The document discusses the anatomy of the perineum region in males and females. It describes the boundaries and contents of the superficial and deep perineal pouches located in the urogenital triangle of the perineum. Key structures discussed include the superficial and deep transverse perineal muscles, sphincter urethrae muscle, bulbourethral glands, internal pudendal artery and related muscles and nerves.
HUMAN ANATOMY
regional anatomy
regional anatomy of pelvic
changsha medical university lecture
csmu lecture by an chen
uploaded by Prabesh raj jamkatel
pelvics
ANATOMY OF UTERUS
ANATOMY OF OVARY
ANATOMY OF FALLOPIAN TUBES
ANATOMY OF UTERUS &ITS APPENDAGES
ANATOMY OF CERVIX
ANATOMY OF UTERUS PPT
BLOOD SUPPLY, NERVE SUPPLY, LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
HISTOLOGY
Lateral ventricle of Brain. By Dr.N.Mugunthan.M.Smgmcri1234
Lateral ventricle of brain. Lecture by Dr.N.Mugunthan.
Associate Professor,
Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute,
Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Pondicherry.
rectus sheath, the sheath covering rectus muscle of anterior abdominal wall, formation of the sheath, the muscles involved in ts formation, and the contents the sheath is covering
HUMAN ANATOMY
regional anatomy
regional anatomy of pelvic
changsha medical university lecture
csmu lecture by an chen
uploaded by Prabesh raj jamkatel
pelvics
ANATOMY OF UTERUS
ANATOMY OF OVARY
ANATOMY OF FALLOPIAN TUBES
ANATOMY OF UTERUS &ITS APPENDAGES
ANATOMY OF CERVIX
ANATOMY OF UTERUS PPT
BLOOD SUPPLY, NERVE SUPPLY, LYMPHATIC DRAINAGE
HISTOLOGY
Lateral ventricle of Brain. By Dr.N.Mugunthan.M.Smgmcri1234
Lateral ventricle of brain. Lecture by Dr.N.Mugunthan.
Associate Professor,
Mahatma Gandhi Medical College & Research Institute,
Sri Balaji Vidyapeeth, Pondicherry.
rectus sheath, the sheath covering rectus muscle of anterior abdominal wall, formation of the sheath, the muscles involved in ts formation, and the contents the sheath is covering
At the end of the presentation we should be able to:
Understand the perineum
Know the perineal pouches, Ischiorectal fossa and their contents
Identify the boundaries and recessess of ischiorectal fossa
Understand the Vasculature of the perineum
Diamond-shaped area between
Pubic symphysis (anteriorly)
Coccyx (posteriorly)
Ischial tuberosities (laterally)
Males contain
Scrotum, root of penis, anus
Females contain
External genitalia, anus
Muscles Of Anterolateral Abdominal Wall.pptxaqsaaroob1
I described about the whole anatomy of anterolateral abdominal wall. Muscles, ligaments attach directly to anterolateral abdominal wall. Also add the topic of inguinal canal complete.
The ischiorectal fossa (ischioanal fossa) is a wedge-shaped space located on each side of the anal canal (see diagram below).
The base of the wedge is superficial and formed by the skin.
The edge of the wedge is formed by the junction of the medial and lateral walls.
It is a communication between the superficial inguinal ring and the deep inguinal ring. It is an intermuscular slit
Superficial Inguinal lies 2.5 cm. above the pubic tubercle, in the external oblique muscle.
Deep Inguinal ring is 1.25 cm above the mid inguinal point . It is U shaped in the transversalis fascia.
It is 4 cm long . It runs obliquely downwards and forwards.
In infants the superficial and deep inguinal rings are almost super imposed.
Join live classes, download study aids, sell your documents, join or host your own classes online, get tutoring, tutor students, take practices tests and more at Examville.com
Similar to Perineal pouches & urogenital diaphragm (20)
These lecture slides, by Dr Sidra Arshad, offer a quick overview of physiological basis of a normal electrocardiogram.
Learning objectives:
1. Define an electrocardiogram (ECG) and electrocardiography
2. Describe how dipoles generated by the heart produce the waveforms of the ECG
3. Describe the components of a normal electrocardiogram of a typical bipolar leads (limb II)
4. Differentiate between intervals and segments
5. Enlist some common indications for obtaining an ECG
Study Resources:
1. Chapter 11, Guyton and Hall Textbook of Medical Physiology, 14th edition
2. Chapter 9, Human Physiology - From Cells to Systems, Lauralee Sherwood, 9th edition
3. Chapter 29, Ganong’s Review of Medical Physiology, 26th edition
4. Electrocardiogram, StatPearls - https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK549803/
5. ECG in Medical Practice by ABM Abdullah, 4th edition
6. ECG Basics, http://www.nataliescasebook.com/tag/e-c-g-basics
Title: Sense of Taste
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the structure and function of taste buds.
Describe the relationship between the taste threshold and taste index of common substances.
Explain the chemical basis and signal transduction of taste perception for each type of primary taste sensation.
Recognize different abnormalities of taste perception and their causes.
Key Topics:
Significance of Taste Sensation:
Differentiation between pleasant and harmful food
Influence on behavior
Selection of food based on metabolic needs
Receptors of Taste:
Taste buds on the tongue
Influence of sense of smell, texture of food, and pain stimulation (e.g., by pepper)
Primary and Secondary Taste Sensations:
Primary taste sensations: Sweet, Sour, Salty, Bitter, Umami
Chemical basis and signal transduction mechanisms for each taste
Taste Threshold and Index:
Taste threshold values for Sweet (sucrose), Salty (NaCl), Sour (HCl), and Bitter (Quinine)
Taste index relationship: Inversely proportional to taste threshold
Taste Blindness:
Inability to taste certain substances, particularly thiourea compounds
Example: Phenylthiocarbamide
Structure and Function of Taste Buds:
Composition: Epithelial cells, Sustentacular/Supporting cells, Taste cells, Basal cells
Features: Taste pores, Taste hairs/microvilli, and Taste nerve fibers
Location of Taste Buds:
Found in papillae of the tongue (Fungiform, Circumvallate, Foliate)
Also present on the palate, tonsillar pillars, epiglottis, and proximal esophagus
Mechanism of Taste Stimulation:
Interaction of taste substances with receptors on microvilli
Signal transduction pathways for Umami, Sweet, Bitter, Sour, and Salty tastes
Taste Sensitivity and Adaptation:
Decrease in sensitivity with age
Rapid adaptation of taste sensation
Role of Saliva in Taste:
Dissolution of tastants to reach receptors
Washing away the stimulus
Taste Preferences and Aversions:
Mechanisms behind taste preference and aversion
Influence of receptors and neural pathways
Impact of Sensory Nerve Damage:
Degeneration of taste buds if the sensory nerve fiber is cut
Abnormalities of Taste Detection:
Conditions: Ageusia, Hypogeusia, Dysgeusia (parageusia)
Causes: Nerve damage, neurological disorders, infections, poor oral hygiene, adverse drug effects, deficiencies, aging, tobacco use, altered neurotransmitter levels
Neurotransmitters and Taste Threshold:
Effects of serotonin (5-HT) and norepinephrine (NE) on taste sensitivity
Supertasters:
25% of the population with heightened sensitivity to taste, especially bitterness
Increased number of fungiform papillae
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE IN HEALTHCARE.pdfAnujkumaranit
Artificial intelligence (AI) refers to the simulation of human intelligence processes by machines, especially computer systems. It encompasses tasks such as learning, reasoning, problem-solving, perception, and language understanding. AI technologies are revolutionizing various fields, from healthcare to finance, by enabling machines to perform tasks that typically require human intelligence.
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Tom Selleck Health: A Comprehensive Look at the Iconic Actor’s Wellness Journeygreendigital
Tom Selleck, an enduring figure in Hollywood. has captivated audiences for decades with his rugged charm, iconic moustache. and memorable roles in television and film. From his breakout role as Thomas Magnum in Magnum P.I. to his current portrayal of Frank Reagan in Blue Bloods. Selleck's career has spanned over 50 years. But beyond his professional achievements. fans have often been curious about Tom Selleck Health. especially as he has aged in the public eye.
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Introduction
Many have been interested in Tom Selleck health. not only because of his enduring presence on screen but also because of the challenges. and lifestyle choices he has faced and made over the years. This article delves into the various aspects of Tom Selleck health. exploring his fitness regimen, diet, mental health. and the challenges he has encountered as he ages. We'll look at how he maintains his well-being. the health issues he has faced, and his approach to ageing .
Early Life and Career
Childhood and Athletic Beginnings
Tom Selleck was born on January 29, 1945, in Detroit, Michigan, and grew up in Sherman Oaks, California. From an early age, he was involved in sports, particularly basketball. which played a significant role in his physical development. His athletic pursuits continued into college. where he attended the University of Southern California (USC) on a basketball scholarship. This early involvement in sports laid a strong foundation for his physical health and disciplined lifestyle.
Transition to Acting
Selleck's transition from an athlete to an actor came with its physical demands. His first significant role in "Magnum P.I." required him to perform various stunts and maintain a fit appearance. This role, which he played from 1980 to 1988. necessitated a rigorous fitness routine to meet the show's demands. setting the stage for his long-term commitment to health and wellness.
Fitness Regimen
Workout Routine
Tom Selleck health and fitness regimen has evolved. adapting to his changing roles and age. During his "Magnum, P.I." days. Selleck's workouts were intense and focused on building and maintaining muscle mass. His routine included weightlifting, cardiovascular exercises. and specific training for the stunts he performed on the show.
Selleck adjusted his fitness routine as he aged to suit his body's needs. Today, his workouts focus on maintaining flexibility, strength, and cardiovascular health. He incorporates low-impact exercises such as swimming, walking, and light weightlifting. This balanced approach helps him stay fit without putting undue strain on his joints and muscles.
Importance of Flexibility and Mobility
In recent years, Selleck has emphasized the importance of flexibility and mobility in his fitness regimen. Understanding the natural decline in muscle mass and joint flexibility with age. he includes stretching and yoga in his routine. These practices help prevent injuries, improve posture, and maintain mobilit
Lung Cancer: Artificial Intelligence, Synergetics, Complex System Analysis, S...Oleg Kshivets
RESULTS: Overall life span (LS) was 2252.1±1742.5 days and cumulative 5-year survival (5YS) reached 73.2%, 10 years – 64.8%, 20 years – 42.5%. 513 LCP lived more than 5 years (LS=3124.6±1525.6 days), 148 LCP – more than 10 years (LS=5054.4±1504.1 days).199 LCP died because of LC (LS=562.7±374.5 days). 5YS of LCP after bi/lobectomies was significantly superior in comparison with LCP after pneumonectomies (78.1% vs.63.7%, P=0.00001 by log-rank test). AT significantly improved 5YS (66.3% vs. 34.8%) (P=0.00000 by log-rank test) only for LCP with N1-2. Cox modeling displayed that 5YS of LCP significantly depended on: phase transition (PT) early-invasive LC in terms of synergetics, PT N0—N12, cell ratio factors (ratio between cancer cells- CC and blood cells subpopulations), G1-3, histology, glucose, AT, blood cell circuit, prothrombin index, heparin tolerance, recalcification time (P=0.000-0.038). Neural networks, genetic algorithm selection and bootstrap simulation revealed relationships between 5YS and PT early-invasive LC (rank=1), PT N0—N12 (rank=2), thrombocytes/CC (3), erythrocytes/CC (4), eosinophils/CC (5), healthy cells/CC (6), lymphocytes/CC (7), segmented neutrophils/CC (8), stick neutrophils/CC (9), monocytes/CC (10); leucocytes/CC (11). Correct prediction of 5YS was 100% by neural networks computing (area under ROC curve=1.0; error=0.0).
CONCLUSIONS: 5YS of LCP after radical procedures significantly depended on: 1) PT early-invasive cancer; 2) PT N0--N12; 3) cell ratio factors; 4) blood cell circuit; 5) biochemical factors; 6) hemostasis system; 7) AT; 8) LC characteristics; 9) LC cell dynamics; 10) surgery type: lobectomy/pneumonectomy; 11) anthropometric data. Optimal diagnosis and treatment strategies for LC are: 1) screening and early detection of LC; 2) availability of experienced thoracic surgeons because of complexity of radical procedures; 3) aggressive en block surgery and adequate lymph node dissection for completeness; 4) precise prediction; 5) adjuvant chemoimmunoradiotherapy for LCP with unfavorable prognosis.
The prostate is an exocrine gland of the male mammalian reproductive system
It is a walnut-sized gland that forms part of the male reproductive system and is located in front of the rectum and just below the urinary bladder
Function is to store and secrete a clear, slightly alkaline fluid that constitutes 10-30% of the volume of the seminal fluid that along with the spermatozoa, constitutes semen
A healthy human prostate measures (4cm-vertical, by 3cm-horizontal, 2cm ant-post ).
It surrounds the urethra just below the urinary bladder. It has anterior, median, posterior and two lateral lobes
It’s work is regulated by androgens which are responsible for male sex characteristics
Generalised disease of the prostate due to hormonal derangement which leads to non malignant enlargement of the gland (increase in the number of epithelial cells and stromal tissue)to cause compression of the urethra leading to symptoms (LUTS
Title: Sense of Smell
Presenter: Dr. Faiza, Assistant Professor of Physiology
Qualifications:
MBBS (Best Graduate, AIMC Lahore)
FCPS Physiology
ICMT, CHPE, DHPE (STMU)
MPH (GC University, Faisalabad)
MBA (Virtual University of Pakistan)
Learning Objectives:
Describe the primary categories of smells and the concept of odor blindness.
Explain the structure and location of the olfactory membrane and mucosa, including the types and roles of cells involved in olfaction.
Describe the pathway and mechanisms of olfactory signal transmission from the olfactory receptors to the brain.
Illustrate the biochemical cascade triggered by odorant binding to olfactory receptors, including the role of G-proteins and second messengers in generating an action potential.
Identify different types of olfactory disorders such as anosmia, hyposmia, hyperosmia, and dysosmia, including their potential causes.
Key Topics:
Olfactory Genes:
3% of the human genome accounts for olfactory genes.
400 genes for odorant receptors.
Olfactory Membrane:
Located in the superior part of the nasal cavity.
Medially: Folds downward along the superior septum.
Laterally: Folds over the superior turbinate and upper surface of the middle turbinate.
Total surface area: 5-10 square centimeters.
Olfactory Mucosa:
Olfactory Cells: Bipolar nerve cells derived from the CNS (100 million), with 4-25 olfactory cilia per cell.
Sustentacular Cells: Produce mucus and maintain ionic and molecular environment.
Basal Cells: Replace worn-out olfactory cells with an average lifespan of 1-2 months.
Bowman’s Gland: Secretes mucus.
Stimulation of Olfactory Cells:
Odorant dissolves in mucus and attaches to receptors on olfactory cilia.
Involves a cascade effect through G-proteins and second messengers, leading to depolarization and action potential generation in the olfactory nerve.
Quality of a Good Odorant:
Small (3-20 Carbon atoms), volatile, water-soluble, and lipid-soluble.
Facilitated by odorant-binding proteins in mucus.
Membrane Potential and Action Potential:
Resting membrane potential: -55mV.
Action potential frequency in the olfactory nerve increases with odorant strength.
Adaptation Towards the Sense of Smell:
Rapid adaptation within the first second, with further slow adaptation.
Psychological adaptation greater than receptor adaptation, involving feedback inhibition from the central nervous system.
Primary Sensations of Smell:
Camphoraceous, Musky, Floral, Pepperminty, Ethereal, Pungent, Putrid.
Odor Detection Threshold:
Examples: Hydrogen sulfide (0.0005 ppm), Methyl-mercaptan (0.002 ppm).
Some toxic substances are odorless at lethal concentrations.
Characteristics of Smell:
Odor blindness for single substances due to lack of appropriate receptor protein.
Behavioral and emotional influences of smell.
Transmission of Olfactory Signals:
From olfactory cells to glomeruli in the olfactory bulb, involving lateral inhibition.
Primitive, less old, and new olfactory systems with different path
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Ve...kevinkariuki227
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
TEST BANK for Operations Management, 14th Edition by William J. Stevenson, Verified Chapters 1 - 19, Complete Newest Version.pdf
Report Back from SGO 2024: What’s the Latest in Cervical Cancer?bkling
Are you curious about what’s new in cervical cancer research or unsure what the findings mean? Join Dr. Emily Ko, a gynecologic oncologist at Penn Medicine, to learn about the latest updates from the Society of Gynecologic Oncology (SGO) 2024 Annual Meeting on Women’s Cancer. Dr. Ko will discuss what the research presented at the conference means for you and answer your questions about the new developments.
MANAGEMENT OF ATRIOVENTRICULAR CONDUCTION BLOCK.pdfJim Jacob Roy
Cardiac conduction defects can occur due to various causes.
Atrioventricular conduction blocks ( AV blocks ) are classified into 3 types.
This document describes the acute management of AV block.
2. PERINEUM
• It is a diamond shaped space at the
lower end of trunk and lies between
the thighs.
• Pelvic outlet
• It lies below the pelvic diaphragm.
12/29/18 2
4. An imaginary transverse line joining the anterior
ends of the ischial tuberosities divides the
perineum into two triangles -
12/29/18 4
5. DIVISIONS OF PERINIUM :
• BOUNDERIES OF UGT
• In front
• Pubis symphsis and arcuate pubic
ligament.
• Behind
• Imaginary horizontal line.
• Each side
• Ischio-pubic ramus.
12/29/18 5
6. DIVISIONS OF PERINIUM :
• BOUNDERIES OF Anal
Triangle
• Behind
• Coccyx
• In Front
• Imaginary horizontal line.
• Each side
• Sacrotuberous Ligament.
12/29/18 6
7. UROGENITAL REGION
• INTRODUCTION
• LAYERS
• SUPERFICIAL AND DEEP PERINEAL POUCHES
• UROGENITAL DIAPHRAGM
• PERINEAL BODY
• APPLIED
12/29/18 7
8. Urogenital Triangle
• Transversely across the rami, three
membranes
• From above downwards
• Superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm
• Perineal membrane / Inferior fascia of
urogenital diaphragm
• Membranous layer of superificial fascia
12/29/18 8
9. Urogenital Triangle
• Two spaces
• Deep Perineal Pouch- between
Superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm
and Perineal fascia / Inferior fascia of
urogenital diaphragm
• Superificial Perineal Pouch- between
Perineal fascia / Inferior fascia of
urogenital diaphragm and Membranous
layer of superificial fascia
12/29/18 9
10. Superior fascia of urogenital diaphragm
Inferior fascia of urogenital diaphragm
(Perineal Membrane)
Superficial fascia of perineum
(colles’ fascia)
Deep perineal space
Superficial perineal space
12/29/18 10
11. Urogenital Triangle
• Posteriorly, all three membranes are
attached to the perineal body.
• Anteriorly, Superior and Inferior fascia of
urogenital diaphragm fuse a little behind
pubic symphysis -transverse ligament of
pubis
• Dorsal vein of penis
• Anteriorly, Membranous layer continues
with anterior abdominal wall
12/29/18 11
12. SUPERFICIAL PERINEAL
POUCH
• Boundaries :
• Above – Perineal membrane
• Below – Colle’s fascia
• On each side – Inner surface of
Ischiopubic rami
• Behind – Closed by the union of
perineal membrane with Colle’s
fascia.
• In front – Open and continuous
with the spaces of scrotum, penis
and anterior abdominal wall.
Definition :
• It is the interfacial space of Urogenital region below the perineal
membrane.
12/29/18 12
13. SUPERFICIAL PERINEAL
POUCH• Contents
• Muscles - superficial transverse perineal muscle, bulbospongiosus, crus
penis (male), crus of clitoris (female) and ischiocavernousus
• Central part - bulb of penis (male), bulb of vestibule (female) and covering
urethra(in both)
• Ducts of bulbourethral glands(male) greater vestibular glands(female)
• Branches of pudendal nerves and internal pudendal vessels
12/29/18 13
14. Contents of Superficial
Perineal Pouch in Male
1. Root (crura) of the penis and muscle
associated with it (ischiocavenous)
2. Bulbs of the penis and surrounding muscle
(bulbospongiosus)
3. Superficial transverse perineal muscles
4. Branches of the internal pudendal artery
5. Branches of Perineal branch of the
pudendal nerves-
• Posterior scrotal branches
• Transverse perineal branches
6. Perineal branch of posterior cutaneous nerve
of thigh
12/29/18 14
15. Superficial perineal
space(Pouch)
• Anteriorly open and posteriorly
closed by fused perineal
membrane with colles’ fascia
• Space open anteriorly (In rupture
of cavernous part of urethra, urine
can extravasate from scrotum
upward in front of symphysis pubis
into anterior abdominal wall deep
to membranous fascia of Scarpa)
12/29/18 15
16. Contents of superficial perineal
pouch in female
1. Root (crura) of the clitoris and muscle
associated with it (ischiocavenous)
2. Bulbs of the vestibule and surrounding
muscle (bulbospongiosus)
3. Superficial transverse perineal muscles
4. Branches of the internal pudendal artery
5. Branches of Perineal branch of the
pudendal nerves-
6. Posterior labial branches
7. Transverse perineal branches
8. Posterior labial branch
6. Perineal branch of posterior cutaneous
nerve of thigh
7. Greater vestibular glands
12/29/18 16
17. Superficial Transverse Perineal
Muscles
• The superficial transverse perineal
muscles lie in the posterior part of the
superficial perineal pouch
• Each muscle arises from the ischial
ramus and is inserted into the perineal
body
• The function of these muscles is to fix
the perineal body in the center of the
perineum
• All the muscles of the superficial
perineal pouch are supplied by the
perineal branch of the pudendal nerve
12/29/18 17
18. DEEP PERINEAL POUCH
• Lies between superior and inferior
fascia of urogenital diaphragm
• Closed on all sides
• Boundaries
• Above : superior layer of urogenital
diaphragm
• Below : inferior layer of urogenital
diaphragm or perineal membrane
• Infront : transverse ligament of pubis
• Behind : Fusion of both membrane
12/29/18 20
19. Deep perineal space
(Pouch)• Contents
• Membranous urethra(male),urethra and vagina(female)
• Deep transverse perineal muscle, sphincter urethrae
• Bulbourethral gland (male)
• Branches of intenal pudendal vessels(artery of penis)
• Branches of pudendal nerve(dorsal nerve of penis)
12/29/18 21
20. Contents of the Deep Perineal
Pouch in the Male
1. The membranous part of the urethra
2. The sphincter urethrae muscle
3. The bulbourethral glands
4. The deep transverse perineal
muscles
5. The internal pudendal vessels and
their branches
6. The dorsal nerves of the penis
12/29/18 22
21. Contents of deep perineal pouch in
female
1. Proximal part of urethra
2. External urethral sphincter muscle
3. Deep transverse perineal muscles
4. Related vessels and nerves
5. Deep artery of clitoris
6. Dorsal artery of clitoris
7. Artery to bulb of vestibule
8. Urethral artery
9. Dorsal nerve of clitoris
12/29/18
22. Deep Transverse Perineal Muscles
• The deep transverse perineal muscles lie posterior to the sphincter urethrae
muscle
• Each muscle arises from the ischial ramus and passes medially to be inserted
into the perineal body
• These muscles are clinically unimportant
12/29/18 24
23. Sphincter Urethrae Muscle
• The sphincter urethrae muscle surrounds the urethra in the deep perineal
pouch
• It arises from the pubic arch on the two sides and passes medially to encircle
the urethra
• The perineal branch of the pudendal nerve supplies the sphincter
• The muscle compresses the membranous part of the urethra and relaxes
during micturition
• It is the means by which micturition can be voluntarily stopped
12/29/18 26
24. Internal Pudendal Artery
• The internal pudenal artery on
each side enters the deep perineal
pouch and passes forward, giving
rise to:
• The artery to the bulb of the penis
• The arteries to the crura of the
penis
• The dorsal artery of the penis,
which supplies the skin and fascia
of the penis
12/29/18 27
25. Bulbourethral Glands
• The bulbourethral glands are two
small glands that lie beneath the
sphincter urethrae muscle
• Their ducts pierce the perineal
membrane and enter the penile
portion of the urethra
• The secretion is poured into the
urethra as a result of erotic
stimulation
12/29/18 28
26. Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve Supply Action
Bulbospongiosus Fascia of bulb of
penis and corpus
spongiosum and
cavernosum
Perineal body Perineal branch of
pudendal nerve
Compresses urethra
and assists in
erection of penis
Ischiocavernosus Ischial tuberosity Fascia covering
corpus cavernosum
Perineal branch of
pudendal nerve
Assists in erection of
penis
Sphincter urethrae Pubic arch Surrounds urethra Perineal branch of
pudendal nerve
Voluntary sphincter of
urethra
Superficial transverse
perineal muscle
Ischial tuberosity Perineal body Perineal branch of
pudendal nerve
Fixes perineal body
Deep transverse
perineal muscle
Ischial ramus Perineal body Perineal branch of
pudendal nerve
Fixes perineal body
Male Urogenital Muscles
12/29/18 29
27. Muscle Origin Insertion Nerve supply Action
Bulbospongiosus Fascia of corpus
cavernosum
Perineal body Perineal branch of
pudendal nerve
Sphincter of
vagina and
assists in
erection of clitoris
Ischiocavernosus Ischial tuberosity Fascia covering
corpus
cavernosum
Perineal branch of
pudendal nerve
Causes erection
of clitoris
Sphincter urethrae Pubic arch Surrounds urethra Perineal branch of
pudendal nerve
Voluntary sphincter
of urethra
Superficial transverse
perineal muscle
Ischial tuberosity Perineal body Perineal branch of
pudendal nerve
Fixes perineal body
Deep transverse
perineal muscle
Ischial ramus Perineal body Perineal branch of
pudendal nerve
Fixes perineal body
Female Urogenital Muscles
12/29/18 30
28. Urogenital diaphragm
• Triangular in shape
• Attached laterally to ischiopubic rami
and ischial tuberosities
• Formed by sphincter of urethra,
deep transverse perineal muscle,
superior and inferior fascia of
urogenital diaphragm
12/29/18 31
29. Urogenital diaphragm
• Structures piercing the urogenital
diaphragm
• The urogenital diaphragm is pierced
by urethra in both male and female
and by also by vagina behind the
urethra in female.
12/29/18 32
30. Urogenital diaphragm
• Actions diaphragm:
• It provides support to prostate gland
or the urinary bladder. Sphincter
urethrae exert voluntary control to
micturition. It also constricts the
vagina in female.
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31. Perineal central tendon
(Perineal Body)
• Wedge-shape fibromuscular mass
• In female, between anal canal and lower
end of vagina,
• In male, between anal canal and root of
penis
• It is larger in the female than in the male
and support to the posterior wall of the
vagina
• It is the point of attachment of many
perineal muscles, including the levatores
ani muscles
• Levatores ani assist the perineal body in
supporting the posterior wall of the
vagina
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32. The Perineal Body
Structurally perineal body is an irregular fibro muscular mass, containing
both collagenous and elastic fibers and both skeletal and smooth
muscles.
It is the site of convergence of several muscles:
1. Bulbospongiosus,
2. Superficial transverse perinea
3. Deep transverse perinea
4. Sphincter urethrae and
5.Superficial part of external anal sphincter
6. Deep part of external anal sphincter and
7. Levator ani
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34. Sphincter ani externus
Levator ani
Superficial transverse muscle perineum
Bulbospongiosus
Deep transverse muscles perineum
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35. Perineal Membrane
• Also called as Inferior fascia of
urogenital diaphragm.
• Situated between superifical and deep
perineal pouch
• Attachments
• Sides : Ischiopubic Ramus
• Anteriorly : Has free margin behind
pubis transverse ligament of pubis
• Posteriorly : Fuses with the transversus
pereni profoundus muscle
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36. • In Males is pierced by:
• Urethra
• Duct of bulbourethral gland
• Artery & nerve to bulb of penis
• Dorsal & deep artery of penis
• Urethral artery
• Post. scrotal nerve & vessels
• Branches of perineal nerve to
superficial muscles
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37. • In Females is pierced by:
• Urethra+ vagina
• Artery & nerve to bulb of vestibule
• Dorsal & deep artery of clitoris
• Urethral artery
• Posterior labial nerve & vessels
• Branches of perineal nerve to
superficial muscles
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38. Pelvic Diaphragm
• The pelvic diaphragm is a muscular partition formed by the levatores ani
and coccygei, with which may be included the parietal pelvic fascia on their
upper and lower aspects.
• It separates the pelvic cavity above from the perineal region below.
• The right and left levatores ani lie almost horizontally in the floor of the
pelvis, separated by a narrow gap that transmits the urethra, vagina, and
anal canal.
• The levator ani is usually considered in three parts:
1.pubococcygeus,
2.puborectalis, and
3. iliococcygeus.
• The pubococcygeus, runs backward from the body of the pubis toward the
coccyx and may be damaged during parturition.
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55. Applied
• Extravasation of urine is superficial or deep
• Damage to perineal body:prolapse of uterus
• Episiotomy: Median or Mediolateral
• Pudendal nerve block
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