The document discusses the top 10 reasons for the long-standing conflict between India and Pakistan since their formation as independent states in 1947. The key reasons include the partition which displaced millions, the disputed territory of Kashmir, and the wars fought between the two countries over Kashmir in 1947-48, 1965, 1971 and 1999. The conflict has been exacerbated by both countries developing nuclear weapons capability. The issue of Kashmir remains unresolved and is the fundamental cause of tensions between India and Pakistan.
Pakistan claims Jammu and Kashmir based on its majority Muslim population, whereas China claims the Shaksam Valley and Aksai Chin. The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict primarily between India and Pakistan, having started just after the partition of India in 1947. ... The present conflict is in Kashmir Valley
Pakistan claims Jammu and Kashmir based on its majority Muslim population, whereas China claims the Shaksam Valley and Aksai Chin. The Kashmir conflict is a territorial conflict primarily between India and Pakistan, having started just after the partition of India in 1947. ... The present conflict is in Kashmir Valley
Foreign Policy
Aims of foreign policy of Pakistan
China and Pakistan’s Relations
Relationship’s History of Pakistan and America
India-Pakistan Relations
Kashmir Conflict
Pak-Afghan Relations
ECONOMICAL REFORMS
Savings and Investments
Human capital development
Agriculture
Dams
Women Empowerment
1.Gross domestic product
Increased from $60billion to $170 billion
2.Domestic and foreign investements
Increased from $60 billion to $170billion
3.Exports
Tripled form $7billion to $22 billion
4.International trade
Increased from $20 billion to $60 billion
Foreign Policy
Aims of foreign policy of Pakistan
China and Pakistan’s Relations
Relationship’s History of Pakistan and America
India-Pakistan Relations
Kashmir Conflict
Pak-Afghan Relations
ECONOMICAL REFORMS
Savings and Investments
Human capital development
Agriculture
Dams
Women Empowerment
1.Gross domestic product
Increased from $60billion to $170 billion
2.Domestic and foreign investements
Increased from $60 billion to $170billion
3.Exports
Tripled form $7billion to $22 billion
4.International trade
Increased from $20 billion to $60 billion
Pakistan has emerged as one of history's altitudes commanding a vast field of vision stretching back and forward. The victor could reconcile as little to their existence as could they to the changed order
An armed conflict concerns government and/or territory where the use of armed force between two parties, of which at least one is the government of a state, results in battle-related death
1948 war over Kashmir
1965 India-Pakistan war
1971 India-Pakistan and Fall of Dhaka
Siachen Dispute and Sir creek
Kargil conflict 99
Good Indo Pak relation is essential for both countries so that they can concentrate their energy for development welfare of people rather than wasting resources on war machinery.
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Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
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Phyto-Pharmacological Screening, New Strategies for evaluating
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Antifertility, Toxicity studies as per OECD guidelines
The French Revolution, which began in 1789, was a period of radical social and political upheaval in France. It marked the decline of absolute monarchies, the rise of secular and democratic republics, and the eventual rise of Napoleon Bonaparte. This revolutionary period is crucial in understanding the transition from feudalism to modernity in Europe.
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2024.06.01 Introducing a competency framework for languag learning materials ...Sandy Millin
http://sandymillin.wordpress.com/iateflwebinar2024
Published classroom materials form the basis of syllabuses, drive teacher professional development, and have a potentially huge influence on learners, teachers and education systems. All teachers also create their own materials, whether a few sentences on a blackboard, a highly-structured fully-realised online course, or anything in between. Despite this, the knowledge and skills needed to create effective language learning materials are rarely part of teacher training, and are mostly learnt by trial and error.
Knowledge and skills frameworks, generally called competency frameworks, for ELT teachers, trainers and managers have existed for a few years now. However, until I created one for my MA dissertation, there wasn’t one drawing together what we need to know and do to be able to effectively produce language learning materials.
This webinar will introduce you to my framework, highlighting the key competencies I identified from my research. It will also show how anybody involved in language teaching (any language, not just English!), teacher training, managing schools or developing language learning materials can benefit from using the framework.
2. India AND Pakistan
India and Pakistan have been at loggerheads
since the very formation of the two nations;
post British Rule, which ended in 1947. These
conflicts started with the insinuation of Indian
being entitled to the state of Jammu and Kashmir,
despite the large Muslim populace it held.
Ever since, this issue remains the foundation of
most of the conflicts between the nations. Below,
we take you through the past 60 years of history
and elucidate the top 10 reasons behind the
Indo-Pak conflict. Read on!
3. 1. Partition and Division:
At the time of independence, the two countries
were formed on the basis that India would be
dominated by Hindus and Pakistan by Muslims.
But, in the wake of shifting from nation to another,
many Hindus, Muslims, and Sikhs were
displaced. Millions were killed because
they found themselves at the wrong side, and
million others were left alone without family
and friends. This partition and division of borders
is the biggest reason behind the Indo-Pak
conflict.
4. 2. Disputed province of Jammu and
Kashmir:
The population mix of the state of Jammu and
Kashmir has always been a mix of
many ethnicities, like Hindus, Muslims, Ladakhy
Bhuddhists and others. And, even today a large
chunk is that of Muslims. This was the reason
why Pakistan wanted to absorb the state in their
part of the territory during partition, while India got
it because it was being ruled by a Hindu
Maharaja and so the reigns were handed to India.
The conflict of who actually deserves to keep
Kashmir has never been settled upon.
5. 3. War of 1947-48:
Right after independence, the first war
between India and Pakistan was fought, when
Pakistan supported Muslim insurgency into the
state of Jammu and Kashmir and in return,
Indian offered the Maharaja armed assistance in
return accession.
6. 4. War of 1965:
After the first war ended in 1949 with the
establishment of a ceasefire, but it was in 1965
when another war broke out to when Pakistan
launched a deliberate covert offensive across
the border, in the Rann of Kutch area on the
south western border.
7. 5. War of 1971:
During this time, there existed an East Pakistan,
also known as Bangladesh. Pakistan
descended into civil war and Indian came to the
help and rescue of millions of civilians, who had
fled the territory. This finally lead to the creation
of a new and independent Bangladesh.
8. 6. Kashmir Revolution:
It was during 1989 when armed resistance broke
out in the state of Jammu and Kashmir. Separate
groups were formed. While some asked for
independence, others demanded to merge
Jammu and Kashmir with Pakistan.
9. 7. Nuclear threat:
It was first in the year 1974 when India conducted
its first peaceful nuclear explosion. Then in 1998,
India tested its first nuclear weapons and
simultaneously in a few days later, Pakistan
too conducted six successful tests. This
generated a great amount of international
concern over the nuclear status of the two enemy
countries.
10. 8. Nuclear rivalry:
So after successfully conducting nuclear tests,
by 1998 both countries possessed the power
for massive destruction in case of a war. This
alerted the international community and America
as well as European nations ordered sanctions
against the two nations. Ultimately, they both
had to sign an accord to assure them early
resolving of the Kashmir issue.
11. 9. War of Kargil:
Come 1999 and the Pakistani backed forces
infiltrated the Indian Territory. In retaliation India
launched their first air strikes against Pakistan.
Many people of both sides of the border fled their
homes and finally, it was later during that year
when General Pervez Musharraf also led
a military coup in Pakistan.
12. 10. At the brink of another War:
After the war of Kargil, tension never seemed to
leave the region along the ceasefire line. It was
during October, 2001 when 38 people were killed
in the Kashmir assembly, followed by an attack in
the Indian Parliament House, which killed 14
people. India blamed Pakistani backed militants
for this distraught.