indo pak made by me

1. INDIA –
PAKISTAN
RELATIONS

2. PREVIEW
• Introduction about pak
• History of relations
• Trade and economic ties
• Regional agreements and developments
• Defence
• Space
• Nuclear relations
• Strategic importance of pak for India
• Way forward

3. INTRODUCTION

4. INTRODUCTION
 1. India and Pakistan are the two South Asian neighbours who were one before the
partition in 1947. Since 1947 relations between them have been far from being
satisfactory and healthy. In the last five decades their have been three wars between
them and the tension still continues. In spite of all commonalities, political relations
between two countries have been tense. The Indian thinking was conditioned by the
loss of Pakistan’s and Pakistani thinking was governed by the ‘danger and threat from
India’.

 2. The relationship never came to be in a position to develop friendship and co-
operation. In spite of efforts from India, there has been no progress on the issue and
with the inclination of Pakistan towards USA for all military and financial aid the stability
in the region has not been achieved. There have been developments and talks at
regular intervals take place but the result has not been encouraging enough.

5. HISTORY OF RELATIONS

6. HISTORY OF RELATIONS
PARTITION
 (a) Transfer of Population and Problem of Religious Minorities. The most
serious problem which emerged after the partition was the transfer of population.
The migration biggest in modern history involved 12 million people. The problem of
minorities in both countries was not solved – 40 million Muslims remained in India
and 10 million Hindus in Pakistan. The legacy of the communalism of partition still
sometimes leads to the occasional outbreak of riots. India decided to solve the
minorities problem by establishing a secular state whereas Pakistan decided to be
an Islamic republic. Prime Minister Nehru and Liaquat Ali signed a pact which gave
constitutional guarantees for minorities and promised the return/transfer of refugee
properties. The refugee problem continues and is a big strain in relationships.

7. HISTORY OF RELATIONS
PARTITION
 (b) Problem of Recovery of Compensation for Abandoned Properties of
Refugees in India and Pakistan. The complex problem of recovery or
compensation for the abandoned properties of the refugees developed strain in the
relations. The communal riots compelled the migrants to abandon their immovable
properties to their parent countries. Pakistan was of the view to take up on the
basis of case by case and the evacuee property should be either transferred or
sold. In Apr 1955, an agreement was signed in Karachi between India and
Pakistan and the dispute relating to immovable property was resolved. In Jan
1956, the two Govts agreed for the transfer of evacuee bank accounts, lockers and
safe deposits.

8. HISTORY OF RELATIONS
PARTITION
 (c) Division of Assets. The problem of division of assets of India to kept the
Indo-Pak relations tense and strained during the initial days. On 14 May 47, the
cash balance was Rs 4,000 million out of which Pakistan wanted Rs 1,000/-
million. The issue was referred to Arbitral Tribunal which decided that Rs 750
million to be paid to Pak. However, Pak refused to pay Rs 55 crores which it was to
pay as part of its share of pre-independence foreign debt. The problems of division
of military stores and deli king of banking services to acted as an irritant. The
problem of establishing trade and economic relations also caused tension. Pak
was rich in rice, wheat and cotton whereas India was rich in coal, sugarcane and
iron. Initially there was free flow of goods but it became complicated due to sharing
of export duty.

9. HISTORY OF RELATIONS
PARTITION
 (d) Canal Water Dispute. The division of Punjab into West Punjab which came to
be a part of Pakistan and East Punjab which remained with India, brought with it the
problem of distribution of canal waters. West Punjab in Pakistan included most of the
canal systems of the pre-partition Indus basin. But most of the Pak canals originated
in rivers and head works located and controlled by India. There was an agreement
signed, which failed and Pak challenged the Indian plans for the construction of new
dams (came into force on 01 Apr) and canals which were to provide irrigation facilities
to the dry lands of East Punjab and Rajasthan. On 19 Nov 1960 Indus Water Treaty
was signed by Nehru and Ayub Khan at Karachi by the mediation of World Bank. The
treaty gave India the full right to utilise the waters of three rivers Sutlej, Beas and Ravi
and accepted the right of Pak to use the water of Jhelum, Chenab and Indus. India
and Pakistan both received loans from World Bank for construction of canals and
storage dams.

10. HISTORY OF RELATIONS
PARTITION
(e) Boundary Dispute. After partition both the countries started in right earnest the
process of demarcating the boundaries between them on the basis of Radcliff
award. Through rational compromises reached through mutual negotiations both
the countries accomplished the gigantic task in approximately 25 years. The
demarcation of East Punjab-Paki9stan boundary was completed in June 1960 and
the Rajasthan Pakistan Boundary in 1963. The two dies failed to demarcate the
Kutch-Sindh boundary. Pakistan did not agree with Bombay’s resolution of Feb
1914 and asserted that the issue was still in dispute and that Kutch-Sindh
boundary had never been demarcated.

11. HISTORY OF RELATIONS
 Issue of Integration of Princely States
 As a part of the partition settlement, it was agreed that after 15 Aug 1947, the British
paramountacy over the princely states would lapse and these states would be free to accede
either to India or Pakistan or to remain independent. Gradually all the princely states decided their
future except the rulers of Junagadh, Hyderabad and Kashmir who decided to avoid a decision.
The issue of accession of these three states led to the development of tensions and strains in
Indo Pak relations.
 (i) Junagadh. The princely state of Junagadh was a Hindu majority state ruled by a Muslim
ruler Sir Mahabat Khan Hussain. He decided to accede to Pakistan. On 09 Nov 1947 India took
over the administration of Junagadh which Pak strongly protested. After a plebiscite on 20 Feb 48
the verdict of people came in favour of India.
 (ii) Hyderabad. The princely state of Hyderabad was a Hindu majority state ruled by a Muslim
ruler. The Nizam of Hyderabad decided to remain independent and issued a ferment in this
connection. The Indian govt had to take police action against the Nizam, after which the Nizam
decided to accede to India.
 (iii) Kashmir Issue. Right from 1947 itself Kashmir issue came to be a crucial and most
irritating issue in Indo-Pak relations. Hari Singh the Maharaja decided to postpone the decision
regarding issue of accession to India or to Pakistan. Pak played its game to secure Kashmir with
the help of tribal raiders. However, on 26 Oct 47 the Maharaja decided to accede to India for
securing Indian help in repelling the invaders. Pakistan however, rejected the accession of
Kashmir to India and this lead the emergence of the Kashmir dispute between India and Pakistan.
In 1966 both countries signed the Tashkent Declaration and agreed to settle all their issued and
problems through bilateral negotiations. It failed to secure good neighbourly relation between
them and Kashmir issue was unresolved. During the first few UN debates over Kashmir, India
justified Kashmir’s accession to India but for a final settlement it was essential that Pakistan
should withdraw, all the invaders from Kashmir. United Nation Commission on India and Pakistan
(UNCIP) began functioning in Jun 48. The UNCIP failed to resolve the tangle.

12. HISTORY OF RELATIONS
Relations During 1966-71
On 23 Sep 65 the Indo-Pak war came to end on the basis of UN Security Council
resolution. In spite of the cease fire there continued to be a large number of air
violations and exchanges of fire across several border posts. Both the countries
agreed to accept the Soviet Offer to meet at Tashkent in Jan 66.
(a) Tashkent Declaration and Indo-Pak Relations. On 04 Jan 1966 the
Tashkent Conf opened on a realistic note. But slowly the problems arose when Pak
wanted Kashmir and withdrawal of tps. The differences arise on India’s occupation of
Kashmir and Pak occupation of Chamb. Later on the negotiations finally were signed
by President Ayub and PM Lal Bahadur Shastri on 10 Jan 66 that India will return the
area occupied in Kashmir and Pakistan will return Chamb.
(b) The Death of Tashkent Declaration. The events of 1970 brought the war
clouds over India and Pakistan. The outbreak of civil was in East Pakistan lead to the
outbreak of war in Dec 1971. Thus within 6 yrs of signing Tashkent declaration both
the countries got involved in using force.


13. HISTORY OF RELATIONS
 Indo-Pak Relations During 1971-80
 From the day the war ended both India and Pakistan got involved in a conflict and the resurgence
of Bangladesh was a big sour issue. Both India and Pakistan were willing to have a round of talks
on the issue of POWs. On 04 Apr 1972,Mrs Gandhi wrote a letter to Mr Bhutto and proposed direct
talks as the means for securing durable peace and emissary level talks for paving the way:-
 (a) The Shimla Agreement. It commenced on 28 June 1972 and concluded on 03 Jul 72 and
it was decided by both to put an end to the conflict and confrontation that marred their relations.
The provisions of Shimla Agreement gave good and healthy foundation to the process of
normalisation as a result of which both the countries were in a position to establish trade cultural
and political exchanges. Both the countries accepted the principles of peaceful co-existence,
respect for each other’s internal matters. Both the countries agreed to withdraw their forces to their
respective sides of the international border. By 7 Dec 72 the withdrawal of tps was complete and on
11 Dec 72 new maps were exchanged.
 (b) The Delhi Agreement 1973. The issue of repatriation of POWs and the problem of
repatriation of Bengalis from Pakistan was resolved. In Feb 1974, during the course of the Islamic
Summit meet at Lahore, Pakistan on the advice of Islamic nations accorded recognition to
Bangladesh on 22 Feb 1974. A tripartite talk took place and the repatriation was completed on 30
Apr 74 ending a critical irritant between India, Pakistan and Bangladesh.
 (c) Janta Era 1977-79. On 5 Jul 77 Gen Zia-Ul-Haq staged a coup and put an end to era of
civilian rule in Pakistan which was a source of tension for India. After the Mar 1977 General
elections in India the dominance of Congress ended. In Feb 78 the foreign Minister Mr AB
Vajpayee paid a visit to Pakistan and was successful in having a cordial relation. Prime Minister
Morarji Desai showed his readiness to solve all outstanding issues with Pakistan and in Oct 78
both the countries agreed to open their consulates at Karachi and Bombay respectively.

14. HISTORY OF RELATIONS
 Relations in the 80’s
 The relations during this period can be analysed through the interactions over the issue of No war pact/treaty of peace, friendship and co-operation. The relations had gained normalcy after Shimla agreement and
with the growing developments in the global scenario both the countries got engaged in negotiations for affecting a comprehensive treaty of peace, friendship and co-operation as proposed by India or a No war
pact as proposed by Pakistan.
 7. Ever since India conducted a PNE in May 1974, Pakistan kept on harping upon the threat to its security from a nuclear India. Also due to Afghanistan crisis Pakistan believed that its security stood threatened
and pressurized USA considered Pakistan as a frontal state which was to be militarily strengthened for checking a further advance of Soviet union towards Persian Gulf. Consequently USA started supplying highly
sophisticated arms/wpns, missiles plans and radars to Pakistan to have an edge over India.
 8. When Rajiv Gandhi came to power he tried to establish cordial relations with all the neighbouring countries. Several bold and timely initiatives for betterment of relations proved in the positive directions. The
following are the developments during this era:-
 a)India-Pak Joint Commission. There were several meetings held between the India and Pakistan foreign ministers. India and Pakistan agreed not to attack each other’s nuclear installations when Rajiv Gandhi
met Zia-Ul-Haq.
 (b) Trade Accord Jan 1986. Prospects of developed economy received a boost between India and Pak in Jan 86. The Finance Ministers signed a memorandum for increasing bilateral private trade.
The agreement allowed the private sector in Pakistan to import 42 items from India. The two sides agreed to double the quantum of trading during1986-87.
 Troops pull out Accord Feb 1987. The individuality to harmonise their bilateral relations combined with the continued anti-India stance of Pakistanis policies in South Asia, created an environment which lead
to real crisis in relations. On Mar 2, 1987 another Indo-Pak agreement was signed for completing the pull out of deployed troops on Indo-Pak borders.
 ndo-Pak Clashes in Siachen Area. On Sep 24 and 25, 1987, Pakistan attacked the Indian positions in the Siachen Glacier. Pakistan attempt to gain Belafond, Indira Col and Saltoro passes were foiled by
Indian Troops Siachen has become a theatre of armed hostilities between India and Pakistan and the clash still continues.
 slamabad SAARC Summit1988. The fourth SAARC Summit held at Islamabad provided a much needed opportunity to India and Pakistan to defreeze their relations. The talks produced three agreements.

 (i) Prohibiting attack on each others nuclear installation. Both countries will inform each other on Jan each year of the geographical co-ordinates of its nuclear installation and facilities.
 (ii) Setting up cultural centres in the two countries as well as exchange of visits by artists, writers and musicians, exchange of art and other exhibitions, participation in each other’s
international film festivals and encouragement to visits by sports team.
 (iii) Avoidance of double taxation between India and Pakistan in respect of bilateral trade.
 (f)Indo-Pak Summit Jul 1989. PM Rajiv Gandhi visited Pakistan and held wide ranging talks with PM Mrs Bhutto. This was the first official summit meeting between India and Pak used to discuss the whole
gamut of Indo-Pak relations. The Shimla agreement was revived and the Siachen problem was discussed. It helped in chalking out a blur print for improving their bilateral relations.
 9. Both countries did no hesitate to show differences over Kashmir, nuclear weapons, South Asia as a nuclear weapons free zone. The visit gave a healthy start for future talks but the Congress govt went out of
power and UF govt came in command.
 10. Since Dec 1989, Pakistan once again got engaged in creating troubles for India in Kashmir and Punjab. It started helping the Kashmir militants and started talking of Jehad. The political turmoil in Pak
left the govt unstable hence there could not be any concrete development in the relationships. However, the two Foreign secretary level meetings failed to mutually change the environment.

15. HISTORY OF RELATIONS
 Relations in the 90’s
 PM Narsimha Rao in 1992 expressed his keenness to maintain cordial relations.
The Ayodhaya crisis on Dec 6, 1992 created a friction between the relationship.
The nature of Indo-Pak relations has remained gravely strained, and the
maltreatment given by the Pakistani ISI to Indian diplomats and consuls, India
decided to expel Pakistan diplomats. In the UN General Assembly its committee, in
the international commissions/bodies and conferences like NAM, CHOGM,
UNHRC, SAARC, Earth summit, OIC meetings and all other such meets Pakistan
tried to malign India, raise Kashmir issue and identify as a Muslim country
committed to strengthen the unity of Islamic world.