Downloaded 10 times
More Related Content
Similar to Antebellum technology and_market_revolution
Antebellum technology and_market_revolution
- 1. EEsssseennttiiaall QQuueessttiioonn: How did new inventions & improved transportation help facilitate a national market economy in the 1840s?
- 2. In the1830s & 1840s, territorial & technological growth led to important changes in America: Improved transportation Rapid technological innovation A growing nnaattiioonnaall economy Mass European immigration Desire for transcontinental expansion (“Manifest Destiny”)
- 4. In 1816,Henry Clay’s AAmmeerriiccaann SSyysstteemm initiated federally funded “internal improvements” The NNaattiioonnaall RRooaadd became the 1st federal transportation project Thousands of private turnpikes were built by entrepreneurs Roads were useful but they did not meet the demand for low-cost, over-land transportation
- 5. AAmmeerriiccaa''ss 11sstt TTuurrnnppiikkee:: LLaannccaasstteerr,, PPAA 11779900 BByy 11883322,, nneeaarrllyy 22,,440000 mmiilleess ooff rrooaaddss ccoonnnneecctteedd mmoosstt mmaajjoorr cciittiieess
- 6.
- 7. Steamboats & canalsstimulated commercial agriculture by providing for the free-flow of manufactured goods to the West
- 8. Steamboats provided upstreamshipping with reduce costs & increased speeds Mississippi & Ohio Rivers helped farmers get their goods to the East but there was no way to get manufactured goods to the West: Fulton’s invention of steamboats helped connect the West with Northern manufacturing State-directed canal projects cut shipping costs by 90% between the West & the North
- 9. Robert Fulton’ sSteamboat The Clermont
- 10. The Erie Canal(1825) provided the 1st link between East & West The Erie Canal made New York City the commercial capital of the U.S.
- 11.
- 12. From 1840to 1860, the greatest new transportation advance was the expansion of railroads In 1840s, railroads began to challenge canals’ dominance Stimulated industrial & commercial agricultural growth Led to new forms of finance, such as “preferred stock” & state & local gov’t subsidies
- 13. The “Iron Horse”Wins! (1830)
- 14. Railroad Expansion by1860 The Expansion of Railroads by Region Immigrant labor built railroads in the North Slave labor built railroads in the South
- 15. Jackson’s assault onthe 2nd BUS in the 1830s, killed Clay’s “American System” but it did not stop transportation improvements
- 17. In the1840s, American industrial production became more efficient: Due to numerous industrial innovations, growth of factories, & a demand for goods from farmers in West & South Led to an increased division of labor & urbanization in the North & an increase in staple-crop commercial farming
- 18. Ohio, NY, &PA specialized in wheat while the South grew tobacco, rice, & cotton The antebellum era saw a boom in specialized, staple-crop, “commercial” farming due to: Lower transportation costs New agricultural innovations like McCormick’s mechanical reaper, Eli Whitney’s cotton gin, the steel plow, thresher, & cultivator The use of long-distance marketing & credit to sell crops
- 19. Eli Whitney’s CottonGin, 1793 Actually invented by a slave!
- 20. John Deere &the Steel Plow
- 21. Cyrus McCormick &the Mechanical Reaper
- 22. In 1815,65% of all U.S. clothing was made by women at home in the “putting out” system By 1840, textile manufacturing grew, especially in New England, due to a series of new inventions “Cottage Industry” The most famous factory was the Lowell Mill in Boston Brought families extra income Still, only 9% of Americans were involved in manufacturing
- 23. Samuel Slater Early Textile Loom (“Father of the Factory System”)
- 24. Elias Howe &Isaac Singer 1840s Sewing Machine
- 25. Eli Whitney’s OtherCritical Invention Introduced Interchangeable Rifle Parts
- 26. Cyrus FFiieelldd’’ss TTrraannssaattllaannttiiccCCaabbllee,, 11885588 Samuel Morse’s Telegraph in 1840
- 27. Lowell Boarding Houses The Lowell System: The 1st Dual-Purpose Textile Plant Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814
- 28. Francis C.Lowell studied the British spinning machine. Lowell helped invent a power loom and built the first integrated cotton mill near Boston in 1814. The mill drove smaller competitors out of business. Lowell’s successors soon built an entire town to house the new enterprise.
- 29. Lowell Girls Whatwas their typical “profile?”
- 30. Young womenfrom New England farms worked in the Lowell textile mills. Initially, the women found the work a welcome change from farm routine, but later conflict arose with their employers. By the 1830s, mill owners cut wages and ended their paternalistic practices. The result was strikes and the replacement of the young women with more manageable Irish immigrants.
- 31. MAP 12.3 Lowell,Massachusetts, 1832 This town plan of Lowell, Massachusetts in 1832, illustrates the comprehensive relationship the owners envisaged between the factories and the workforce. The mills are located on the Merrimack River, while nearby are the boarding houses for the single young female workers, row houses for the male mechanics and their families, and houses for the overseers. Somewhat farther away is the mansion of the company agent.
- 32. This timetable fromthe Lowell Mills illustrates the elaborate time schedules that the cotton textile mills expected their employees to meet. For workers, it was difficult to adjust to the regimentation imposed by clock time, in contrast to the approximate times common to preindustrial work. SOURCE:Baker Library,Graduate School of Business Administration, Harvard University.
- 33. The riseof the garment industry led many women to work, sewing ready-made clothing for piece rates. So poorly paid were these tasks that women might work fifteen to eighteen hours a day. Women’s work in 1837 was centered in the manufacture of hats, bonnets, boots and shoes.
- 34. New England Dominancein Textiles
- 35. 1840s: Factorylabor begins shifting from women, children to men Immigrants dominate new working class Employers less involved with laborers Post-1837 employers demand more work for less pay Unions organized to defend worker rights
- 36. Middle-class womenmanaged their homes and provided a safe haven for their husbands. Attitudes about appropriate male and female roles and qualities hardened. Men were seen as steady, industrious, and responsible; women as nurturing, gentle, and moral.
- 37. The gapbetween rich and poor grew rapidly. Economic class was reflected by residence as: poor people (nearly 70 percent of the city) lived in cheap rented housing middle-class residents (25-30 percent) lived in more comfortable homes very rich (about 3 percent) built mansions and large town houses.
- 38. About halfof the nation’s free African Americans lived in the North, mainly in cities, where they encountered: residential segregation job discrimination segregated public schools limits on their civil rights Free African Americans formed community support networks, newspapers, and churches. The economic prospects of African-American men deteriorated. Free African Americans engaged in antislavery activities, but were frequent targets of urban violence.
- 39. Competition forthe votes of workers shaped urban politics. Big-city machines arose reflecting the class structure of the fat-growing cities. The machines cultivated feelings of community by: appealing directly for working-class votes through mass organizational activities creating organizations that met basic needs of the urban poor The machines also had a tight organizational structure headed by bosses who traded loyalty and votes for political jobs and services, leading to charges of corruption.
- 40. The Five Pointsneighborhood in lower Manhattan illustrates the segregated housing patterns that emerged as New York City experienced rapid growth. Immigrants, free African Americans, the poor, and criminals were crowded together in New York’s most notorious slum, while wealthier people moved to more prosperous neighborhoods. SOURCE:1859 lithograph;The Granger Collection.
- 41. Increased cottondemand from New England textile factories Eli Whitney and the cotton gin New, fertile land available in old Southwest Slavery permitted large-scale operation
- 42. 90% ofslaves lived on plantations or farms Most slaves on cotton plantations worked sunup to sundown, 6 days/week About 75% of slaves were field workers, about 5% worked in industry Urban slaves had more autonomy than rural slaves
- 43. By 1840,improved transportation & innovation reduced time & cost to ship goods & allowed for a nnaattiioonnaall market economy: Northern industry U.S. economy Southern developed a self-sustaining national of commercial cotton production farming & manufactured goods Western commercial farming But, the U.S. economy was driven by rreeggiioonnaall specialization
- 44. TThhee AAnntteebbeelllluumm SSoouutthh Cotton production divided society in the Deep South: Large plantations with lots of slaves made good money Poor yeoman (with few or no slaves) mixed commercial & subsistence farming
- 46. SlaSvlea vPeo Ppuolpautiloatni,o1n8, 610840
- 47. TThhee AAnntteebbeelllluumm WWeesstt Land was cheap Settlers transformed the West from wilderness to cash-producing farms: Wheat & corn Hogs & cattle Better transportation made it easier for farmers to get their goods to market
- 48. TThhee AAnntteebbeelllluumm NNoorrtthh Shifted from yeoman to small commercial farming Made manufactured goods for farmers in the West & South Experienced rapid urbanization
- 50.
- 51. New innovationsmade work easier & improved American industry & agriculture However, the U.S. was not an “industrial society” in the 1840s 60% of the population were still involved in farming Most production was still done traditionally in small workshops