This document summarizes a seminar on the topic of insulin. It discusses the history of insulin's discovery by Canadian scientists Banting and Best in 1921. Insulin is a peptide hormone composed of 51 amino acids that is secreted by beta cells in the pancreas to regulate blood glucose levels. It stimulates glucose uptake into cells, suppresses hepatic gluconeogenesis, and maintains glycemic control through feedback mechanisms. The document outlines insulin's structure, biosynthesis, mechanism of action, clinical correlations like diabetes, and normal blood glucose targets.

1. Seminar topic :-
insulin

2. Insulin:-
Guided by :-
 Miss. Garvita Joshi
Submitted by :-
 Anand Modh
 Himanshu Das
 Meenal Gondkar

3. CONTENTS :
 Introduction & History
 Release and Regulation of insulin
 Structure of insulin
 Biosynthesis
 Mechanism of insulin
 Clinical co-orelations
 Effects of insulin

6. HISTORY
 Canadian scientist
(1921)
 FREDRICK G. BANTING
 CHARLES H. BEST
 EXTRACTED INSULIN
 From dog’s pancreas

7. INSULIN
 INTRODUCTION -
Protein Hormone
Pancreas
By Islets Of Langerhans

8. What is insulin?
 Insulin is a 51 amino acid ,peptide-hormone
that is secreted by the β-cells in the Islets of
Langerhans. Insulin consists of two chains (A
and B) connected by disulfide bonds. One of
its primary functions is the stimulation of
glucose uptake from the systemic circulation,
as well as the suppression of hepatic
gluconeogenesis,

9. What is hepatic
Gluconeogenesis and
Glycogenolysis?
 There is a two metabolic pathways due to
which the blood glucose level is maintained in
the body
 Gluconeogenesis
 Glycogenolysis
 Gluconeogenesis is a metabolic pathway
that results in the generation of glucose from
non-carbohydrate carbon substrates
 Glycogenolysis also maintain blood
glucose level through the degradation of
glycogen

10. What is Glycogen ?
 Glycogen is a multibranched
polysaccharide of glucose that serves as
a form of energy storage in animals
 It is synthasised by the enzyme glycogen
synthase
 In humans, glycogen is made and stored
primarily in the cells of the liver and the
muscles, and functions as the secondary
long-term energy storage

11. Structure of insulin
 Insulin
 Polypeptide hormone
 51 amino acids
 Two chains
 A chain 21 a.a
 B chain 30 a.a
 Held by interchange disulfide bridges

12. Structure of insulin

13. Release and Regulation
of insulin
 As blood
glucose rises,
the body sends
a signal to
the pancreas,
which releases
insulin.

14. Release and Regulation
of insulin
 Acting as a key,
insulin binds to a
place on the cell
wall (an insulin
receptor), unlocking
the cell so glucose
can pass into it.
There, most of the
glucose is used for
energy right away.

15. Release and Regulation
of insulin

17. Biosynthesis of insulin:-

18. Mechanism of action of
insulin

19. clinical co-relations
 Hyperglycemia
 Type 1 diabetes
 Type 2 diabetes
 Hypoglycemia

20. Hyperglycemia
 Type1 diabetes:
 It is also called as
insulin depend
diabetes
 Type I: Beta cells
produce little or
no insulin.

21. Hyperglycemia
 Type2 diabetes:
 it is also called as
non-insulin
depend diabetes
 In type 2 diabetes
the cell of body
do not give
response to
insulin

23. Blood Glucose Targets
for Adults
 Pre-meal or
fasting: 80-120
 2 hours post-meal:
80-140
 Bedtime: 80-140
or 100-140

24. Hypoglycemia