intro to somatic hybridization, methods of this hybridization ,process, advantages and disadvantages of this process.

2. INTRODUCTION
 Somatic hybridization is the in vitro fusion of isolated
protoplasts to form a hybrid cell and its subsequent
development to form a hybrid plant . This process
includes three main steps.
 1 Fusion of Protoplasts
 2 Hybrid Selection and Identification
 3 Identification of hybrid plant.

4. METHODS FOR ISOLATON OF
PROTOPLAST
 There are 2 basic methods of protoplast isolation:-
 1.mechanical method
 2. enzymatic method

6. Mechanical method
 Used for vacuolated cell like radish ,beet root tissues.
 Low yield of protoplast
 Laborious and tedious process
 Low protoplast viability.

7. 1. step
enzymatic
method
2. step
enzymatic
method

8. Enzymatic methods
 The enzymatic method is almost invariably used
now for the isolation of protoplasts, since it gives large
quantities of protoplasts, where cells are
not broken and osmotic shrinkage is minimum.
 Used for tissues and organs including leaf , fruit, stem,
embryo microspores.

10. CULTURE OF THE HYBRID CELL
 Hybrid cells are culture on stable medium provided
with the appropriate culture condition.

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