Industrialization began in Great Britain and spread to other parts of the world. In the United States, industrialization was spurred by people like Samuel Slater who built textile mills. By the 1820s, Lowell, Massachusetts had become a major textile center, and other factory towns soon emerged across the country. In the post-Civil War era, American industry expanded rapidly, driven by technological advances and the growth of cities along railroad lines. Large companies formed through mergers and adopted the corporate form of ownership. Meanwhile, industrialization also took root in continental Europe despite early disruptions, with places like Belgium and Germany developing substantial industries. However, industrialization widened the global wealth gap as industrialized nations exploited colonies for

1. 25.3 Industrialization25.3 Industrialization
SpreadsSpreads
The Industrialization that begins inThe Industrialization that begins in
Great Britain spreads to other parts ofGreat Britain spreads to other parts of
the world.the world.

2. Industrial Development in the United StatesIndustrial Development in the United States
 U.S. has natural and labor resources needed toU.S. has natural and labor resources needed to
industrializeindustrialize
 Samuel Slater, English textile worker, builds textileSamuel Slater, English textile worker, builds textile
mill in the U.S.mill in the U.S.
 Lowell, Massachusetts is a mechanized textile centerLowell, Massachusetts is a mechanized textile center
by 1820by 1820
 Manufacturing towns spring up around factoriesManufacturing towns spring up around factories
across the countryacross the country
 Young single women flock to factory towns, work inYoung single women flock to factory towns, work in
textile millstextile mills
 Clothing and shoemaking industries soon mechanizeClothing and shoemaking industries soon mechanize

3. Industrial Development in the United StatesIndustrial Development in the United States
 Later Expansion of U.S. IndustryLater Expansion of U.S. Industry
 Industrialization picks up during post-Civil WarIndustrialization picks up during post-Civil War
technology boomtechnology boom
 Cities like Chicago expand rapidly due to locationCities like Chicago expand rapidly due to location
on railroad lineson railroad lines
 Small companies merge to form larger, powerfulSmall companies merge to form larger, powerful
companiescompanies

4. Industrial Development in the United StatesIndustrial Development in the United States
 The Rise of CorporationsThe Rise of Corporations
 Stock—limited ownership rights for company,Stock—limited ownership rights for company,
sold to raise moneysold to raise money
 Corporation—company owned by stockholders,Corporation—company owned by stockholders,
share profits not debtsshare profits not debts
 Large corporations attempt to control as muchLarge corporations attempt to control as much
business as they canbusiness as they can

5. Continental Europe IndustrializesContinental Europe Industrializes
 Troubles in Continental EuropeTroubles in Continental Europe
 Revolution and Napoleonic ward disrupted earlyRevolution and Napoleonic ward disrupted early
1919thth
-century economy-century economy
 Beginnings in BelgiumBeginnings in Belgium
 Belgium has iron ore, coal, water transportationBelgium has iron ore, coal, water transportation
 British workers smuggle in machine plans and startBritish workers smuggle in machine plans and start
companies in 1799companies in 1799

6. Continental Europe IndustrializesContinental Europe Industrializes
 Germany IndustrializesGermany Industrializes
 Political, economic barriers; but industry, railroadsPolitical, economic barriers; but industry, railroads
boom by mid-centuryboom by mid-century
 Expansion Elsewhere in EuropeExpansion Elsewhere in Europe
 Bohemia develops spinning; Northern ItalyBohemia develops spinning; Northern Italy
mechanizes silk textilesmechanizes silk textiles
 Industrialization in France more measured;Industrialization in France more measured;
agriculture remains strongagriculture remains strong

7. The Impact of IndustrializationThe Impact of Industrialization
 Rise of Global InequalityRise of Global Inequality
 Wealth gap widens; non-industrialized countriesWealth gap widens; non-industrialized countries
fall further behindfall further behind
 European nations, U.S., Japan exploit colonies forEuropean nations, U.S., Japan exploit colonies for
recoursesrecourses
 Imperialism spreads due to need for raw materials,Imperialism spreads due to need for raw materials,
marketsmarkets

8. The Impact of IndustrializationThe Impact of Industrialization
 Transformation of SocietyTransformation of Society
 Europe and U.S. gain economic powerEurope and U.S. gain economic power
 African and Asian economies lag, based onAfrican and Asian economies lag, based on
agriculture, craftsagriculture, crafts
 Rise of middle class strengthens democracy, callsRise of middle class strengthens democracy, calls
for social reformfor social reform