This document discusses Jammu and Kashmir, providing historical context and perspectives on the Kashmir issue. It outlines the region's history under various rulers from ancient times through the partition of India in 1947. It notes that Jammu and Kashmir formally acceded to India through an instrument of accession signed on October 26, 1947. However, the issue was later internationalized and taken up by the UN, leading to the line of control. The document decodes common myths and argues that Kashmir has long been integrated with Indian culture and the issue is one of nationality, not religion. It calls for full integration of Jammu and Kashmir into India by scrapping Article 370.

1. Jammu and Kashmir:
Problems and Solutions
Prafulla Ketkar
Asst. Prof and Head, Political Science,
Smt. BRD Arts and Commerce Mahila Mahavidylaya, Nashik Road
prafulla10@gmail.com

2. Sequence of Discussion
What do we know about Kashmir?
 Various perspectives on the Kashmir
Issue;
 Historical understanding
 Strategic issues
 Decoding myths
 What we should highlight?


3. What do we know About Kashmir?
History?
 Demography/Population composition?
 Geography/Strategic Location?
 Political Situation?


4. Why Kashmir Now?

8 point agenda declared by the Centre:
a.
to de-scale the presence of security forces
to constitute a group of interlocutors to hold a
“sustained dialogue” with all shades of Valley life;
to release about 245 persons detained for stonepelting;
5 lakhs for people who died in army/police firing;
to remove AFSPA in certain districts.
b.
c.
d.
e.

5. Why Kashmir Now?
Statement by the J & K CM that the
accession of Jammu and Kashmir into
Indian Union was conditional and it had
not merged with India ;
 26th October: date of accession of Kashmir
in India.
 22nd Feb – Resolution for Complete
Integration of J & K


6. Kashmir Issue: Various
Perspectives
Spearhead of Secular India;
 Socio-economic problem;
 Strategically Important;
 Culturally, historically and politically India’s
integral part


7. Historical Understanding
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Kalhana’s ‘Rajat Rangini’ Story of “Jalodbhav” –
Kashyapanche Meer;
Gonand: Mahabharat period: Remained the
center of Hindu Civilization;
273-232 BC: Ashoka established “Shrinagari” –
Jalouka spread the cultural aspects of Hinduism
Karkota Regime – 300 -761 Kanishka,
Avantivarma and Lalitaditya: further integrated
and brought the golden age in Kashmir
Lohara Regime – 1003 AC Mohammad
Gajhanavi invaded Kashmir

8. Historical Understanding
Damara regime – real degeneration – Shah
Mir and Rinchana entered Kashmir
 1320 – Mongol invader Dulacha came to
Kashmir – King Suhadev kept borders
unguarded and Dulancha captured Kashmir
with Shah Mir and Ramchandra Pradhan –
Islamization of Kashmir
 14 Oct 1586 – Akbar took over Kashmir


9. Historical Understanding



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Akbar ruled through his representatives;
After
weakening
of
Moghal
empire
their
representative Mir Mukim Kanth ruled Kashmir and
called Mohammad Shah Abdali to crush the popular
revolt
Abdullakhan, Jabbarkhan & Azadkhan most cruel
Afghani pathans;
Batta Bazar and Batavath
1720 – 1746 – worst period – ruled by Nadir Shah

10. Historical Understanding

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1819 – Raja Ranjitsingh took over Kashmir and
Ruled from Lahore;
9th March 1846 – British took over Kashmir from
Dulip Singh after Sikh British War against – Lahore
Agreement
16th March 1846 – Gulab Singh in Jammu region –
from Dogra family since 900, helped Britishers
during war, Purchased Kashmir in 75 lakhs,
integrated Ladakh, Jammu and Kashmir – ultimate
British Control;

11. Partition and Kashmir
Raja Hari Singh – took decision to remain
independent on the advice of Swami Sant Deo
 Mountbatten, Mahatma Gandhi and Sri Guruji
tried to convince Hari Singh on accession –
but he refused;
 24th October 1947 – Pakistan sent military
infiltrators in Kashmir Valley, dual plan of
Pakistan (Ramchandra Kak and Military) –
Raja fled to Jammu


12. Accession of Kashmir
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Shaikh Abdullah – key member of Islamic
Conference – close to Nehru
Role of Major Shah and Meharchand Mahajan
24th and 25th October – Ramlal Batra met Nehru
and Patel with a request letter from Raja – they
pressed Raja to sign the accession treaty
26th October 1947 – the Raja signed the
accession treaty – V P Menon – special
representative of the Government got the treaty
signed – defense, Ex. Affairs and Communication
handed over to the Indian government – became
the foundation of Art. 370

13. Blunder of 1948
From 27th October 1947 – Bharat declared
all out war against Pakistan;
 After initial losses, Indian military made
serge in northern areas through Jozilla;
 431 days war ended with a blunder - on
the advice of Lord Mountbatten Nehru
took the matter to the United Nations – 1 st
January 1948 and 28th October made a
declaration about ‘plebiscite’ in Kashmir;


14. Internationalization of Kashmir
Gave Pakistan an advantage;
 Became a key to Pakistan’s role in the Cold
War;
 Retained the separate status of Kashmir
through Art 370;
 Had to accept the terms of condition of the UN
– S-1100 – resolution on 13th August 1948


15. UN resolution – key terms
End of War
 Pakistan will withdraw forces from
Kashmir Valley
 India will take plebiscite in Jammu and
Kashmir
 Both the countries will finalize an
agreement with each other regarding the
modalities;


16. Karachi Agreement
Both the countries declared ceasefire on
1st January 1949;
 Karachi Conference – Gen Nazir Ahmad &
Gen Thimayya – UN delegation of 5
members headed by Williams Dell
 Line of Control – was forced to be
accepted


19. Strategic Issues
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Key transport and trade roots passes through
Pakistan;
All major rivers that makes Punjab and Sindh
fertile originates in India;
It’s a key to enter in central and East Asia;
Reach natural resources and important strategic
location makes ‘hot point’ for international
politics.

20. Decoding the Myths?
Jammu and Kashmir is a Muslim majority
state with Muslim Culture; (Hairat)
 Most of the Kashmiri people are antiIndian; (Lord Aveberry plebiscite);
 Indian and Government and Army has
been
unjust
to
Kashmiri
people;
(Sadbhavana and packages)
 India refused to take plebiscite


21. What we Need to Understand?
Kashmir has been an integral part of
Hindu (Indian) culture since ages;
 It is not an issue of Hindu or Muslim
Majority – Kashmiriyat is as much part of
Hindu culture as Punjabi/Marathi culture;
 370 article has made the situation worst;
 It is not an issue of Hindu/Muslim/Buddhist
way of worship but nationality


22. What we Need to Understand?
More than 300000 pandits are displaced
in last 23 years, their human rights are
equally important;
 Human rights of armed and police forces
are also important;
 Abdullah and Mufti Mohammad Said
family used Kashmir for personal gains;
 Huriyat conference never participated in
elections;


23. What we Need to Understand?
Indian government is soft on separatists –
should not be party to dialogue;
 Democratic participation in Indian parts is
much better than PoK (Nicholson report);
 US cannot help us solve this problem;
 Pressurize government to make it an
issue of national importance – scrape Art
370 – make the integration real


24. Any Queries/suggestions?????

25. 
Thank YOU!!!!