what is innate immunity, its mechanism, principal, diagrams, features of innate immunity, factors affecting innate immunity, mechanism described by the help of diagrams and also the different barriers of innate immunity.
This presentation gives you the detailed description of various cells & organs of immune systems that participates (particularly, in combination), make communication between themselves to regulate the whole immune system very precisely.
This presentation gives you the detailed description of various cells & organs of immune systems that participates (particularly, in combination), make communication between themselves to regulate the whole immune system very precisely.
Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed an "autoimmune disease".
This topic covers the brief introduction of Ag and Ab in detail. Types and functions of Ig is explained in detail. Paraproteinemias is explained with simple pictures.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
Our bodies are constantly under attack by an army of microorganisms, toxins, allergens and other substances that are recognized as foreign (non-self).
The ways in which the body protects itself from pathogens can be thought of as an army consisting of three lines of defense.
Autoimmunity is the system of immune responses of an organism against its own healthy cells and tissues. Any disease that results from such an aberrant immune response is termed an "autoimmune disease".
This topic covers the brief introduction of Ag and Ab in detail. Types and functions of Ig is explained in detail. Paraproteinemias is explained with simple pictures.
by Dr. N.Sivaranjani, MD
ANTIGEN, HAPTEN, ALL TYPES OF ANTIGENS, IMMUNOGEN , ATTRIBUTES OF ANTIGENICITY, DETERMINANTS OF ANTIGENICITY,
IMMUNOLOGY KUBY, MEDICAL MICROBIOLOGY & IMMUNOLOGY OF PANIKER , LIPPINCOTT'S IMMUNOLOGY, OTHER SOURCES.
T-Cell Activation
• Concept of immune response
• T cell-mediated immune response
• B cell-mediated immune response
I. Concept of immune response
• A collective and coordinated response to the introduction of foreign substances in an individual mediated by the cells and molecules in the immune system.
II. T cell-mediated immune response
• Cell-mediated immunity is the arm of the adaptive immune response whose role is to combat infection of intracellular pathogens, such as intracellular bacteria (mycobacteria, listeria monocytogens), viruses, protozoa, etc.
introduction of adaptive immunity. classification of adaptive immunity, factor affecting it and mechanism of adaptive immunity comparison between adaptive immunity and innate immunity. characteristic of adaptive immunity . cell mediated immune responses immunoglobulins
types of immunoglobulins. functions of immunoglobulins, hypersensitivity reactions
Our bodies are constantly under attack by an army of microorganisms, toxins, allergens and other substances that are recognized as foreign (non-self).
The ways in which the body protects itself from pathogens can be thought of as an army consisting of three lines of defense.
dear students,, myself dr manish tiwari tutor department of microbiology at saraswati medical college unnao lucknow if any query regarding this ppt olease contact me my whatsaap no 8979352824.
Class 12 chapter 8 Human Health and DiseasesDrHeenaDevnani
communicable and non communicable diseases
aids
cancer
adolescence
drugs and alcohol abuse
FOR FURTHER DETAILS YOU CAN WATCH THE RELATED VIDEO AT THE GIVEN LINK
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCxo06Nj-QWo_7SNvMyDnJCQ?view_as=subscriber
INTRODUCTION OF GENE THERAPY, HISTORY OF GENE THERAPY, Process of gene therapy, Methods of gene therapy, Ex vivo gene therapy , In Vivo Gene Therapy , Uses of gene therapy, Target sites for Gene Therapy , Vectors for gene therapy , Viral Vectors, Non Viral Vectors,
introduction to upgma software , its history and origination, basic mening of upgma, the upgma algorithm, steps to perform upgma, and its diagramatic representation of the process along with an example, its application, advantages along with the disadvantages, and its uses.
what is sandwich elisa, introduction to elisa, its type and main focus on sandwich elisa, , its process and advantages along with the disadvantages, its applications
INTRODUCTION TO REAL TIME PCR IS GIVEN, basic principle of realtime pcr, along with the process of operating this, diagrammatic representation of the process, advantages and disadvantages o f reatimem pcr, applications of the same is also there
DESCRIPTION ABOUT HEART ANATOMICAL STRUCTURES, FUNCTIONS OF HEART, PARTS OF HEART THEIR BASIC PATHWAYS FOR BLOOD CIRCULATIONS, TYPES OF PATHWAYS ALSO, ANATOMICAL PICTURE OF HEART.
what is tissue culture, examples, basic process,scaffolds and its types, ethical issues, advantages and disadvantages , some thing about tissue culture and art project and their some famous project an contributions in the field of tissue culture.
Seminar of U.V. Spectroscopy by SAMIR PANDASAMIR PANDA
Spectroscopy is a branch of science dealing the study of interaction of electromagnetic radiation with matter.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy refers to absorption spectroscopy or reflect spectroscopy in the UV-VIS spectral region.
Ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy is an analytical method that can measure the amount of light received by the analyte.
A brief information about the SCOP protein database used in bioinformatics.
The Structural Classification of Proteins (SCOP) database is a comprehensive and authoritative resource for the structural and evolutionary relationships of proteins. It provides a detailed and curated classification of protein structures, grouping them into families, superfamilies, and folds based on their structural and sequence similarities.
Observation of Io’s Resurfacing via Plume Deposition Using Ground-based Adapt...Sérgio Sacani
Since volcanic activity was first discovered on Io from Voyager images in 1979, changes
on Io’s surface have been monitored from both spacecraft and ground-based telescopes.
Here, we present the highest spatial resolution images of Io ever obtained from a groundbased telescope. These images, acquired by the SHARK-VIS instrument on the Large
Binocular Telescope, show evidence of a major resurfacing event on Io’s trailing hemisphere. When compared to the most recent spacecraft images, the SHARK-VIS images
show that a plume deposit from a powerful eruption at Pillan Patera has covered part
of the long-lived Pele plume deposit. Although this type of resurfacing event may be common on Io, few have been detected due to the rarity of spacecraft visits and the previously low spatial resolution available from Earth-based telescopes. The SHARK-VIS instrument ushers in a new era of high resolution imaging of Io’s surface using adaptive
optics at visible wavelengths.
Cancer cell metabolism: special Reference to Lactate PathwayAADYARAJPANDEY1
Normal Cell Metabolism:
Cellular respiration describes the series of steps that cells use to break down sugar and other chemicals to get the energy we need to function.
Energy is stored in the bonds of glucose and when glucose is broken down, much of that energy is released.
Cell utilize energy in the form of ATP.
The first step of respiration is called glycolysis. In a series of steps, glycolysis breaks glucose into two smaller molecules - a chemical called pyruvate. A small amount of ATP is formed during this process.
Most healthy cells continue the breakdown in a second process, called the Kreb's cycle. The Kreb's cycle allows cells to “burn” the pyruvates made in glycolysis to get more ATP.
The last step in the breakdown of glucose is called oxidative phosphorylation (Ox-Phos).
It takes place in specialized cell structures called mitochondria. This process produces a large amount of ATP. Importantly, cells need oxygen to complete oxidative phosphorylation.
If a cell completes only glycolysis, only 2 molecules of ATP are made per glucose. However, if the cell completes the entire respiration process (glycolysis - Kreb's - oxidative phosphorylation), about 36 molecules of ATP are created, giving it much more energy to use.
IN CANCER CELL:
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
Unlike healthy cells that "burn" the entire molecule of sugar to capture a large amount of energy as ATP, cancer cells are wasteful.
Cancer cells only partially break down sugar molecules. They overuse the first step of respiration, glycolysis. They frequently do not complete the second step, oxidative phosphorylation.
This results in only 2 molecules of ATP per each glucose molecule instead of the 36 or so ATPs healthy cells gain. As a result, cancer cells need to use a lot more sugar molecules to get enough energy to survive.
introduction to WARBERG PHENOMENA:
WARBURG EFFECT Usually, cancer cells are highly glycolytic (glucose addiction) and take up more glucose than do normal cells from outside.
Otto Heinrich Warburg (; 8 October 1883 – 1 August 1970) In 1931 was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology for his "discovery of the nature and mode of action of the respiratory enzyme.
WARNBURG EFFECT : cancer cells under aerobic (well-oxygenated) conditions to metabolize glucose to lactate (aerobic glycolysis) is known as the Warburg effect. Warburg made the observation that tumor slices consume glucose and secrete lactate at a higher rate than normal tissues.
Richard's entangled aventures in wonderlandRichard Gill
Since the loophole-free Bell experiments of 2020 and the Nobel prizes in physics of 2022, critics of Bell's work have retreated to the fortress of super-determinism. Now, super-determinism is a derogatory word - it just means "determinism". Palmer, Hance and Hossenfelder argue that quantum mechanics and determinism are not incompatible, using a sophisticated mathematical construction based on a subtle thinning of allowed states and measurements in quantum mechanics, such that what is left appears to make Bell's argument fail, without altering the empirical predictions of quantum mechanics. I think however that it is a smoke screen, and the slogan "lost in math" comes to my mind. I will discuss some other recent disproofs of Bell's theorem using the language of causality based on causal graphs. Causal thinking is also central to law and justice. I will mention surprising connections to my work on serial killer nurse cases, in particular the Dutch case of Lucia de Berk and the current UK case of Lucy Letby.
Earliest Galaxies in the JADES Origins Field: Luminosity Function and Cosmic ...Sérgio Sacani
We characterize the earliest galaxy population in the JADES Origins Field (JOF), the deepest
imaging field observed with JWST. We make use of the ancillary Hubble optical images (5 filters
spanning 0.4−0.9µm) and novel JWST images with 14 filters spanning 0.8−5µm, including 7 mediumband filters, and reaching total exposure times of up to 46 hours per filter. We combine all our data
at > 2.3µm to construct an ultradeep image, reaching as deep as ≈ 31.4 AB mag in the stack and
30.3-31.0 AB mag (5σ, r = 0.1” circular aperture) in individual filters. We measure photometric
redshifts and use robust selection criteria to identify a sample of eight galaxy candidates at redshifts
z = 11.5 − 15. These objects show compact half-light radii of R1/2 ∼ 50 − 200pc, stellar masses of
M⋆ ∼ 107−108M⊙, and star-formation rates of SFR ∼ 0.1−1 M⊙ yr−1
. Our search finds no candidates
at 15 < z < 20, placing upper limits at these redshifts. We develop a forward modeling approach to
infer the properties of the evolving luminosity function without binning in redshift or luminosity that
marginalizes over the photometric redshift uncertainty of our candidate galaxies and incorporates the
impact of non-detections. We find a z = 12 luminosity function in good agreement with prior results,
and that the luminosity function normalization and UV luminosity density decline by a factor of ∼ 2.5
from z = 12 to z = 14. We discuss the possible implications of our results in the context of theoretical
models for evolution of the dark matter halo mass function.
2. INTRODUCTION
•Innate immunity is an evolutionary old defense
system that generates a fast inflammatory response
that is generic to all types of pathogens or tissue
damages and does not confer immune memory to
the host.
• The innate immune system is essentially made up
of barriers that aim to keep viruses, bacteria,
parasites, and other foreign particles out of your
body or limit their ability to spread and move
throughout the body.
3. FEATURES OF INATE
IMMUNITY
1. Phylogenetically older
2. Non specific
3. Immediate and rapid
4. Needs not prior exposure
5. Not associated with memory
6. • AGE :-
1. Extreme age attracts infection, diseases very fast as our
immunity system gets weak.
2. New born are more susceptible to infection due to
immature immune system.
• HORMONES
1. Diabetes melatus
2. Hypothyroidism
3. Pregnancy (high steroid state)
4. Stress
• NUTRITION
1. Complex mechanism
2. Reduced cell mediated and humoral immunity.
7. The innate immune system includes:
Physical barriers ( physical barriers)
• Such as skin, the gastrointestinal tract, the respiratory tract, the
nasopharynx, cilia, eyelashes and other body hair.
Defense mechanisms
• Such as secretions, mucous, bile, gastric acid, saliva, tears, and sweat.
General immune responses
• Such as inflammation, complement, and non-specific cellular responses.
The inflammatory response actively brings immune cells to the site of an
infection by increasing blood flow to the area.
8. Physical barriers
Physical barriers (First line of defense)
• The body's most important nonspecific defense
is the skin, which acts as a physical barrier to
keep pathogens out. Even openings in the skin
(such as the mouth and eyes) are protected by
saliva, mucus, and tears, which contain an
enzyme that breaks down bacterial cell walls.
9.
10. • Skin
• The skin is the largest organ of your body. It acts as a barrier
between invaders (pathogens) and your body. Skin forms a
waterproof mechanical barrier. Microorganisms that live all over
your skin can’t get through your skin unless it’s broken.
• Tears, mucus and saliva
• tears, mucus and saliva contain an enzyme that breaks down the cell
wall of many bacteria. Those that are not killed immediately are
trapped in mucus and swallowed. Special cells line and protect the
nose, throat and other passages within your body.
• Cilia
Very fine hairs (cilia) lining your windpipe move mucus and trapped
particles away from your lungs. Particles can be bacteria or material
such as dust or smoke.
11. • Stomach acid
Stomach acid kills bacteria and parasites that have
been swallowed.
• Urine flow
Our urine flow flushes out pathogens from the bladder
area.
• ‘Friendly’ (beneficial) bacteria
We have beneficial bacteria growing on your skin, and
other body parts that stop other harmful bacteria from
taking over.
• Neutrophils
These are white blood cells that can find, kill
and ingest pathogens seeking an entrance into the
body.
12. Second line of defense
• If a pathogen does make it into the body, there are secondary
nonspecific defenses that take place.
• An inflammatory response begins when a pathogen stimulates an
increase in blood flow to the infected area. Blood vessels in that area
expand, and white blood cells leak from the vessels to invade the
infected tissue. These white blood cells, called phagocytes engulf and
destroy bacteria. The area often becomes red, swollen, and painful
during an inflammatory response.
• When a pathogen has invaded, the immune system may also release
chemicals that increase body temperature, producing a fever.
Increased body temperature may slow or stop pathogens from growing
and helps speed up the immune response.