The partition of British India in 1947 divided the subcontinent into two independent states - India and Pakistan. This caused mass violence as millions of Hindus and Muslims migrated between the two new countries. Ongoing disputes over the territories of Jammu and Kashmir led to wars between India and Pakistan in 1965 and 1971. Water sharing of the Indus River also remained a source of conflict until the 1960 Indus Water Treaty. However, resolving the issues of Kashmir and fully implementing the water treaty remain important for improving relations between the two countries.

2.  Partition of British India.
 Massacre of Refugees.
 Religious differences.
 Kashmir Dispute.
 War of 1965
 War of 1971
 Indus Water Treaty.

3.  In 1947 India was split into
two countries – India and
Pakistan – by the British
 The partition included the
partition of East Pakistan
(Bangladesh), West Pakistan
and India in the middle.
 However this caused rioting
and it is estimated that
about half a million people
were killed in the dispute
 Still some territories are
fought over, namely
Kashmir. It has been the
source of war.

4.  The partition of British India was the partition of Indian sub-
continent.
 Partition was based on two religions, Islam and Hinduism.
 British India was divided into two independent states, Union of
India and Dominion of Pakistan.
MAP BEFORE PARTITION MAP AFTER PARTITION

5.  After the partition of British India large number of refugees
moved from both countries (India and Pakistan).
 Refugees were killed from both sides.
 Approximately 4 million Hindus Moved from Pakistan to India
and 5-6 million Muslims moved from India to Pakistan.
 The groups of Sikhs and Jathas killed a large number of
Muslim refugees .
 To take revenge Muslims also killed large number of Hindu
refugees.

6. ISLAM:
 Muslims believe in one Allah and
His Prophet (PBUH).
 Muslims sacrifice animals (cows,
goats, camels) for Allah after
every year.
 Muslims offer their prayers in
mosque.
 Music and dancing is forbidden in
Islam.
HINDUISM:
 Hindus have many gods and they
pray for their idols.
 Hindus believe animals
(monkeys, cows, elephants) as
god.
 Hindus pray in their temples.
 Hindus like to learn music and
singing

7.  Kashmir dispute was the major issue that have strained
the relationship between India and Pakistan.
 Its majority population was Muslim but its ruler, Maharaja
HariSingh, was Hindu.
 Ruler wanted Kashmir as an independant state.
 Pakistani forces moved to India to dispatch Kashmir.
 Maharaja was turned to India and asked it to send its
troops to Kashmir.
 India launched an operation and captured large area of
Kashmir.

9. Pakistan India
 Pakistan’s main argument
was that Kashmir population
was mainly made up of
Muslims and so should have
been part of Pakistan.
 According to India the
Maharaja of Kashmir pledged
allegiance to India and not to
Pakistan.

10.  This war was fought to capture the state of Jammu and Kashmir.
 India attacked on it captured some of the border post.
 Pakistan with in a few days liberated a large area of occupied
state.
 India also attacked on Lahore from three sides on September
1965. Pakistan forces moved to face the enemy. The attack of
the Indian army was stopped.
 The war between both the countries lasted for seventeen days
(5th September to 23rd September).

11.  This was the war for the liberty of Bangladesh.
 India attacked on Bangladesh and captured it.
 Pakistan advanced its troops to East Pakistan for the liberty
of it.
 Pakistani forces in East Pakistan surrendered to joint
command of India and People’s Republic of Bangladesh was
created.

12.  The treaty was signed in Karachi on September 19, 1960
by the Indian prime minister Jawaharlal Nehru and the
president of Pakistan Mohammad Ayub Khan.
 The Indus system of rivers comprises three western rivers
the Indus, the Jhelum and Chenab and the three eastern
rivers - the Sutlej, the Beas and the Ravi.
 The treaty was that India would not interfere in flow of
Indus water coming to Pakistan.
 India constructed dams against the Indus treaty on river
Indus, Jhelum and Chenab.
 India constructed 41 dams in these rivers and 12 were
under construction.

13.  To improve the relationship between India and Pakistan both
countries will have to;
• Resolve the Kashmir issue.
• Resolve the water treaty.
But these issues are still not yet resolved.

14. Presentation by:
 Rida Syed
 Sania Mahmood
BBA 2