The document outlines the complex history of Pakistan-U.S. relations from 1947 to the present, highlighting key events, policies, and shifts in alliances over decades. Key periods include the Cold War alignments, the impact of the Soviet-Afghan War, and the post-9/11 era of cooperation against terrorism. The document illustrates how internal political changes in Pakistan and external pressures from the U.S. have continually influenced bilateral relations.

1. Pakistan-United Sates
Relations

2. Zulfiqar General Zia’s
History
Bhutto’s Era Era
Sarah Ejaz
Uroosa Jeelani Zara Naeem
Hyder Hasan Mufti
Ahmed Qamar Umer Fariq
Unstable Musharraf’s
Democratic Era and Post
Governments 9/11
M. Haseeb Siddiqui
Sohaib Bin Shahid
Omer Farooq Butt
M. Saad Afridi
Danish Ali Kazmi

3. INTRODUCTION

4. •The foreign policy of Pakistan aims to:
o Develop friendly relations.
o Safeguard vital security.
o Resolve core issues.
o Portray a strong image.
o Augment economic and commercial interests.
o Protect interests of Pakistanis abroad

5. HISTORY
1947-1971

6. • US established diplomatic relations with Pakistan
on October 20, 1947.
• These relations developed against the backdrop of
the Cold War and since then this relationship has
been based on economic and military assistance.
• Pakistan's relations with the US improved in early
1950s‟ when President Eisenhower came to power

7. • In 1954, Pakistan signed a Mutual Defence
Agreement the US and subsequently became
members of SEATO and CENTO.
• These treaties put Pakistan under US influence
and thus Pakistan was used as a base for military
reconnaissance flights over Soviet territory.

8. SEATO
South East Asian Treaty
Organization
September‟ 8, 1954

9. • Members: Australia, France, New
Zealand, Pakistan, Philippines, Thailand, United Kingdom
and the United States.
• Purpose:
oEstablish a collective security arrangement for Southeast
Asia.
o Enhance trade relationships.
•Reasons for its failure:
o Lack to willingness to resolve issues.
o Ultimate inability of the other SEATO nations to act
militarily.

10. Ayub‟s Era(1952-1969)
• Beginning of a cosy relationship with the US...
• 1953- Food Crisis Aid
• 1954-Mutual Defence Assistance Agreement
– First military assistance from the US
– „exclusively to maintain our internal security...and
legitimate self-defence‟

11. CENTO
Central Treaty Organization
1955

12. • Members: Iran, Iraq, Turkey and United Kingdom.
• Purpose:
o U.S. pressure and promises of military and economic aid
were key in the negotiations leading to the agreement.
o Counter the threat of Soviet expansion in Middle East oil
producing countries.
• Reasons for failure:
• Did not intervene in the Arab-Israeli Conflict.
• Was unable to prevent Soviet expansion in member states
(Egypt, Syria, Iran, etc)

13. Ayub‟s Era(1952-1969)
• Pakistan as a strategic partner in completing the
ring of containment around Soviet Union.
• Significance of SEATO and CENTO
– Military aid increased to $500 million by 1957
– Further strengthening of US-Pak relationship
– Became United States' "most-allied ally" in Asia.

14. Ayub‟s Era(1952-1969)
• U2 Crisis of 1960
– July 1957 - U.S. requested permission from Pakistan
for the establishment of a secret U.S. intelligence
facility in Pakistan
– Location: Badaber, 10 miles from Peshawar
– April 9, 1960 - U-2 spy plane of the special CIA unit
crossed the national boundary of the Soviet Union
and flew over four Soviet top secret military objects
but was detected by the Soviet Air Defence Forces .

15. Ayub‟s Era(1952-1969)
• U2 Crisis of 1960
– Pakistan became a „wholehearted ally‟ which undertook
„real responsibilities and risks‟ by providing facilities
„highly important to US national security‟.
– Compromise on Pakistan's security and worsened
relations with the Soviet Union
– Soviet Union threatened the nuclear annihilation of
Pakistani cities.

16. Ayub‟s Era(1952-1969)
• Indus Water Treaty in 1960 and half a billion in
US funds.
• Pakistan‟s growing friendship with communist
China after the 1962 Sino-Indian war irked the U.S
• The 1965 Indo-Pakistani War
– embargo on arms shipments to Pakistan and India
– The ban remained in place during the Indo-Pakistani
War of 1971.

17. Pakistan-U.S Relations
During 1969 and 1971
• Army Chief General Yahya took over power from President Ayub Khan in March 1969.
The country had been in a pseudo military rule since 1958.
• Political representation had been insufficient and regional succession movements were
strengthening in the country especially in the eastern Pakistan province of Bengal.
• Elections were held in the country in 1970 with the East Pakistani party Awami League
taking a majority in the elections.
• The military government did not hand over power to the winning party and in a political
deadlock, unleashed a crackdown against the East Pakistan population.
• This led to a limited civil war in 1971 and India siding with the dissidents launched a war
in December 1971. After a fortnight of fighting, the Pakistani forces in East Pakistan
accepted default and the state of Bangladesh was established
• During the war between Pakistan and India . The US policy in this debacle was aligned
with the military establishment of Pakistan due to its earlier links and defense
relationships.

18. • On the other hand, President Nixon used the Pakistani links with China to
start a secret diplomacy with China which culminated with Henry
Kessinger‟s secret visit to China in July 1971 while he was visiting Pakistan .
• The Chinese relationship was vital for the US as it was trying to fix the mess
in its Vietnam policy.
• With thes`e concerns, the US administration neglected the internal
domestic issues of Pakistan and allowed the dictator to have its way in East
Pakistan.
• Rather than focusing on their domestic problems and working effectively to
find solutions, the military rulers in Pakistan had been focusing in
international affairs and the Great Game and considered the close
relationship with the US as a guarantee for their own domestic survival.
• America supported Pakistan throughout the war and supplied weapons to
West Pakistan although Congress had passed a bill suspending exporting
weapons to the nation.

19. • United States-Pakistani relations preceding the 1971 war were characterized
by poor communication and much confusion.
• The administration of President Richard M. Nixon was forced to formulate
a public stance on the brutal crackdown on East Pakistanis by West
Pakistani troops that began in March 25, 1971.
• It maintained that the crackdown was essentially an internal affair of Pakistan
in which direct intervention of outside powers was to be avoided.
• The Nixon administration expressed its concern about human rights
violations to Pakistan and restricted the flow of assistance.
• Despite the United States widely publicized "tilt" toward Pakistan during the
1971 war, Pakistan's new leader, Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto, felt betrayed.
• In his opinion, the United States could have prevented India from
intervening in Pakistan's civil war, thereby saving his country the trauma of
defeat and dismemberment. Bhutto now strove to lessen Pakistan's
dependence on the United States.

20. • The signing of the India-Soviet Union Treaty of Peace, Friendship, and
Cooperation in August 1971, while not a mutual security treaty, was viewed
in Washington as a blank check to India in its confrontation with Pakistan.
President Nixon warned Soviet officials not to encourage India and
informed India that if it started a war with Pakistan, the United States would
cut off aid.
• On November 22 1971, India launched an offensive against East Pakistan.
The Nixon Administration cut off economic aid to India, and Nixon himself
decided to "tilt" toward Pakistan.
• This pro-Pakistan policy included support of Pakistan in the United Nations
and pressure on the Soviets to discourage India, with accompanying hints
that U.S.-Soviet détente would be in jeopardy if Moscow did not comply.
When Nixon learned that Indian war plans were designed to liberate
"Bangladesh" and southern Kashmir, and to destroy Pakistan‟s military
armored and air strength.

21. • He ordered the U.S. carrier Enterprise and its escorts into the Bay of
Bengal. At the President‟s instruction, Kissinger met with People's Republic
of China Ambassador to the United Nations Huang Hua to brief him on the
crisis and U.S. actions, and to suggest that China make military moves in
support of Pakistan.

22. Zulfiqar Bhutto‟s Era
1971-1977

23. Relations before and during 1971 war
• Poor Communication and much confusion.
• President Nixon formulated a public stance on the
crackdown by West Pakistani troops in East Pakistan.
• Military aid to Pakistan was suspended which resulted in
the cooling of relationship.

24. Bhutto‟s Presidency (1971-1973)
• After 1971 war Pakistan once again realized that US can support
India against China but can‟t support Pakistan against India.
• Bhutto now strove to lessen Pakistan's dependence on the United
States.
• Pakistan withdrew from Southeast Asia Treaty organization
(SEATO) in 1972.
• He reluctantly sustained the country‟s role in the Central Treaty
Organization (CENTO) but later on he cut Pakistan ties with
CENTO too.

25. Bhutto as a Prime Minister (1973-1977)
• Bhutto re-evaluated the nature of Pak-US relations.
• Indo-Soviet Treaty of 1971, China-US rapprochement and the
Pakistan military‟s need for the US equipment forced him to call
for a continued alliance with USA.
• In 1976, Pakistan ran in trouble with the US over the issue of
acquisition of a nuclear processing plant.
• After Pakistan‟s nuclear deal with France, the relations between the
Bhutto regime and the US deteriorated and military aid from USA
was again suspended.

26. GENERAL ZIA‟S ERA
1980-1988

27. The Soviet- Afghan war
• General Zia seized power in Pakistan in a 1977 coup. US
opposed this dictatorship and stopped all economic and
military aid to Pakistan as a result
• Also under Section 669 of the (FAA) aid was suspended
because of Pakistan‟s secret construction of a uranium
enrichment facility
• However after Soviet invasion of Afghanistan in Dec
1979, Pakistan became a frontline state against Soviet
expansionism. Fighting a proxy war for the US.

28. The Soviet- Afghan War
• An offer to Pakistan of $400 million in economic and security aid by
the Carter Administration in early 1980 was turned down by
President Zia-ul Haq as “peanuts.”
• In September 1981 Reagan Administration negotiated a $3.2
billion, 5-year economic and military aid package with Pakistan –
Pakistan‟s superior negotiation !
• Congress added Section 620E to the FAA, giving the President
authority to waive Section 669 for Pakistan on grounds of national
interest.

29. Arms and Narcotics aid
• Pakistan became a funnel for arms supplies to the Afghan
resistance, as well as a camp for three million Afghan
refugees.
• Nov 1982: the latest radar systems for Pakistan‟s F-16
fighter planes transferred to Pakistan by President Wilson.
• Wilson negotiated a major weapons deal with Pakistan on
behalf of the Israelis to support the Afghan war. The deal
included delivery of T-55 tanks – enemies turn friends?
• 1982-1989: US Turns Blind Eye to Pakistani Government
Involvement in Heroin Trade

30. Economic Aid to Pakistan
• Between 1977 and 1986, the country experienced an
average annual growth in the GNP of 6.8%, one of the
highest in the world at that time.
• 1981 - $3.2 billion, 5-year economic and military aid
package with Pakistan.
• A $4 billion, 6-year aid package for Pakistan was
signed in 1986.

31. Economic Aid to Pakistan
• October 1990, under the provisions of the Pressler
amendment, President Bush suspended most economic and
all military aid to Pakistan as well as deliveries of major
military equipment suspended.
• One major loss was the non delivery of some 71 F-16 fighter
aircraft ordered in 1989.
• Narcotics assistance of $3-5 million annually was exempted
from the aid cutoff.

32. Sharing of Intelligence Networks
• Pakistan's ISI and Special Service Group cooperated
with the CIA and the United States Army Special
Forces to support the armed struggle against Soviets.

33. Military Aid
• In 1981, the Reagan Administration sent the first of 40 F-16 jet
fighters to the Pakistanis.
• October 1980: Former President Nixon Indicated Pakistan‟s Nuclear
Weapons Program may continue
• The way forward … Zia began a series of “highly secretive meetings to
explore trading its nuclear technology to other countries. The urgency
of this project was felt as the Soviet Union decided to end the Afghan
war in 1986 and Pakistan realized US aid was finite.

34. Unstable Democratic
Governments
1988-1999

35. Pak-US Relations in governments
under Benazir Bhutto
December 1988 to August 1990
October 1993 to November 1996

36. Major events
• Increase in Islamic fundamentalism
• Intensification of Kashmir proxy war.
• Taliban‟s creation

37. Policies
• Pak-US relations remained on a mixed note during
her tenures.
• Many people saw her as pro-Western and pro-
democracy but that wasn‟t really the case.
• Wanted friendly mujahidin regime in Afghanistan.
• Initiated a program designed to make Pakistan a
central member of both the Islamic bloc and the
Trans-Asian axis.
• Pakistan emerged with distinct roles such as center
for finance, military and technology among the
Muslim countries.

38. Dec.1988- Aug.1990
• Benazir Bhutto had to pay back billions of dollars in
loans made to Zia-ul-Haq.
• Pakistan faced heightened tensions with India over
Kashmir and problems associated with the unresolved
Afghan war on the international front.
• U.S. aid and most arms sales to Pakistan were
suspended when President Bush could not certify to
Congress, that Pakistan does not possess a nuclear
explosive device.

39. Oct. 1993- Nov. 1996
• The free and peaceful elections of October 1993, were
welcomed by the US.
• In 1992 US relaxed sanctions on Pakistan to allow food
and economic assistance to NGOs.
• However US continued to be concerned about reported
terrorist activity, regional dissidence, and human rights
abuse.
• The United States strongly supported Pakistan's
economic reform efforts, including privatization of
public sector industries, trade liberalization policies, and
efforts to attract international investment.

40. Nawaz Sharif‟s Governments
• Elected twice as the 12th Prime Minister of
Pakistan
• First term: 1 November 1990 to 18 July 1993
• Second term: 17 February 1997 to 12 October
1999.

41. Pak-U.S Relations during Nawaz
Regimes
• Diplomatic ties between the two states: unfriendly
• Reasons:
1. Inclination towards establishing an ISLAMIC Society
2. Allegations of having links with Al-Qaeda leader
Osama Bin Laden
3. Being alleged for “not cracking down on the Taliban as
it flourished in Afghanistan and influenced the
Northwest Frontier Province

42. The Nuclear Dilemma
• Neither India nor Pakistan is signatories of the
Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty (NPT) or the
Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT).
• Pakistan carried out its successful nuclear tests on 28
May 1998, and on 30 May 1998.
• Justification: National Security

43. The Nuclear Dilemma…
• Various Sanctions imposed by the U.S:
1. U.S. Aid Cut-off in 1990
2. Non-delivery of some 71 F-16 fighter aircraft ordered in 1989
3. In 1998, President Clinton imposed economic and military
sanctions on Pakistan: Section 102 of the Arms Export
Control Act (AECA)
4. Any U.S. exports to Pakistan required a Commerce
Department license, and most license requests reportedly
were denied

44. Pakistan-U.S Relations
Post 9/11

45. George W. Bush
• September 11 attacks planted sour seeds early
in the Bush Administration
• Bush‟s main focus was the Middle East
(Bahrain, Philippines, Thailand, Kuwait, Moroc
co, Pakistan)
• More co-operation demanded from the
Pakistan Governemnt

46. Pakistan‟s Foreign Policy-Post 9/11
• Remolding itself into a more co-operative ally
• Joining the „War On Terror‟
• “We've captured 689 and handed over 369 to
the United States. We've earned bounties
totaling millions of dollars…” – P.M.

47. Post 9/11 Era
• Afghan war. Bush‟s statement.
• 2003: US forgave $1 billion in Pakistani debt.
• Oct 2005: Condoleezza Rice‟s statement regarding Kashmir
earthquake.
• 11 Jun‟ 08: Us airstrike on Pak-Afghan border killed 10
members of paramilitary frontier corps.
• Nov 2008: Mumbai attacks
• Iraq war stance: Prime minister Jamali’s statement.

48. Present Relations and
Obama Administration

49. Present Relations
Obama elected in Nov 2008.
A stable, democratic, prosperous Pakistan is
considered vital to U.S. interests.
The Obama Administration states an intention
to continue pursuing close and mutually
beneficial relations with Islamabad.

50. “ In the past, we too often
defined our relationship with
Pakistan narrowly. Those days
are over.... The Pakistani
people must know America
will remain a strong supporter
of Pakistan’s security and
prosperity.”- Barack Obama

51. The Aims of newly seated U.S.
Administration
• A new concentration on stabilizing Afghanistan.
• The appointment of US special representative
Pakistani officers are now allowed to view video feeds
from unmanned American drones and to access U.S.
intercepts of militants‟ communications.

52. • October 2009: U.S. Aid Package
• A new $7.5 billion U.S. aid package for Pakistan
• Expect to receive approximately 1.3 billion for 2010.
• Growth in anti-Americans feeling in Pakistan.

53. • Pakistan military
Operations
• Result of US demand of
„Do More‟ and external
pressure.
• Relation remains fragile
e.g. Faisal Shahzad
incident.