The document summarizes the development of the female reproductive system. It begins with the formation of the genital ridge in the intermediate mesoderm at 3 weeks. At 5-6 weeks, primordial germ cells form the indifferent gonad. In the absence of the Y chromosome, the gonad develops into an ovary with cortical cords and primordial follicles. The ovaries descend into the pelvis guided by the gubernaculum. Meanwhile, the paramesonephric ducts form the fallopian tubes, uterus and upper vagina. The vagina develops from the sinovaginal bulbs and vaginal plate. Remnants of the mesonephric ducts include the epoophoron and
Please find the power point on Anatomy of Femlae reproductive organs . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
USMLE REPRODUCTIVE 06 Development of female genital system.pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The development of the female genital system is a complex process involving the differentiation of structures that eventually form the reproductive and associated organs.
Understanding the embryonic development of the female genital system is crucial for surgeons, obstetricians, and gynecologists, especially in the context of congenital anomalies or surgical interventions.
Please find the power point on Anatomy of Femlae reproductive organs . I tried to present it on understandable way and all the contents are reviewed by experts and from very reliable references. Thank you
USMLE REPRODUCTIVE 06 Development of female genital system.pdfAHMED ASHOUR
The development of the female genital system is a complex process involving the differentiation of structures that eventually form the reproductive and associated organs.
Understanding the embryonic development of the female genital system is crucial for surgeons, obstetricians, and gynecologists, especially in the context of congenital anomalies or surgical interventions.
Embryology Course IX - Urogenital SystemRawa Muhsin
This session discusses the development of the urogenital system and includes:
1. Development of the kidneys and ureters
2. Development of the bladder and urethra
3. Development of the gonads and genital ducts
4. Development of the external genitalia
Development of Female Reproductive system.pptxRahul Sharma
the female reproductive system derives from four origins: mesoderm, primordial germ cells, coelomic epithelium, and mesenchyme. The uterus forms during Mullerian organogenesis accompanied by the development of the upper third of the vagina, the cervix, and both fallopian tubes.
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
Adv. biopharm. APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMSAkankshaAshtankar
MIP 201T & MPH 202T
ADVANCED BIOPHARMACEUTICS & PHARMACOKINETICS : UNIT 5
APPLICATION OF PHARMACOKINETICS : TARGETED DRUG DELIVERY SYSTEMS By - AKANKSHA ASHTANKAR
Antimicrobial stewardship to prevent antimicrobial resistanceGovindRankawat1
India is among the nations with the highest burden of bacterial infections.
India is one of the largest consumers of antibiotics worldwide.
India carries one of the largest burdens of drug‑resistant pathogens worldwide.
Highest burden of multidrug‑resistant tuberculosis,
Alarmingly high resistance among Gram‑negative and Gram‑positive bacteria even to newer antimicrobials such as carbapenems.
NDM‑1 ( New Delhi Metallo Beta lactamase 1, an enzyme which inactivates majority of Beta lactam antibiotics including carbapenems) was reported in 2008
Rasamanikya is a excellent preparation in the field of Rasashastra, it is used in various Kushtha Roga, Shwasa, Vicharchika, Bhagandara, Vatarakta, and Phiranga Roga. In this article Preparation& Comparative analytical profile for both Formulationon i.e Rasamanikya prepared by Kushmanda swarasa & Churnodhaka Shodita Haratala. The study aims to provide insights into the comparative efficacy and analytical aspects of these formulations for enhanced therapeutic outcomes.
Muktapishti is a traditional Ayurvedic preparation made from Shoditha Mukta (Purified Pearl), is believed to help regulate thyroid function and reduce symptoms of hyperthyroidism due to its cooling and balancing properties. Clinical evidence on its efficacy remains limited, necessitating further research to validate its therapeutic benefits.
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
Ozempic: Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists Saeid Safari
Preoperative Management of Patients on GLP-1 Receptor Agonists like Ozempic and Semiglutide
ASA GUIDELINE
NYSORA Guideline
2 Case Reports of Gastric Ultrasound
Knee anatomy and clinical tests 2024.pdfvimalpl1234
This includes all relevant anatomy and clinical tests compiled from standard textbooks, Campbell,netter etc..It is comprehensive and best suited for orthopaedicians and orthopaedic residents.
Recomendações da OMS sobre cuidados maternos e neonatais para uma experiência pós-natal positiva.
Em consonância com os ODS – Objetivos do Desenvolvimento Sustentável e a Estratégia Global para a Saúde das Mulheres, Crianças e Adolescentes, e aplicando uma abordagem baseada nos direitos humanos, os esforços de cuidados pós-natais devem expandir-se para além da cobertura e da simples sobrevivência, de modo a incluir cuidados de qualidade.
Estas diretrizes visam melhorar a qualidade dos cuidados pós-natais essenciais e de rotina prestados às mulheres e aos recém-nascidos, com o objetivo final de melhorar a saúde e o bem-estar materno e neonatal.
Uma “experiência pós-natal positiva” é um resultado importante para todas as mulheres que dão à luz e para os seus recém-nascidos, estabelecendo as bases para a melhoria da saúde e do bem-estar a curto e longo prazo. Uma experiência pós-natal positiva é definida como aquela em que as mulheres, pessoas que gestam, os recém-nascidos, os casais, os pais, os cuidadores e as famílias recebem informação consistente, garantia e apoio de profissionais de saúde motivados; e onde um sistema de saúde flexível e com recursos reconheça as necessidades das mulheres e dos bebês e respeite o seu contexto cultural.
Estas diretrizes consolidadas apresentam algumas recomendações novas e já bem fundamentadas sobre cuidados pós-natais de rotina para mulheres e neonatos que recebem cuidados no pós-parto em unidades de saúde ou na comunidade, independentemente dos recursos disponíveis.
É fornecido um conjunto abrangente de recomendações para cuidados durante o período puerperal, com ênfase nos cuidados essenciais que todas as mulheres e recém-nascidos devem receber, e com a devida atenção à qualidade dos cuidados; isto é, a entrega e a experiência do cuidado recebido. Estas diretrizes atualizam e ampliam as recomendações da OMS de 2014 sobre cuidados pós-natais da mãe e do recém-nascido e complementam as atuais diretrizes da OMS sobre a gestão de complicações pós-natais.
O estabelecimento da amamentação e o manejo das principais intercorrências é contemplada.
Recomendamos muito.
Vamos discutir essas recomendações no nosso curso de pós-graduação em Aleitamento no Instituto Ciclos.
Esta publicação só está disponível em inglês até o momento.
Prof. Marcus Renato de Carvalho
www.agostodourado.com
2. Learning objectives
• Layers of embryo
• Development of ovary
• Descent of ovaries
• Development of paramesonephric ducts
• Remnants of mesonephric ducts
• Development of vagina
• Defects in development of uterus and vagina
6. At 3 weeks of development
On either side of mesentery the intermediate mesoderm shows a thickening the
genital ridge(which will form indifferent gonad) medial to the mesonephros
7. At 5-6 weeks
The primordial germ cells from yolk sac endoderm
travel via dorsal mesentery to get incorporated into
the differentiating gonad in the genital ridge.
8. Indifferent gonad
Gonads begin to develop during 5th week from genital ridge
Gonads are first undifferentiated and have only cortex and medulla.
The type of gonad to be developed is determined at fertilization.
9. Sequence of events
• Normal absence of the Y chromosome or the sex-
determining region of the Y chromosome (SRY gene)
• Somatic sex cords of the indifferent gonad do not
produce Testis determining factor (TDF )
• No differentiation of gonad into a testis and its
subsequent production of antimüllerian hormone and
testosterone
• The indifferent gonad becomes an Ovary and formation
of female duct system
10. • Gonadal development occurs slowly in
females
• The X chromosomes bear genes for ovarian
development
• Until 10th week: ovary cannot be identified
histologically
11. Primitive sex cords cords do not become prominent.
They migrate and extend into the medulla and form rete ovarii,
which is rudimentary and disappears
Primitive sex cords
13. These cords split into isolated cell clusters called
primordial follicles -each of which consists of an
oogonium derived from a primordium germ cell
surrounded by a single layer of flattened follicular cells
derived from surface epithelium.
14. • Primordial follicles will form primary oocytes
• Number of primary oocytes at 20 weeks of
IUL – 7 million
• Number of primary oocytes at puberty –
4,00,000
15. The ovary separates from regressing mesonephros
and suspended by a mesentery ,the mesovarium
17. Gonad and Gubernaculum
The ovaries descend from posterior abdominal wall to reach the pelvic
cavity.
The gubernaculum (a mesodermal condensation ) attaches cranially to the
caudal pole of the ovary and caudally to internal surface of labial swellings
K :Kidney , Cm: Cranial mesentery, d duct CSL cranial suspensory ligament ,bl : bladder
18. The cranial part of gubernaculum becomes ovarian ligament (between
lower pole of ovary and side of uterus )
The caudal part of gubernaculum becomes round ligament of uterus
(from the side of the uterus to the labia majora )
20. Genital ducts
• Two pairs of genital ducts
are initially present in both
sexes:
(1) the mesonephric (wolffian)
ducts, which give rise to the
male ducts and a derivative,
the seminal vesicles; and
(2) the paramesonephric
(müllerian) ducts, which
form the oviducts or
fallopian tubes , uterus-
fundus,body and cervix and
vaginal fornices .
21. Genital ducts in cross section
At this time the intermediate mesoderm has mesonephric tubules
draining into mesonephric duct or wolffian duct adjacent to genital
ridge and mullerian duct or paramesonephric duct beginning to show
22. Paramesonephric duct in horizontal and
longitudinal section
• Formation of each paramesonephric (PMN) duct begins early in the sixth
week as an invagination of coelomic epithelium in the lateral wall of the
cranial end of the urogenital ridge and adjacent to each mesonephric duct
(In picture in red)
23. Parts of paramesonephric (PMN) ducts
• Initially 3 parts are
recognizable
1. Cranial vertical part :
which opens within the
coelomic cavity
2. Mid horizontal part :which
crosses the mesonephric
duct
3. Caudal vertical part :
which fuses in the midline
with its partner from
opposite side
(Please refer the blue ducts in
the picture)
24. Derivatives of Paramesonephric ducts
• With descent of ovaries into the pelvic inlet ,the first two parts i.e cranial
vertical and mid horizontal parts will develop into fallopian tube /oviducts
• The cranial end of the PMN duct remains open and will form the ostium of
the oviduct.
• The third part i.e.caudal vertical parts will fuse in midline to form a
uterovaginal primordium.(UVP)
25. Development of PMN ducts (contd)
• In the midline UVP initially has a uterine septum where the two PMN
ducts fused but later fuse to form uterine canal.
• Contact of the UVP with the urogenital sinus forms the sinus tubercle
on the posterior wall of urogenital sinus
26. Derivatives of Uterovaginal primordium(UVP)
• The UVP gives rise to the fundus, body, and isthmus of the
uterus, specifically the endometrial epithelium and glands of
the uterus.
• The UVP forms cranial part of vagina.(fornices part)
• The endometrial stroma and smooth muscle of the
myometrium are derived from adjacent splanchnic
mesenchyme.
• The epithelium of the cervix forms from the lower aspect of
UVP.
27. Remnants of mesonephric duct
• The mesonephric tubules and ducts regress in the female.
• Cranial part of duct forms epoophoron
• Mesonephric tubules form paroophoron
• At the caudal end a remnant the gartners duct /gartners cyst remains.
29. Formation of sinovaginal bulbs
• The solid tip of the
fused
paramesonephric
ducts ,the sinus
tubercle reaches the
dilated pelvic part of
urogenital sinus (UGS)
• The sinus tubercle
induces the formation
of paired endodermal
outgrowths in the UGS
called sinovaginal
bulbs
• The sinovaginal bulbs
fuse to form a vaginal
plate.
30.
31. • The epithelium of the vagina is
derived from the peripheral
cells of the vaginal plate.
• The vaginal plate (arising from
UGS) keeps on proliferating
thus increasing the distance
between the uterus and the
UGS
• Four wing like expansions of
the fused PMN ducts will
encircle the cranial parts of
the vaginal plate and become
the vaginal fornices.
32. • The central cells of the vaginal
plate break down (by the
process of apoptosis) and a
canal is formed which is
continuous cranially with the
uterine canal.
• Caudally it is separated from
the cavity of the UGS by a
transverse membrane, the
hymen.
• At birth, this hymen usually
ruptures in the middle and
remains as a thin fold of
mucous membrane within the
vaginal orifice
34. • Fusion of the PMN ducts
also brings together a fold of
peritoneum that becomes
the broad ligament
• The formation of broad
ligament divides the pelvic
cavity into two peritoneal
cavities –rectouterine pouch
and the vesicouterine
pouch.
• Along the sides of uterus –
between the layers of broad
ligament , mesenchyme
proliferates and
differentiates into loose
connective tissue and
smooth muscle-the
parametrium.
35. Auxillary genital glands in females
• Buds grow from the urethra into surrounding
mesenchyme and form bilateral mucus
secreting glands and paraurethral glands
(corresponding to prostate in male )
• Outgrowths from urogenital sinus form the
greater vestibular glands in lower third of
labia majora (homologous to bulbourethral
glands in male)
37. • Uterine didelphys results from failure of fusion of the
inferior parts of paramesonephric ducts .
• The uterus is entirely double and each one enters a
separate vagina.
38. • Uterus bicornis is one of
the common anomalies in
which the malfusion
involves only the superior
part of PMN ducts resulting
in a double horned uterus
entering a single vagina.
• Uterus bicornis unicollis
with one rudimentary horn-
One of the PMN ducts may
get partially or completely
atretic ,a part of the duct
may develop
39. • Uterus arcuatus : least severe form, uterus only slightly indented in
the middle
• Unicornuate uterus: develops when one paramesonephric duct fails
to develop,this results in a uterus with one uterine tube.
• Septate uterus : Uterine septum does not regress completely
/partially
40. Absence of vagina: Due to failure of sinovaginal bulbs
to develop and form the vaginal plate.
• Occurrence 1in 5000 newborns
Vaginal Atresia:
Failure of canalization of vaginal plate results in atresi a
(blockage) of the vagina.
Imperforate hymen: Failure of inferior end of vaginal
plate to perforate results in imperforate hymen.
Note : Complete ovarian differentiation seems to require two X chromosomes as XO females exhibit ovarian dysgenesis, in which ovaries have degenerated germ cells and no follicles and are present as gonadal “streaks”.