis) of the heart and give the normal range
10. Define the mean QRS vector
11. Describe the axes of leads (hexagonal reference system)
12. Comprehend the vectorial analysis of the normal ECG
13. Determine the mean electrical axis of the ventricular QRS and appreciate the mean axis deviation
14. Explain the concepts of current of injury, J point, and their significance
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. Chapter 3, Cardiology Explained, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK2214/
7. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Here is the updated list of Top Best Ayurvedic medicine for Gas and Indigestion and those are Gas-O-Go Syp for Dyspepsia | Lavizyme Syrup for Acidity | Yumzyme Hepatoprotective Capsules etc
3. Nerve supply of
ovary
• The ovarian plexus
contains both
sympathetic and
parasympathetic nerves.
• Sympathetic nerves T10
and T11 are afferent for
pain as well as efferent
or vasomotor.
• Parasympathetic nerves
S2 - S4 are vasodilator.
4. Nerve supply of
uterine tubes
• The sympathetic nerve fro
m T10- L2 are derived from
hypogastric plexus.
• Contain both visceral
afferent and efferent fibers.
• Efferent fibers are
vasomotor and perhaps
stimulate tubal peristalsis.
5. Nerve supply of
uterine tubes
• Parasympathetic nerves are
derived from the vagus for
lateral half of the tube .
• Pelvic splanchnic nerves
from S2- S4 segment of
spinal cord for the medial
half.
• Splanchnic nerve inhibit
peristalsis and produce
vasodilation.
6. Nerve supply of
Uterus
• Uterine contraction and
vasoconstriction
are produced
by sympathetic nerves from
T12 and L1 segment of
spinal cord.
• Parasympathetic
nerves from S2 -
S4 produce uterine inhibiti
on and vasodilation.
7. Nerve supply of
Vagina
• The lower one-third of the vagina
is pain sensitive and is supplied
by the pudendal nerve through
the inferior rectal and posterior
labial branches of the perineal
nerve.
• The upper two-thirds of the
vagina are pain insensitive and
are supplied by sympathetic L1, 2
and parasympathetic segments
S2 to S4.
• Nerves are derived from the
inferior hypogastric and
uterovaginal plexuses.
10. Cutaneous
innervation
• Ilioinguinal nerve and genital branch of
the genitofemoral nerve: These supply
the skin of the anterior one-third of the
labium majus.
• Perineal branch of posterior cutaneous
nerve of thigh: It supplies the skin of the
lateral part of the urogenital region and
the lateral part of the posterior two-thirds
of the labium majus.
• Posterior labial nerves: These supply the
skin of the medial part of the urogenital
region including the labium minus in
females and the medial part of the
posterior two-thirds of the labium majus.
11. Innervation of
Urethra
• Somatic fibres from same
segments (S2–4) reach the striated
muscles through pelvic splanchnic
nerves that do not synapse in
vesical plexus.
• Sensory fibres in pelvic splanchnic
nerves reach to 2nd–4th
sacral segments of spinal cord.
• Postganglionic
sympathetic fibres arise from
plexus around the vaginal arteries.
12. Innervation of
Urethra
• Parasympathetic preganglionic fibres
from 2nd–4th sacral segments of
spinal cord.
• These run through pelvic splanchnic
nerves and synapse in vesical venous
plexus.
• Postganglionic fibres reach smooth
muscles.
• The mucous membrane of urethra is
supplied by the perineal branch of
the pudendal nerve.
Ovarian plexus is derived from renal , aortic and hypogastric plexus and accompanies the ovarian artery.
Supplied by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerve .
Peristalsis is mainly under hormonal control.
Vagus nerve is a 10th cranial nerve.
Pain sensation from uterus- sympathetic
Pain sensation from cervix- parasympathetic nerves
Richly supplied by both sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves through inferior hypogastric and ovarian plexus.
Sympathetic nerves are vasoconstrictor and parasympathetic nerves are vasodilator. The fibres which accompany the vaginal arteries form the vaginal nerves.
The perineal nerve is a large terminal branch of the pudendal nerve. It usually originates from the pudendal nerve during its course through the pudendal canal or right after the nerve exits the canal.
It is a mixed nerve. Its sensory fibers are delivered via its superficial (sensory branch) while its motor fibers travel via its deep (motor) branch. The main function of this nerve is to provide sensory and motor supply for the structures of the urogenital triangle in both sexes.
The dorsal nerve of the clitoris is a nerve in females that branches off the pudendal nerve to innervate the clitoris. The dorsal nerve of the clitoris is analogous to the dorsal nerve of the penis in males. It is a terminal branch of the pudendal nerve.
The pudendal nerve (S2-S4) is a mixed nerve mainly in charge of the sensory and motor supply of the perineum and external genitalia in both sexes. The nerve arises in the pelvic cavity from the sacral plexus, more specifically from the anterior rami of spinal nerves S2, S3 and S4.
The pelvic splanchnic nerves, also known as nervi erigentes, are preganglionic (presynaptic) parasympathetic nerve fibers that arise from the S2, S3 and S4 nerve roots of the sacral plexus. These nerves form the parasympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system in the pelvis