Industrial Manufacturing of Insulin,
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Insulin is a hormone produced naturally by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. It is also used as a treatment for diabetes when the body does not produce enough insulin or the insulin is not effective. There are two main methods for producing insulin commercially - through genetically engineered E. coli bacteria by Eli Lilly and through yeast by Nova Nordisk. The processes involve extracting insulin from animal sources or producing it recombinantly and then purifying it through various filtration and crystallization steps to isolate the insulin.
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Industrial production of insulin.
This document summarizes the process of producing human insulin through recombinant DNA technology using E. coli bacteria. It involves growing E. coli in a bioreactor to produce proinsulin inclusion bodies, isolating the inclusion bodies through centrifugation, solubilizing and refolding the proinsulin, and purifying it through affinity chromatography, site-specific cleavage, reverse phase chromatography, and polishing. The purified human insulin can then be stored at 4°C for pharmaceutical use in diabetes treatment.
Industrial Production of Insulin
Contents
1. Insulin Molecule
2. Effect of Insulin in Body
3. History of Insulin
4. Recent Trends in Insulin Productions and Types
4.1 Animal Insulins
4.2 Long-Acting Insulins
4.3 Human Insulins
4.4 Insulin Analogues
4.5 Biosimilar Insulins
5. Insulin Production (Chain A and Chain B Method)
5.1 Upstream Processing
5.2 Downstream Processing
6. The Proinsulin Process
7. Insulin Available in Market with Different Brand Names
8. References
Human insulin production process & requirement
Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. It is normally produced by the pancreas but can also be produced synthetically using recombinant DNA technology. There are three main types of synthetic insulin production. Type 1 involves growing the insulin A and B chains separately in E. coli and linking them. Type 2 uses proinsulin processing in E. coli. Type 3 produces analog insulins with modified amino acid sequences. The industrial production process involves an upstream process of cell line preparation in microbes and gene insertion, and a downstream process of fermentation, purification, and packaging. Careful selection of production organism, conditions, equipment and purification methods is needed to successfully manufacture synthetic insulin at scale.
Production of insulin from microbial culture
This document discusses the production of insulin from microbial culture. It begins with an introduction about insulin as a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control blood sugar levels. When insulin is lacking, it causes diabetes mellitus. The main process of industrial insulin production involves genetically engineering microorganisms like E. coli or yeast to produce human insulin through fermentation. Producing insulin this way is significant because it provides a greater supply of higher quality insulin without the risks of animal-sourced insulin, and is more cost-effective for commercial production. The conclusion notes that major companies like Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly and Sanofi Aventis dominate the insulin market, which has grown at a rate of 7% annually.
Recombinant Human Insulin : Manufacture & Quality Control
This document summarizes quality control testing for recombinant human insulin. It discusses the structure and production of insulin, including common host systems used to manufacture recombinant insulin like E. coli and yeast. It also describes the key quality control tests performed on insulin drug products, including tests for identity, purity and impurities, potency, and quantity. Identity is assessed using HPLC and peptide mapping. Purity tests evaluate related substances like desamido insulin and aggregates, as well as process-related impurities. Potency and quantity are determined using bioassays and HPLC. The document emphasizes the importance of quality control given manufacturing complexities that can lead to batch-to-batch variability in insulin properties.
Insulin
The 1st recombinant drug .
A protein chain or peptide hormone.
A dimer of an A-chain & a B-chain linked together by disulfide bonds, composed of 110 aa & molecular mass is 5808 Da.
A product of commercially important fermentation process that produce recombinant products.
Naturally produced by beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas & by Brockmann body in some teleost fish.
The preproinsulin precursor of insulin is encoded by the INS gene.
Important for metabolism and utilization of energy from the ingested nutrients – especially glucose.
Failure of control of insulin level causes diabetes mellitus.
Rusham presentation on human insulin
This document presents information about diabetes and the production of insulin. It discusses the history of extracting insulin from animals, the limitations of this process, and the development of recombinant DNA technology to produce human insulin in bacteria. This allowed large-scale production of insulin without relying on animal sources. The document also describes efforts to develop improved second generation recombinant insulins through protein engineering to provide faster acting versions for treatment of diabetes.
Industrial production of recombinant human insulin
1. The document describes the industrial production process of recombinant human insulin. Researchers insert the human insulin gene into bacteria like E. coli, which then produce human insulin that is purified for use in treating diabetes.
2. There are two main methods - growing the insulin A and B chains separately, or using the proinsulin gene. In both, the gene is inserted into bacteria which are then fermented to produce insulin. Various purification techniques are used to isolate the insulin.
3. Quality control testing ensures the purity and structure of the insulin batches before being approved for use. Future directions include improved drug delivery methods like inhaled insulin, buccal insulin, and insulin patches.
Recommended
Industrial production of insulin.
This document summarizes the process of producing human insulin through recombinant DNA technology using E. coli bacteria. It involves growing E. coli in a bioreactor to produce proinsulin inclusion bodies, isolating the inclusion bodies through centrifugation, solubilizing and refolding the proinsulin, and purifying it through affinity chromatography, site-specific cleavage, reverse phase chromatography, and polishing. The purified human insulin can then be stored at 4°C for pharmaceutical use in diabetes treatment.
Industrial Production of Insulin
Contents
1. Insulin Molecule
2. Effect of Insulin in Body
3. History of Insulin
4. Recent Trends in Insulin Productions and Types
4.1 Animal Insulins
4.2 Long-Acting Insulins
4.3 Human Insulins
4.4 Insulin Analogues
4.5 Biosimilar Insulins
5. Insulin Production (Chain A and Chain B Method)
5.1 Upstream Processing
5.2 Downstream Processing
6. The Proinsulin Process
7. Insulin Available in Market with Different Brand Names
8. References
Human insulin production process & requirement
Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. It is normally produced by the pancreas but can also be produced synthetically using recombinant DNA technology. There are three main types of synthetic insulin production. Type 1 involves growing the insulin A and B chains separately in E. coli and linking them. Type 2 uses proinsulin processing in E. coli. Type 3 produces analog insulins with modified amino acid sequences. The industrial production process involves an upstream process of cell line preparation in microbes and gene insertion, and a downstream process of fermentation, purification, and packaging. Careful selection of production organism, conditions, equipment and purification methods is needed to successfully manufacture synthetic insulin at scale.
Production of insulin from microbial culture
This document discusses the production of insulin from microbial culture. It begins with an introduction about insulin as a hormone secreted by the pancreas to control blood sugar levels. When insulin is lacking, it causes diabetes mellitus. The main process of industrial insulin production involves genetically engineering microorganisms like E. coli or yeast to produce human insulin through fermentation. Producing insulin this way is significant because it provides a greater supply of higher quality insulin without the risks of animal-sourced insulin, and is more cost-effective for commercial production. The conclusion notes that major companies like Novo Nordisk, Eli Lilly and Sanofi Aventis dominate the insulin market, which has grown at a rate of 7% annually.
Recombinant Human Insulin : Manufacture & Quality Control
This document summarizes quality control testing for recombinant human insulin. It discusses the structure and production of insulin, including common host systems used to manufacture recombinant insulin like E. coli and yeast. It also describes the key quality control tests performed on insulin drug products, including tests for identity, purity and impurities, potency, and quantity. Identity is assessed using HPLC and peptide mapping. Purity tests evaluate related substances like desamido insulin and aggregates, as well as process-related impurities. Potency and quantity are determined using bioassays and HPLC. The document emphasizes the importance of quality control given manufacturing complexities that can lead to batch-to-batch variability in insulin properties.
Insulin
The 1st recombinant drug .
A protein chain or peptide hormone.
A dimer of an A-chain & a B-chain linked together by disulfide bonds, composed of 110 aa & molecular mass is 5808 Da.
A product of commercially important fermentation process that produce recombinant products.
Naturally produced by beta cells of the islets of Langerhans in the pancreas & by Brockmann body in some teleost fish.
The preproinsulin precursor of insulin is encoded by the INS gene.
Important for metabolism and utilization of energy from the ingested nutrients – especially glucose.
Failure of control of insulin level causes diabetes mellitus.
Rusham presentation on human insulin
This document presents information about diabetes and the production of insulin. It discusses the history of extracting insulin from animals, the limitations of this process, and the development of recombinant DNA technology to produce human insulin in bacteria. This allowed large-scale production of insulin without relying on animal sources. The document also describes efforts to develop improved second generation recombinant insulins through protein engineering to provide faster acting versions for treatment of diabetes.
Industrial production of recombinant human insulin
1. The document describes the industrial production process of recombinant human insulin. Researchers insert the human insulin gene into bacteria like E. coli, which then produce human insulin that is purified for use in treating diabetes.
2. There are two main methods - growing the insulin A and B chains separately, or using the proinsulin gene. In both, the gene is inserted into bacteria which are then fermented to produce insulin. Various purification techniques are used to isolate the insulin.
3. Quality control testing ensures the purity and structure of the insulin batches before being approved for use. Future directions include improved drug delivery methods like inhaled insulin, buccal insulin, and insulin patches.
Insulin production and synthesis
The document discusses insulin, including its structure, gene location, processing in the body, and treatment of diseases related to insulin deficiency. Insulin is produced in the pancreas and enables cells to take up glucose. The human insulin gene is located on chromosome 11. Insulin is composed of two peptide chains linked by disulfide bonds. Treatment for insulin deficiency involves injection of insulin extracted from animals or recombinant human insulin produced using biotechnology. Recombinant human insulin is made through bacterial or yeast expression systems using vectors like plasmids or yeast artificial chromosomes.
01 Gene Technology for Insulin Production
The document describes the process of using genetic engineering to produce human insulin in bacteria. Key steps include isolating the human insulin gene, inserting it into a bacterial plasmid, transferring the plasmid into bacterial cells, and using the insulin gene's promoter to cause the bacteria to synthesize human insulin which is then harvested. The document also discusses using yeast cells which can produce insulin in its correct 3D structure for human use, avoiding issues with animal-sourced insulins.
production of penicillin
The document discusses the production of the antibiotic penicillin. It describes how penicillin is produced through the fermentation of Penicillium chrysogenum fungus. Key steps include using lactose and yeast extract as a carbon and nitrogen source, respectively, in an aerobic fermentation process at 25-27C. Downstream processing after fermentation involves filtering cells from the liquid and extracting and precipitating the penicillin product. The yield has increased from 1 mg/L originally to over 50 g/L today through strain and process improvements.
A simplified and efficient process for insulin production in pichia pastoris
A simplified and efficient process for insulin production in pichia pastorisKohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat- 26000 Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
This document presents a simplified and efficient process for producing insulin in Pichia pastoris yeast. Key points:
- Insulin production is currently done in E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but the S. cerevisiae process has up to 15 purification steps.
- The present study uses P. pastoris, which secretes correctly folded insulin directly into culture medium. A high-density fermentation achieved a high yield of 2.26 g/L of insulin precursor.
- A novel two-step purification process using tangential flow filtration and cation exchange chromatography achieved high loading capacity and purity.
- The purified insulin precursor was then converted to human insulin through an enzymaticRECOMBINANT PROTEINS - INSULIN.pptx
1) The document discusses the production of recombinant insulin, including its history, structure, and production methods.
2) Key events include the discovery of insulin in the 1920s, the development of recombinant DNA techniques allowing production of human insulin in bacteria in 1978, and FDA approval of the first biosynthetic human insulin in 1982.
3) Production involves transforming E. coli with insulin genes, growing the bacteria, isolating inclusion bodies containing insulin precursor, and processing the inclusion bodies to solubilize and purify the insulin.
Insulin production prof.a.k.saha
The document discusses the production of human insulin in bacteria. It explains that insulin is normally produced in the pancreas but consists of chains that bacteria cannot separate. The document outlines a strategy to produce the insulin chains separately in E. coli by fusing each chain to bacterial genes, expressing the chains, then combining and refolding them into active insulin. It also describes transforming bacteria with a recombinant plasmid containing the human insulin genes and using fermentation to grow large quantities of the transformed bacteria for insulin production.
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The biosynthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol begins with acetyl-CoA. Fatty acid synthesis involves condensing acetyl-CoA with malonyl-CoA in a repeating process to build saturated fatty acid chains. Unsaturated fatty acids are produced from saturated fatty acids through the addition of double bonds. Cholesterol synthesis is a multi-step process that converts acetyl-CoA into the cholesterol molecule through a series of reactions, including the formation of isoprene units and cyclization. The rate-limiting step in cholesterol production is controlled by hormones and transcriptional and feedback regulation of the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme.
Insulin production
The document discusses the production of recombinant human insulin from bacteria. It describes how insulin is normally produced in the pancreas and its functions. It then explains that E. coli cannot properly produce insulin due to its inability to cleave proinsulin's C-peptide chain. The process used involves fusing the human insulin A and B chain genes separately to bacterial genes, expressing each chain in E. coli, then combining and refolding the purified chains to form active insulin. This recombinant technique allows for large-scale commercial production of human insulin for diabetes treatment.
Upstream & downstream processing of antibiotics,hormones,vaccines
The document discusses the upstream and downstream processes involved in the production of antibiotics, hormones, and vaccines from microorganisms. Upstream processing involves inoculum preparation, culture media preparation, and fermentation. Downstream processing involves separation, purification, and formulation steps to recover and purify the desired products. These include solid-liquid separation, cell disruption, concentration, and purification techniques like chromatography. The specific upstream and downstream processes for producing penicillin from Penicillium chrysogenum are also outlined.
Glutamic acid fermentation
Glutamic acid fermentation produces glutamic acid through microbial fermentation. Corynebacterium glutamicum is commonly used to produce glutamic acid through fermentation. Glutamic acid has various applications including as a flavor enhancer in foods as monosodium glutamate, in treating neurological diseases, and for producing polyglutamic acid which has industrial uses. Downstream processing after fermentation includes filtration, crystallization or ion exchange chromatography to purify the glutamic acid.
Humulin Revised
Humulin is a genetically engineered human insulin produced through recombinant DNA technology. It was developed as an alternative to animal-sourced insulins which could cause inflammatory responses in patients. The production of Humulin involves synthesizing the human insulin gene, inserting it into E. coli bacteria, and extracting the produced insulin. Humulin provides patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes effective insulin therapy without the risk of immune reactions seen with animal insulins. While some claim Humulin may increase hypoglycemia risk compared to animal insulin, studies found no significant difference in hypoglycemia rates between the two. Humulin remains an important treatment that allows large-scale production of safe and effective human insulin.
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Cyanocobalamin, also known as vitamin B12, is produced through a microbial fermentation process using various organisms like Pseudomonas denitrificans. The production involves maintaining the microorganism through laboratory and pilot scale fermentations in specialized media. During fermentation, the microbes synthesize vitamin B12 which is then isolated from the fermentation broth through purification processes. Cyanocobalamin has various health benefits and its industrial production through microbial fermentation helps address vitamin B12 deficiencies in humans.
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Insulin and HGH production using rDNA technology
This document discusses the production of insulin and human growth hormone (HGH) using recombinant DNA technology. It describes how conventional methods of extracting these proteins from animal sources are expensive and can cause allergic reactions. Recombinant DNA methods involve isolating the genes for insulin and HGH and inserting them into organisms like E. coli to produce the proteins. For insulin, different methods include producing the A and B chains separately and joining them, or inserting the proinsulin sequence. Analog insulin production also modifies the amino acid sequence. HGH is important for growth and development, and its gene has been inserted into expression cassettes and cultivated in bioreactors. Pharming is also discussed as a method of producing proteins by
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This document provides an overview of citric acid production. It discusses the history of citric acid's discovery and initial industrial production. Microbes like Aspergillus niger are used in fermentation to produce citric acid from sugars. Three main fermentation techniques are described: surface, submerged, and solid state fermentation. Key factors that affect citric acid production are also outlined. Industrial production meets most global demand, and citric acid has many applications in food/beverages, pharmaceuticals, household cleaners, and more. The largest global producers are also listed.
Recombinant production of insulin
Human insulin can be produced commercially through recombinant DNA technology. Insulin-producing genes are isolated from human pancreatic cells and inserted into bacteria or yeast which are then grown in large fermentation tanks. The recombinant microorganisms produce and secrete human insulin that can be purified for therapeutic use in diabetes patients.
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This presentation gives a brief introduction of Vitamin C. It Covers it's various application and uses in various industry and health care. Also, describe the main industrial process for the production of Vitamin C.
Penicillin fermentation[1]
Penicillin is produced through the fermentation of Penicillium fungi. The production process involves growing the fungi in a liquid culture medium under controlled conditions. As the fungi grows, it produces penicillin. The fermentation broth is then filtered to remove the fungi biomass. Organic solvent extraction is used to extract the penicillin from the broth. Finally, the penicillin is purified into a powder through further extraction, crystallization, and drying processes.
Acetone and butanol fermentation
1. Acetone-butanol fermentation is a process that uses Clostridium bacteria to produce acetone and butanol from glucose through anaerobic fermentation.
2. Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium beijerinckii are commonly used species that produce a 3:6:1 ratio of acetone, butanol, and ethanol.
3. Historically this fermentation process was used commercially until the 1970s to produce acetone and butanol, which are used as solvents and in producing synthetic rubbers, lacquers, and explosives.
Insulin presentation
This document summarizes key aspects of insulin including its history, structure, biosynthesis, transport, degradation, effects, and clinical correlations. It describes how insulin was first extracted from dog pancreases in 1921. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone composed of two chains that are held together. It regulates carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Insulin increases glucose uptake and storage while decreasing gluconeogenesis. Clinically, insufficient insulin production can lead to symptoms of diabetes like frequent urination.
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. It allows glucose in the bloodstream to enter cells and be used for energy. Without insulin, blood sugar builds up and cells are deprived of energy, leading to serious health issues. Diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells do not respond properly to insulin. Historically, insulin was purified from animals but is now commonly produced through recombinant DNA technology using modified bacteria. This process involves isolating the human insulin gene, inserting it into bacterial DNA, and causing the bacteria to express and mass produce human insulin.
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Insulin production and synthesis
The document discusses insulin, including its structure, gene location, processing in the body, and treatment of diseases related to insulin deficiency. Insulin is produced in the pancreas and enables cells to take up glucose. The human insulin gene is located on chromosome 11. Insulin is composed of two peptide chains linked by disulfide bonds. Treatment for insulin deficiency involves injection of insulin extracted from animals or recombinant human insulin produced using biotechnology. Recombinant human insulin is made through bacterial or yeast expression systems using vectors like plasmids or yeast artificial chromosomes.
01 Gene Technology for Insulin Production
The document describes the process of using genetic engineering to produce human insulin in bacteria. Key steps include isolating the human insulin gene, inserting it into a bacterial plasmid, transferring the plasmid into bacterial cells, and using the insulin gene's promoter to cause the bacteria to synthesize human insulin which is then harvested. The document also discusses using yeast cells which can produce insulin in its correct 3D structure for human use, avoiding issues with animal-sourced insulins.
production of penicillin
The document discusses the production of the antibiotic penicillin. It describes how penicillin is produced through the fermentation of Penicillium chrysogenum fungus. Key steps include using lactose and yeast extract as a carbon and nitrogen source, respectively, in an aerobic fermentation process at 25-27C. Downstream processing after fermentation involves filtering cells from the liquid and extracting and precipitating the penicillin product. The yield has increased from 1 mg/L originally to over 50 g/L today through strain and process improvements.
A simplified and efficient process for insulin production in pichia pastoris
A simplified and efficient process for insulin production in pichia pastorisKohat University of Science and Technology, Kohat- 26000 Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, Pakistan.
This document presents a simplified and efficient process for producing insulin in Pichia pastoris yeast. Key points:
- Insulin production is currently done in E. coli or Saccharomyces cerevisiae, but the S. cerevisiae process has up to 15 purification steps.
- The present study uses P. pastoris, which secretes correctly folded insulin directly into culture medium. A high-density fermentation achieved a high yield of 2.26 g/L of insulin precursor.
- A novel two-step purification process using tangential flow filtration and cation exchange chromatography achieved high loading capacity and purity.
- The purified insulin precursor was then converted to human insulin through an enzymaticRECOMBINANT PROTEINS - INSULIN.pptx
1) The document discusses the production of recombinant insulin, including its history, structure, and production methods.
2) Key events include the discovery of insulin in the 1920s, the development of recombinant DNA techniques allowing production of human insulin in bacteria in 1978, and FDA approval of the first biosynthetic human insulin in 1982.
3) Production involves transforming E. coli with insulin genes, growing the bacteria, isolating inclusion bodies containing insulin precursor, and processing the inclusion bodies to solubilize and purify the insulin.
Insulin production prof.a.k.saha
The document discusses the production of human insulin in bacteria. It explains that insulin is normally produced in the pancreas but consists of chains that bacteria cannot separate. The document outlines a strategy to produce the insulin chains separately in E. coli by fusing each chain to bacterial genes, expressing the chains, then combining and refolding them into active insulin. It also describes transforming bacteria with a recombinant plasmid containing the human insulin genes and using fermentation to grow large quantities of the transformed bacteria for insulin production.
Biosynthesis of Lipids & Cholesterol
The biosynthesis of fatty acids and cholesterol begins with acetyl-CoA. Fatty acid synthesis involves condensing acetyl-CoA with malonyl-CoA in a repeating process to build saturated fatty acid chains. Unsaturated fatty acids are produced from saturated fatty acids through the addition of double bonds. Cholesterol synthesis is a multi-step process that converts acetyl-CoA into the cholesterol molecule through a series of reactions, including the formation of isoprene units and cyclization. The rate-limiting step in cholesterol production is controlled by hormones and transcriptional and feedback regulation of the HMG-CoA reductase enzyme.
Insulin production
The document discusses the production of recombinant human insulin from bacteria. It describes how insulin is normally produced in the pancreas and its functions. It then explains that E. coli cannot properly produce insulin due to its inability to cleave proinsulin's C-peptide chain. The process used involves fusing the human insulin A and B chain genes separately to bacterial genes, expressing each chain in E. coli, then combining and refolding the purified chains to form active insulin. This recombinant technique allows for large-scale commercial production of human insulin for diabetes treatment.
Upstream & downstream processing of antibiotics,hormones,vaccines
The document discusses the upstream and downstream processes involved in the production of antibiotics, hormones, and vaccines from microorganisms. Upstream processing involves inoculum preparation, culture media preparation, and fermentation. Downstream processing involves separation, purification, and formulation steps to recover and purify the desired products. These include solid-liquid separation, cell disruption, concentration, and purification techniques like chromatography. The specific upstream and downstream processes for producing penicillin from Penicillium chrysogenum are also outlined.
Glutamic acid fermentation
Glutamic acid fermentation produces glutamic acid through microbial fermentation. Corynebacterium glutamicum is commonly used to produce glutamic acid through fermentation. Glutamic acid has various applications including as a flavor enhancer in foods as monosodium glutamate, in treating neurological diseases, and for producing polyglutamic acid which has industrial uses. Downstream processing after fermentation includes filtration, crystallization or ion exchange chromatography to purify the glutamic acid.
Humulin Revised
Humulin is a genetically engineered human insulin produced through recombinant DNA technology. It was developed as an alternative to animal-sourced insulins which could cause inflammatory responses in patients. The production of Humulin involves synthesizing the human insulin gene, inserting it into E. coli bacteria, and extracting the produced insulin. Humulin provides patients with type 1 and type 2 diabetes effective insulin therapy without the risk of immune reactions seen with animal insulins. While some claim Humulin may increase hypoglycemia risk compared to animal insulin, studies found no significant difference in hypoglycemia rates between the two. Humulin remains an important treatment that allows large-scale production of safe and effective human insulin.
Production of vitamin B12
Cyanocobalamin, also known as vitamin B12, is produced through a microbial fermentation process using various organisms like Pseudomonas denitrificans. The production involves maintaining the microorganism through laboratory and pilot scale fermentations in specialized media. During fermentation, the microbes synthesize vitamin B12 which is then isolated from the fermentation broth through purification processes. Cyanocobalamin has various health benefits and its industrial production through microbial fermentation helps address vitamin B12 deficiencies in humans.
lysine amino acid.pptx
This document discusses the production of the essential amino acid L-lysine through fermentation. It begins by defining amino acids and classifying them as essential and non-essential. It then introduces L-lysine, describing its history of commercial production starting in 1956. The document outlines the two pathways for lysine biosynthesis and describes the industrial production process using Corynebacterium glutamicum. This involves upstream processes like culture optimization and media formulation and downstream processes such as separation, extraction and purification to produce purified L-lysine. Finally, applications of L-lysine in food, beverages, pharmaceuticals and other industries are listed.
Insulin and HGH production using rDNA technology
This document discusses the production of insulin and human growth hormone (HGH) using recombinant DNA technology. It describes how conventional methods of extracting these proteins from animal sources are expensive and can cause allergic reactions. Recombinant DNA methods involve isolating the genes for insulin and HGH and inserting them into organisms like E. coli to produce the proteins. For insulin, different methods include producing the A and B chains separately and joining them, or inserting the proinsulin sequence. Analog insulin production also modifies the amino acid sequence. HGH is important for growth and development, and its gene has been inserted into expression cassettes and cultivated in bioreactors. Pharming is also discussed as a method of producing proteins by
Citric Acid Production
This document provides an overview of citric acid production. It discusses the history of citric acid's discovery and initial industrial production. Microbes like Aspergillus niger are used in fermentation to produce citric acid from sugars. Three main fermentation techniques are described: surface, submerged, and solid state fermentation. Key factors that affect citric acid production are also outlined. Industrial production meets most global demand, and citric acid has many applications in food/beverages, pharmaceuticals, household cleaners, and more. The largest global producers are also listed.
Recombinant production of insulin
Human insulin can be produced commercially through recombinant DNA technology. Insulin-producing genes are isolated from human pancreatic cells and inserted into bacteria or yeast which are then grown in large fermentation tanks. The recombinant microorganisms produce and secrete human insulin that can be purified for therapeutic use in diabetes patients.
Aminoacids - lysine
Lysine is an essential amino acid that is commonly produced through fermentation using microorganisms like Corynebacterium glutamicum. The fermentation process involves growing the microorganism in a stirred tank bioreactor containing nutrients from sources like molasses, corn steep liquor, and minerals. After fermentation, the broth is processed through ultrafiltration, ion exchange columns, and crystallization to isolate lysine hydrochloride. Lysine finds major applications as a food and feed additive due to its status as an essential amino acid for mammals.
Vitamin c
This presentation gives a brief introduction of Vitamin C. It Covers it's various application and uses in various industry and health care. Also, describe the main industrial process for the production of Vitamin C.
Penicillin fermentation[1]
Penicillin is produced through the fermentation of Penicillium fungi. The production process involves growing the fungi in a liquid culture medium under controlled conditions. As the fungi grows, it produces penicillin. The fermentation broth is then filtered to remove the fungi biomass. Organic solvent extraction is used to extract the penicillin from the broth. Finally, the penicillin is purified into a powder through further extraction, crystallization, and drying processes.
Acetone and butanol fermentation
1. Acetone-butanol fermentation is a process that uses Clostridium bacteria to produce acetone and butanol from glucose through anaerobic fermentation.
2. Clostridium acetobutylicum and Clostridium beijerinckii are commonly used species that produce a 3:6:1 ratio of acetone, butanol, and ethanol.
3. Historically this fermentation process was used commercially until the 1970s to produce acetone and butanol, which are used as solvents and in producing synthetic rubbers, lacquers, and explosives.
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A simplified and efficient process for insulin production in pichia pastoris
A simplified and efficient process for insulin production in pichia pastoris
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Insulin presentation
This document summarizes key aspects of insulin including its history, structure, biosynthesis, transport, degradation, effects, and clinical correlations. It describes how insulin was first extracted from dog pancreases in 1921. Insulin is a polypeptide hormone composed of two chains that are held together. It regulates carbohydrate, lipid, and protein metabolism. Insulin increases glucose uptake and storage while decreasing gluconeogenesis. Clinically, insufficient insulin production can lead to symptoms of diabetes like frequent urination.
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. It allows glucose in the bloodstream to enter cells and be used for energy. Without insulin, blood sugar builds up and cells are deprived of energy, leading to serious health issues. Diabetes occurs when the body does not produce enough insulin or the cells do not respond properly to insulin. Historically, insulin was purified from animals but is now commonly produced through recombinant DNA technology using modified bacteria. This process involves isolating the human insulin gene, inserting it into bacterial DNA, and causing the bacteria to express and mass produce human insulin.
Insulin
Insulin is a protein synthesized and secreted by the beta-cells of the islets of langerhans of the pancreas.
Insulin and its mechanism of action
Insulin is a peptide hormone, produced by beta cells of the pancreas, and is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the blood. In the liver and skeletal muscles, glucose is stored as glycogen, and in fat cells (adipocytes) it is stored as triglycerides.
Insulin
Insulin is a hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas that regulates glucose levels. It is composed of two chains of amino acids that are linked together. Glucose triggers the release of insulin which binds to receptors on cells to stimulate glucose and amino acid uptake and inhibit gluconeogenesis. Diabetes occurs when there is insufficient insulin production or the body does not respond properly to insulin, leading to high blood glucose levels and damage to organs over time. The two main types are type 1 diabetes caused by autoimmune destruction of beta cells, and type 2 diabetes related to insulin resistance.
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Explanation on the industrial production of penicillin covering the history, fermentors, specific conditions required for penicillin production, how to increase yield amongst others.
Design And Purification Of Proteins
This document summarizes the process of designing and purifying proteins, using insulin production as an example. It describes how insulin is produced using recombinant DNA technology by inserting the human insulin gene into E. coli bacteria. The bacteria then act as factories to produce human insulin. The document outlines the various purification techniques used, including cation exchange chromatography and precipitation with zinc, to isolate and purify the insulin protein. It emphasizes the importance of protein design and effective purification protocols for applications in biotechnology and pharmaceutical industries.
Basics of Insulin
- Insulin is a hormone produced by beta cells in the pancreas that regulates carbohydrate and fat metabolism. It promotes the absorption of glucose from the blood into liver, muscle, and fatty tissue.
- Insulin was first isolated in 1922 which revolutionized treatment for diabetes. It binds to insulin receptors on cells and triggers effects like increasing glucose uptake and glycogen/lipid synthesis while inhibiting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis.
- Insulin secretion is stimulated by high blood glucose levels after eating to promote storage of excess glucose. Multiple factors affect its secretion including hormones like glucagon, growth hormone, cortisol, and epinephrine.
Mechanisms of insulin action
The document discusses the benefits of exercise for mental health. Regular physical activity can help reduce anxiety and depression and improve mood and cognitive functioning. Exercise causes chemical changes in the brain that may help protect against mental illness and improve symptoms.
preparation of aspirin
The document discusses the preparation and synthesis of aspirin. Aspirin, also known as acetylsalicylic acid, is synthesized through the esterification reaction of salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. This reaction converts the hydroxyl group of salicylic acid into an ester group, yielding aspirin and acetic acid as a byproduct. A small amount of sulfuric or phosphoric acid is used as a catalyst. The document also outlines the history, uses, and potential side effects of aspirin.
Aspirin synthesis ppt
Acetylsalicylic acid, also known as aspirin, is a common analgesic, antipyretic, and anti-inflammatory drug. Aspirin was first isolated in 1897 by Felix Hoffmann working for Bayer. It is synthesized from salicylic acid and acetic anhydride. Aspirin works by inhibiting prostaglandin production. It has a long history of medicinal use and is effective for pain, fever reduction, and reducing heart attack risk. Common side effects include gastrointestinal irritation.
Industrial Production Process for Interferon
The document summarizes the process for producing interferon through cell lysis, extraction, purification, and refolding. Key steps include using a homogenizer for cell lysis, guanidine HCl extraction to solubilize the protein, affinity chromatography using nickel ions to isolate the protein, gel filtration/size exclusion chromatography to remove small molecules, and anion exchange chromatography to reduce contaminants before final refolding and purification through additional chromatography. Scale up calculations and yields are provided for each main step in the interferon production process.
Interferons dr. varun
Interferons are naturally occurring proteins that are secreted in response to viral infections and tumors. They have powerful immunomodulatory properties. There are two main classes of interferons - type I (alpha, beta, etc.) and type II (gamma). Interferons bind to specific cell surface receptors and induce hundreds of genes involved in antiviral, antitumor, and immunoregulatory responses. High-dose interferon has been shown to improve relapse-free and overall survival rates in high-risk melanoma patients when used as an adjuvant therapy. Interferons are also used to treat cancers like hairy cell leukemia, renal cell carcinoma, and some forms of lymphoma.
Interferon
This document discusses interferons and their role in treating viral infections. It notes that there are three main types of natural interferons - alpha, beta, and gamma - which are produced by cells in response to viral stimuli. Recombinant interferons developed for treatment include pegylated forms with longer half-lives than standard interferons. The document focuses on the use of interferons, particularly pegylated interferons, in treating hepatitis C virus infections. It reviews clinical trial results showing the superiority of combination therapy with pegylated interferon and ribavirin over monotherapy or standard interferon treatments. Common side effects are also discussed.
Insulin analogues ppt
This document discusses insulin analogues, which are genetically engineered versions of human insulin that have altered pharmacokinetic properties. It describes the classification of insulin analogues as either short-acting like lispro, aspart, and glulisine, or long-acting like glargine, detemir, and degludec. Insulin analogues were developed to overcome limitations of standard insulins like regular and NPH insulins in order to better mimic the body's natural insulin secretion and reduce risks of hypoglycemia. While analogues provide benefits like improved glucose control and flexibility, their higher cost is a drawback.
Interferones
Los interferones son proteínas producidas en respuesta a infecciones virales que inhiben la replicación de virus. Existen tres tipos principales: interferón alfa, producido por leucocitos; interferón beta, producido por fibroblastos; e interferón gamma, producido por linfocitos. Todos actúan para inducir una respuesta antiviral en las células. Los interferones se usan clínicamente para tratar infecciones virales y algunos tipos de cáncer.
Chapter 3 recombinant dna technology
Recombinant DNA technology involves isolating DNA from different species, cutting it with restriction enzymes, and splicing the pieces together to form recombinant molecules. These molecules are multiplied in bacteria or yeast cells. Key steps include extracting DNA, cutting it with restriction enzymes, inserting a gene of interest into a plasmid, transforming bacteria with the plasmid, and using antibiotics to select bacteria containing the recombinant DNA. This allows mass production of human genes for applications like gene therapy and production of therapeutic proteins.
Insulin preparations
Insulin is a hormone that regulates blood glucose levels. There are different types of insulin preparations categorized by their onset and duration of action: rapid-acting insulin has an onset of 15 minutes; short-acting insulin has an onset of 30-60 minutes; intermediate-acting insulin has an onset of 1-2 hours; and long-acting insulin has an onset of 2-8 hours. Insulin can also be administered as a combination of short-acting and intermediate/long-acting insulins to better control blood glucose throughout the day. Insulin is usually administered via subcutaneous injection in the arm, thigh, or abdomen using a syringe or portable pen device.
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ICDIM 2016 Optical detrapping in persistent phosphors
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ENDOCRINE HORMONES OF PANCREAS.pptx
The pancreas secretes several hormones including insulin and glucagon which regulate blood glucose levels, and somatostatin which prevents the release of insulin and glucagon. The pancreas contains clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans which house beta, alpha, and delta cells. Beta cells secrete insulin and amylin to store excess energy as glycogen. Alpha cells secrete glucagon to raise blood glucose. Delta cells secrete somatostatin which inhibits insulin and glucagon secretion. Insulin regulates carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism by stimulating storage of glucose as glycogen and conversion of excess carbs and fat into stored forms.
Pancreas
The document discusses the pancreas and insulin. It notes that the endocrine function of the pancreas is performed by clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans, which contain four main cell types that secrete different hormones. It focuses on insulin, describing its source in beta cells, chemistry, levels in plasma, synthesis, metabolism, actions in regulating carbohydrate, protein and fat metabolism, and how its secretion is regulated primarily by blood glucose levels.
Structure and Function of Insulin.pptx
Insulin is a polypeptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids that is produced in the beta cells of the pancreas. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins by promoting the absorption of glucose from the bloodstream into fat, liver, and muscle cells. Insulin acts by binding to insulin receptors on cells and stimulating the movement of glucose transporters to cell membranes to bring glucose inside, where it is used for energy or stored as glycogen or fat. Without sufficient insulin production or action, glucose builds up in the bloodstream, leading to the condition of diabetes mellitus.
Pancreatic hormones Insulin and glucagon
i. The pancreas contains exocrine cells that secrete digestive enzymes and endocrine cells called islets of Langerhans that secrete hormones like insulin.
ii. Insulin is a protein hormone synthesized and secreted by beta cells in the pancreas in response to increased blood glucose levels. It plays a key role in regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism.
iii. Other hormones like glucagon, secreted by alpha cells, have opposing effects to insulin and cause increased blood glucose levels. The combined actions of insulin and glucagon maintain normal blood glucose homeostasis.
An introduction to Insulin
Insulin is a two chain polypeptide having 51 amino acids and molecular weight about 6000.
It has two amino acid chains called α and β chains, which are linked by disulfide bridges. The α-chain of insulin contains 21 amino acids and β-chain contains 30 amino acids.
It is primary hormone which is responsible for controlling the storage and utilization of cellular nutrients.
DIABETES MELLITUS - BIOCHEMISTRY
Diabetes mellitus is characterized by hyperglycemia due to insufficient insulin production or ineffective insulin. There are two main types - type 1 diabetes results from autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing pancreatic beta cells, while type 2 diabetes involves insulin resistance along with relative insulin deficiency. Insulin regulates carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism, maintaining blood glucose levels. Glucagon has opposing effects, promoting gluconeogenesis and glycolysis to increase glucose levels. Tight regulation of insulin and glucagon secretion is needed to keep glucose within its narrow physiological range.
INSULIN AND OTHER ANTIDIABETEC DRUGS [Autosaved] [Autosaved].pptx
Insulin is a hormone produced in the pancreas that regulates blood glucose levels. It was first isolated in 1921 and its structure was determined in the 1950s. Insulin is composed of two peptide chains, the A and B chains, linked by disulfide bonds. Insulin is synthesized as preproinsulin and processed to its active form upon secretion from pancreatic beta cells in response to elevated blood glucose levels. Insulin facilitates glucose and amino acid uptake into cells and promotes glycogen, lipid, and protein synthesis while inhibiting gluconeogenesis and lipolysis. It is now produced recombinantly using genetic engineering.
Regulation blood glucose
The document summarizes the regulation of blood glucose levels. It discusses how glucose levels are maintained within a narrow range through negative feedback involving the pancreas and hormones like insulin and glucagon. Insulin regulates glucose by promoting its uptake in tissues and storage, while glucagon stimulates glucose production when levels fall. Glucose comes from digestion, liver glycogen stores, and gluconeogenesis. Factors that increase or decrease blood glucose levels are also outlined.
Pancreas
The pancreas regulates carbohydrate metabolism through the hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin promotes anabolism by stimulating glucose uptake and glycogen/lipid synthesis. Glucagon promotes catabolism by stimulating glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis to maintain blood glucose levels. Disorders like diabetes occur when insulin/glucagon secretion is impaired, leading to chronic high or low blood glucose.
Insulin
This document summarizes a seminar on the topic of insulin. It discusses the history of insulin's discovery by Canadian scientists Banting and Best in 1921. Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids that is secreted by beta cells in the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels. It stimulates glucose uptake into cells, suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis, and maintains glycemic control through feedback mechanisms. The document outlines insulin's structure, biosynthesis, mechanism of action, clinical correlations like diabetes, and normal blood glucose targets.
Insulin - An Anti Diabetic Drug
Manufacturing of insulin with flow sheet giving overview of the product manufacturing. Also having the recent trends related to product.
Insulin and its Uses
Insulin is a peptide hormone produced by beta cells of the pancreatic islets, and it is considered to be the main anabolic hormone of the body. It regulates the metabolism of carbohydrates, fats and protein by promoting the absorption of, especially, glucose from the blood into fat, liver and skeletal muscle cells.
11_Insulin_Glucagon_Thyroxine-1.pdf
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. It is composed of two chains of amino acids and functions by promoting the uptake and storage of glucose in the liver, muscle and fat cells. Diabetes occurs when the pancreas produces little or no insulin (Type 1) or the body does not respond properly to insulin (Type 2), resulting in high blood sugar levels. The main types of diabetes are juvenile onset (Type 1) and maturity onset (Type 2) diabetes.
Endocrine function of pancreas 2
Endocrine function of pancreas i describe Ii this presentation only on insulin next presentation i describe on GLUCAGON
Insulin physiology and biochemical effects by Dr Shahjada Selim
Insulin physiology and biochemical effects by Dr Shahjada SelimBangabandhu Sheikh Mujib Medical University
Insulin is a hormone produced by the pancreas that regulates blood sugar levels. It is produced by beta cells within clusters of cells called islets of Langerhans in the pancreas. Insulin helps move glucose from the bloodstream into cells to be used for energy or stored as glycogen or fat. It also inhibits the production of glucose by the liver and promotes fat storage. A lack of sufficient insulin production or effectiveness leads to high blood sugar levels and diabetes.Pancreatic hormones
The document summarizes the functions of the pancreas and pancreatic hormones. The pancreas secretes digestive enzymes into the small intestine and regulates blood sugar levels by secreting the hormones insulin and glucagon. Insulin promotes glucose uptake and storage, while glucagon promotes glucose release from stores. A lack of insulin leads to diabetes mellitus, characterized by high blood sugar and metabolic dysregulation. The document provides details on the metabolic effects of insulin and glucagon on carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
Endocrine function of pancrease.peyudrurudrdf
The pancreas secretes two important hormones - insulin and glucagon. Insulin is produced by beta cells in the pancreas and regulates carbohydrate and fat metabolism. It causes cells to absorb glucose from the blood and store it as glycogen in the liver and muscles or as triglycerides in fat cells. Insulin is composed of two amino acid chains connected by disulfide bridges. It is synthesized as preproinsulin which is cleaved to form proinsulin and then insulin. Insulin secretion is increased by glucose, amino acids, and gastrointestinal hormones. Insulin promotes the storage and use of glucose, fatty acid synthesis and fat storage, and protein synthesis.
Technical Description of Insulin
Insulin is produced by beta cells in the pancreas and released into the bloodstream after eating carbohydrates. It acts as a messenger that signals muscle and liver cells to take in glucose from the blood through insulin receptors on the cell membrane. This allows glucose to enter the cells through a separate channel called a carrier protein. Maintaining the proper level of glucose in the blood through adequate insulin production and signaling is important for cellular function; too much or too little insulin can lead to hypoglycemia or hyperglycemia, respectively.
ENDOCRINE HORMONES OF PANCREAS.pptx
The pancreas secretes two important hormones, insulin and glucagon, that regulate glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. The islets of Langerhans within the pancreas contain four main cell types that secrete these hormones. Beta cells secrete insulin and amylin, which promote the storage of glucose as glycogen in the liver and muscles. Insulin increases glucose uptake in tissues, facilitates glycogen synthesis, and inhibits gluconeogenesis. It also stimulates lipid and protein synthesis while inhibiting their breakdown. Together, insulin and glucagon maintain blood glucose levels within a narrow range.
Antidiabetic agents1dated
This document summarizes different types of anti-diabetic agents used to treat diabetes mellitus. It describes insulin and how it is synthesized, stored and secreted in the body. It also discusses oral anti-diabetic agents including insulin secretagogues, biguanides, thiazolidinediones, and alpha-glucosidase inhibitors; and how each group works to lower blood glucose levels. Complications from insulin therapy and factors affecting insulin absorption are also summarized.
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INSULIN AND OTHER ANTIDIABETEC DRUGS [Autosaved] [Autosaved].pptx
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Industrial Manufacturing of Insulin,
- 1. Manufacturing of Insulin Fawad Akram 12063123-065 Haseeb Hassan 12063123-029 Hassan Masood 12063123-083 Ali Shahbaz 12063123-081
- 2. Insulin Insulin is a peptide hormone, produced by beta cells of the pancreas, and is central to regulating carbohydrate and fat metabolism in the body. Insulin causes cells in the liver, skeletal muscles, and fat tissue to absorb glucose from the blood. In the liver and skeletal muscles, glucose is stored as glycogen, and in fat cells (adipocytes) it is stored as triglycerides. When control of insulin levels fails, diabetes mellitus can result. As a consequence, insulin is used medically to treat some forms of diabetes mellitus.
- 3. Natural Production of Insulin Naturally, Insulin is secreted by the Pancreas. Pancreas has two important functions : 1. Producing hormones – insulin and glucagon which regulate blood sugar levels. 2. Producing pancreatic digestive enzymes. Insulin is released when any of the several stimuli are detected– stimuli include ingested protein and glucose in the blood from digested food.
- 4. BIOSYNTHESIS OF INSULIN Insulin is synthesized as preproinsulin in pancreatic β-cells. It contains a signal peptide which directs the nascent polypeptide chain to the rough endoplasmic reticulum. Then it is cleaved as the polypeptide is translocated into lumen of the RER, forming proinsulin. Proinsulin is transported to the trans-Golgi network (TGN) where immature granules are formed. Proinsulin undergoes maturation into active insulin through action of cellular endopeptidases known as prohormone convertases (PC1 and PC2), as well as the exoprotease carboxypeptidase E. The endopeptidases cleave at 2 positions, releasing a fragment called the C-peptide, and leaving 2 peptide chains, the B- and A- chains, linked by 2 disulfide bonds. The cleavage sites are each located after a pair of basic residues and after cleavage these 2 pairs of basic residues are removed by the carboxypeptidase. The C-peptide is the central portion of proinsulin, and the primary sequence of proinsulin goes in the order "B-C-A” The resulting mature insulin is packaged inside mature granules waiting for metabolic signals (such as leucine, arginine, glucose and mannose) and vagal nerve stimulation to be exocytosed from the cell into the circulation.
- 5. Effects on Health The absence of Insulin not only interrupts the normal functioning of the body, but produces depression of essential functions and in some severe cases it may prove fatal. Insulin Disturbance causes: Diabetes mellitus Metabolic syndrome Insulinoma
- 6. Industrial Manufacturing There are two leading pharmaceutical industries manufacturing Insulin round the globe. 1.Eli Lilly & Co. using the E.Coli Bacteria Process 2.Nova-Nordisk using the yeast to produce Insulin.
- 7. Eli Lilly’s Mode of Insulin Production Beef and Pork Pancreas glands are refrigerated at -20°C, roto-ground and the meat slurry is treated with Ethyl Alcohol after acidification. With the use of the continuous countercurrent extraction in six continuous centrifuges over extraction tanks, the gland slurry is extracted with acidulated alcohol. From the sixth centrifuge, the cake is processed in a hot- fat fry tank and discharged through another centrifuge to separate waste from the “Fried Residue”, which is drummed and sold.
- 8. Eli Lilly’s Mode of Insulin Production The crude alcoholic extract is run from two strong extraction-centrifuge units into a collection tank from which the extract is neutralized with ammonia and filter aid added. In a continuous pre-coat drum filter, the cake is separated and washed, the clear liquor going to the re-acidification tank. In evaporators, the first stage removes alcohol, with subsequent waste-fat separation. The extract goes to a chill tank, with filter aid added, through a filter press and into the second evaporator.
- 9. Eli Lilly’s Mode of Insulin Production From the second evaporator, the concentrated extract is filtered and conducted to the first salting-out tank, followed by filter press filtration with filtrate to sewer and salt cake to purification for the second salting out. A filtration follows with filtrate to sewer. The second salting out product is crystallized twice to furnish Iletin (insulin) crystals.
- 10. Eli Lilly’s Mode of Insulin Production
- 11. Nova-Nordisk’s Mode of Insulin Production