The Industrial Revolution began in Great Britain and spread across Europe, transforming economies from agriculture-based to industrialized. New technologies like the steam engine powered factories where workers labored under difficult conditions. This led to the rise of organized labor movements seeking better treatment. Art styles also changed to reflect industrial and working class themes, like Realism highlighting everyday lives. Overall, the period marked massive social, economic and technological changes in Europe.

1. UNIT 5
The Industrial
Revolution

2. 1- The economic and social
transformation of Europe
- The Industrial Revolution began before than
the French Revolution, but it lasted more
time.
- The Industrial Revolution involved economic
and technological changes.
- Great Britain was the origin.
- It was a combination of big changes
that transformed the economy from
an agriculture and trade based
economy to a industrialised economy.

3. There were 2 phases:
1- Great Britain: changes in production
process. The proletariat appeared.
2- Industrial Revolution spread to Europe. The
proletariat began to organise themselves.

4. 2- The causes of the Industrial
Revolution
1- Population growth:
Living conditions improved in Europe.
The demand of different products
increased.
That provided a larger workforce.

5. 2- Agricultural improvements:
It was also an Agricultural Revolution.
Agricultural Production increased.
New machinery.
New techniques and products
(fertilisers)
Enclosure system.

6. 3- Increased Trade and Communications:
Great Britain dominance.
Increased on international and domestic
trade.
Improvement of transport systems.
Absence of internal duties.
Profits invested on industrial development.

7. 4- Technological progress:
Invention of new machines.
Prices decreased.
Invention of the steam engine by
Watt.

8. James Watt steam engine
Offering a dramatic
increase in fuel
efficiency, the new
design replaced
Newcomen engines
in areas where
coal was
expensive, and
then went on to be
used in the place
of most natural
power sources such

9. 5- Financial support from agriculture and
trade:
In Great Britain that capital was
invested on industrial activities.
That investment was essential.

10. 6- Favourable political and social structure:
Parliamentary monarchy.
The Bourgeoisie could participate in
politics.

11. Activities time:
Make all the activities on page 99 on your
notebooks.

12. 3- Key elements of industrialisation
- The textile industry
- Iron and steel production
- Transport

13. The Textile industry
- Technological innovations, such
as:
. The flying shuttle (lanzadera
volante), by John Kay in 1734,
which made the loom, twice as
productive. It increased the width
of cotton cloth and speed of
production of a single weaver at a
loom.
. The spinning Jenny (hiladora
Jenny), by James Hargreaves in
1764. It reduced the amount of
work needed to produce yarn, with
a worker able to work 8 or more
spools at once.

14. . The Water frame, by
Richard Arkwright in
1768. It used waterwheels
to power textile
machinery (to drive a
number of spinning
frames).
. The power loom, by
Edmund Cartwright in
1784. He addressed the
problem of mechanical
weaving.

15. The Textile industry
- Technological innovations.
- New machines were located in factories.
- The division of labour was established.
- The textile industry was more efficient after
these changes and innovations were applied.

16. Iron and steel production
- The factories are called foundries.
- New machines and innovations, such as the
Bessemer converter.
- Blast furnaces heated
by fuel (coke).

17. Bessemer process
It was the first inexpensive industrial process for the
mass-production of steel from molten pig iron (crudely
processed iron). The process is named after its inventor,
Henry Bessemer.

18. Transport
- Improvements to road and water transport made
possible to transport large quantities of goods
more quickly and more easily.
- Use of steam engine in ships and trains.
-Invention of the steam locomotive.
- Development of the first commercial steamship.

19. Steam locomotive, Trevithick, 1804

20. Fulton Steamship, 1807
A replica of the Clermont, the first commercially
operating steamship constructed by Robert Fulton.

22. Activities
Exercises 8, 9 and 10 on page 103.

23. 4 - INDUSTRIALISATION IN EUROPE

25. Industrialisation in Spain

26. Main causes of the industrialisation delay in
Spain
- 70% working population were agricultural workers
with a low standard of living -> no domestic trade.
- No national technological innovations.
- No national investment (foreigners).
- Limited coal production.
- Poor communication and transport systems (due to
Spain's orography).

27. Main industries in Spain
- The textile industry in Cataluña.

28. Work in pairs:
Exercise 11 page 103.

29. 5 - Economic liberalism and
industrial capitalism
- ECONOMIC LIBERALISM:
. Free trade
. Freedom of production
. State should not interfere
. Market economy and private property
. Open competition
. Ideas from Enlightenment
. "Laissez faire" (let do, dejad hacer)

30. Adam Smith (1723-1790)
- Scottish philosopher and a pioneer
of political economy.
- One of the key figures of Scottish
Enlightenment.
- Best known work: The Wealth of
Nations (1776), he developed his
main economic ideas in this work.
- He is considered as the father of
modern economics.

31. Adam Smith Economic Theory
- Labour is the only source of wealth.
- Personal/individual interest favours the interests
of the community -> A businessman enriched
will contribute to the wealth of the nation.
- Supply and demand law rules the economic
activity (Ley de la oferta y la demanda).
- Governments should not intervene.
- There should be free trade (librecambismo).

32. 5 - Economic liberalism and
industrial capitalism
- INDUSTRIAL
CAPITALISM:
. Economic
liberalism ideas
applied to Industry.
. Industrial production
was the country's
most profitable
economic activity.

33. Activities
Exercises 12 and 13
on page 103.

34. 6 - A class-based society
-Origins in the French revolution.
-People's social status depended on their work and
their personal wealth.
-During the Industrial revolution the importance of
the bourgeoisie changed and the proletariat or
working-class appeared.

35. Characteristics of the class-based society
- Three groups: upper class, middle class and
working class.
-Social classes depended on money or jobs, not
family.
- Society was open, they could change social class.
- Citizens were equal under the law (no privileges).

36. The characteristics of the social classes
- THE UPPER CLASS:
.The nobility
. Bourgeois capitalists
- THE MIDDLE CLASS:
. Civil servants
. Small merchants and artisans
. Small farmers (who own land)
- THE WORKING CLASS:
. The proletariat
. Poor tenant farmers and agricultural
labourers.

37. Life in the industrial city
- Cities population increased during the 19th
century.
- New cities were developed.
- Various factors to explain this growth:
. Urban development: modernised urban
infrastructures.
. Urban expansion: cities grew in size.
. New residential areas (for both, middle
class, and working class).

38. Activities
Exercises 15-16-17-18 on page 107 and
exercises 20-21-22 on page 107.

39. 7 - Working-class political
movements
-These movements emerged during the 19th
century in response to the terrible conditions
in which the proletariat worked in factories.
- In contrast, the bourgeoisie increased their
wealth and improved their standard of living.

40. Industrial working conditions
- Generally dangerous and unhealthy.
- Machinery was unprotected.
- Exhausting workdays with low wages.
- Dismissals or fines were usual with no reasons.
- There were no rights for workers.
- There was no social insurance or benefits.
- Children usually had to work.

41. The Factory Acts, 1833
- They were a series of Acts passed by the
Parliament of the U.K.to limit the number of
hours worked by women and children first in
the textile industry, then later in all industries.
- The factory reform movement encouraged the
passage of laws to limit the hours that could be
worked in factories and mills.
- The first aim was for a "ten hours bill" to limit
to ten hours the working day of children.

42. The origins of working-class politics
- Factory owners and governments did not support
or listen to the working-class protests.
- Despite the opposition, the working-class began
to organise themselves.
- Some of their developments were:
. The Luddites, 1811.
. Trade Unions, from the 1830s.
. The Chartist movement, 1838.

43. The Luddites
- They were hostile to new
technology because they
thought that machines
took jobs from workers.
- Their main action was to
destroy machines.

44. Trade Unions
- In the 1830s the first trade
unions were founded in
Great Britain.
- They fought for improving
working conditions and
wages and also they
supported their members
in case of necessity.

45. Chartism
- The People's Charter called for six basic
reforms to make the political system more
democratic:
1. A vote for every man over the age of 21;
2. A secret ballot (system of voting);
3. No property qualification for members of Parliament;
4. Payment for MP's (so poor men could serve);
5. Constituencies of equal size;

46. Left-wing ideologies
- In the mid-19th century two new left-wing
ideologies appeared: Marxism and
Anarchism.
- They were the real first movements for the
working class.

47. Marxism
- It was an economic and political theory based on Karl
Marx and Friedrich Engels thinking.
- That ideology was developed in Marx's work: Capital.

48. Main Marxism ideas:
- Class struggle: They neither accept class-based
society nor industrial capitalism because it
oppressed the working-class.
- The dictatorship of the proletariat: They should
finish with the bourgeoisie and seize political
power, then everybody should be equal in wealth,
class and power. The means of production are
collective.
- Communism: all the members of the society are
equal in a Communist society.

49. Anarchism
- Political theory based
on Proudhon
thinking, although
Bakunin was the main
figure.
- Bakunin rejected
Marxism and
proposed an ideal
society based on

50. Anarchism main ideas:
- Individual freedom: no authorities or institutions,
and collective means of production.
- Communes: they proposed the communes like the
new society organisation.
- Direct action: people had to defend themselves
through their own actions.

51. The First International (1864-1876)
-It was an international
organization which aimed at
uniting a variety of different left-
wing socialist, communist and
anarchist political groups and
trade unions that were based on
the working class and class
struggle.
- It was founded in 1864 in London,
and its first congress took place
in 1866 in Geneva.
- It lasted just until 1876 because
States persecuted them.

52. - The objective of the IWA was to
promote collective action
because the problems were the
same for all workers.
- There was a Second
International, it was founded in
Paris in 1889, and their main
demand was to establish the
working-day in 8 hours, to do
that they set the First of May as
International Day of Protest.
- It disappeared soon because of
the disagreements between
marxists and anarchists (1916).

53. Activities
- Make the activities from 26 to 29 on page 111,
and 4 and 5 on page 114.

54. 8 - Cast-iron architecture and Realism
- 19th century.
- Art reflected the changes from the Industrial
Revolution in society and in economy mainly.
- It shows the new class-based society.

55. Cast iron architecture
-Cast-iron plays a central role in buildings ->
technological advances.
- This style coincided with the Industrial Revolution
era. Cast-iron was relatively cheap and modern
steel had not yet been developed.
- Its strength allowed architects to designed
buildings with fewer supports.

56. The Reading Room of the National Library in
Paris, by Labrouste.1842-50.

57. The Crystal Palace in Madrid,
by Velázquez Bosco. 1887.

58. Eiffel Tower, Paris, by Gustave Eiffel. 1889.

59. Realism
- Artistic movement in the 19th century.
- They tried to reflect the working class life.
- It began in France in the 1850s.
- Realism believe in the ideology of objective
reality.
- Truth and accuracy became their goals.
- It could be a reaction to Romanticism, a
previous art style that exaggerated
emotionalism.

60. Examples of Realism:
Meunier, The Angelus,
the Blacksmith by Millet

61. Daumier.
The washerwoman
The third-class
wagon

62. Millet, the gleaners

63. The siesta, by Martí i Alsina

64. Courbet.
Proudhon and his
children,
1865.
The origin of the world.
1866.

65. Activities
- Exercises 31, 32 on page 113; and 7, 9 on page
115.
- Complete in your notebook the chart on page
116.