this ppt contains applied physiology of assesory gi organ

1. GI PHYSIOLOGY
BY-
AADHI LEKSHMI
SURYANSH AGRAWAL

2. Accessory Organs of GI
tract and their Physiology
• Accessory digestive organs are:
• Teeth
• Tongue
• Salivary glands
• Exocrine part of pancreas
• Liver
• Gallbladder

3. Salivary glands
• Major glands are:
• Parotid glands
• Submaxillary or submandibular
glands
• Sublingual glands
• Minor salivary glands
• Lingual Mucus Glands
• Lingual Serous Glands
• Buccal Glands
• Labial Glands

4. Structure and
duct system of
salivary gland

5. Components
of saliva

6. Functions of saliva
• Preparation of food for
swallowing
• Appreciation of taste
• Digestive function-
Salivary
amylase, maltase and li
ngual lipase.
• Cleansing and
protective functions

7. Applied physiology
• Hyposalivation
• Temporary hyposalivation
• fear
• Fever and dehydration
• Permanent hyposalivation
• Sialolithiasis
• Bell palsy
• Hypersalivation
• Tooth decay
• Disease of esophagus
• Stomach and mouth
• Nausea and vomiting

8. Pancreas
• Exocrine part of pancreas
resembles salivary gland in
structure. It is made up of
acini or alveoli.
• Each acinus has a single layer
of acinar cells with a lumen in
the center. Acinar cells
contain zymogen granules,
which possess digestive
enzymes.
• Duct
• In some persons, an accessory
duct called duct of Santorini
exists. It also opens into
duodenum, proximal to the
opening of ampulla of Vater.
Duct arises from
each alveolus
Intralobular duct
Wirsung duct
Ampulla of vater

9. Nerve supply
• Pancreas is supplied by both
sympathetic and para-sympathetic
fibers.
• Sympathetic fibers are supplied
through splanchnic nerve.
• Para-sympathetic are supplied through
vagus nerve.

10. Composition
of pancreatic
juice

11. Function of
pancreatic juice
• Digestion of protein
• Digestion of carbohydrate
• Digestion of lipids

12. Regulation of pancreatic secretion
• Secretion of pancreatic juice
is regulated by both nervous
and hormonal factors.
• 3 Stages of pancreatic
secretion
• Cephalic phase
• Gastric phase
• Intestinal phase

13. Applied physiology
• Pancreatitis-
inflammation of
pancreatic acini
Acute pancreatitis- heavy
alcohol intake or gallstone
Chronic pancreatitis-
repeat acute inflammation
or chronic damage of
pancreas.
• Steatorrhea- formation of
bulky ,foul smelling and
clay colored stools with
large quantity of
undigested fats.
This Photo by Unknown author is licensed under CC BY-SA.

14. Liver
• Dual organ- both secretory
and excretory function
• Largest gland of body
• Weight 1.5kg
• Located upper and right side
of abdominal cavity

15. Functional
anatomy of liver
• Hepatic lobes- liver is made up of many
lobes which consist many hepatic
lobules.
• Hepatic lobules- structural and
functional unit of liver made up of
hepatocyte.
• Hepatocytes -chief cells of liver.
• Hepatic plates- hepatocytes
arranged in column to form plates.
• Portal triads- each portal triad consist
of bile duct, hepatic artery and
portal vein.

16. Biliary system
• Formed by gall bladder and extra
hepatic bile duct.
Left and right
hepatic bile duct
Common hepatic
duct
+Cystic duct Common bile duct
+Pancreatic duct
Common
hepatopancreatic
duct

17. Blood supply of
liver
• 1.5 l/min
• Receive blood from
hepatic artery (Oxygenated)
and portal vein(Deoxygenated)
• Drains blood into hepatic vein
which opens into IVC

18. Functions of
liver
• Metabolic function- carbohydrates,
proteins, fats and vitamins.
• Storage function- glycogen,
amino acid, iron and folic acid.
• Synthetic function- glucose
(gluconeogenesis), clotting factors,
steroid and heparin.
• Excretory function- cholesterol, bile
salt, toxins.
• Heat production, hemopoietic and
hemolytic function.
• Bile secretion

19. Gallbladder
• Small pear shaped organ located
under the liver.
• Storage of bile
• Concentration of bile
• Alteration of pH of bile
• Secretion of mucin
• Maintenance of pressure in
biliary system
• Capacity- 50ml

20. Applied physiology
• Jaundice or Icterus- increased
bilirubin level in blood.
• Hepatitis- swelling and
inadequate functioning of liver due
to viral, bacterial infection and
excess alcohol consumption.
• Cirrhosis of liver- inflammation and
damage of parenchyma of liver due
to infection or retention of bile.
• Gallstones- solid crystal deposit of
cholesterol, calcium ions and bile
pigment in gall bladder and bile
pigment.

21. Bibliography
• Essentials of medical physiology
K Sembulingam and
Prema Sembulingam
6th edition
Page no- Cpt 37 (223-229), Cpt 38 (232-240),
Cpt 39 (241- 248), Cpt40(249-260)