Presentation on the causes of conflicts that leads to the current scenarios in Kashmir and also talking briefly about the other side of Kashmir which is very beautiful

1. Presented by:
Puja Kumari
Mohd Sufyan
Nikita Gupta
Meenakshi Raina
Amajd Ali
Avneet Bedi
Esther
Jesmine Doley

2. CONTENTS
1. Introduction
2. Historical Facts
3. Today’s Geography
4. Economy
5. AFSPA
6. Current Scenario
7. Other Side of Kashmir
8. Conclusion

3. The Princely states
 565 princely states.
 1846 - 1952, a princely state of the British Empire in India.
 The Indian Independence Act.
AFSPA
 Armed Force Special Power Act
INTRODUCTION

4. TREATY OF ACCESSION 1947
• Lord Mount Batten advised Hari Singh to either sign an
accession with India or Pakistan but dropped the idea of full
Sovereignty to Kashmir.
• India was ready to help only after he signed “Instrument of
Accession”
• The accession to India is celebrated on Accession Day, which is
held annually on 26 October.

5. ARTICLE 370 & 35A
 Article 370 of Indian Constitution give autonomous status to the
state of Jammu and Kashmir.
 The article drafted in part XXI of the Constitution: Temporary,
Transitional and Special Provisions.
 Article 35A of the Indian Constitution is an article that
empowers the Jammu and Kashmir state’s legislature to define
“permanent resident” of the state and provide special rights and
privileges to those permanent residents which are excluded for
non-permanent residents.

6. HISTORY BEFORE BRITISH
• An important centre of Hinduism and Buddhism until 1300s.
Harmony between Hindus/Buddhists and Muslims.
• Waves of Islamic invaders started with the barbaric Mongol
Dulucha in the 14th century.
• By the 19th century, Sikhs had conquered the area.
• 1845: 1st Anglo-Sikh war, ended up separating the Sikh
kingdom into two, one of which became modern J&K.
• It was now a ‘Princely State’ (1846) that Gulab Singh was
given as part of treaty with the British.

7. HISTORY AFTER INDEPENDENCE
• Post independence all princely states became disputed area and
Jammu and Kashmir was one of them.
• Maharaja Hari Singh (a Hindu) was the ruler.
• He did not wish to accede to either nation state and instead a
sought an independent state.
• Pakistan made various efforts to persuade the Maharaja of
Kashmir to join Pakistan.
• In July 1947, Mohammad Ali Jinnah is believed to have written
to the Maharaja promising "every sort of favourable treatment,"
followed by the lobbying of the State's Prime Minister by
leaders of Jinnah's Muslim League party.
• India demands Hari Singh to accede to India if he wants
protection from Pakistan. Mountbatten supports accession to
India.

8. TODAY’S GEOGRAPHY
• Total area: 224,739 sq. km.
• Most populated areas are Jammu and Azad Kashmir.
• Today, Kashmir is administered by India, Pakistan and China.
• POK : Pakistan controls north-western part, an area of 85,846
sq. km.
• IOK : India controls central and southern parts and the largest
portion of land atb101,338 sq. km, commonly known as
Jammu and Kashmir.
• COK : China controls north-eastern part, an area of 37,555 sq.
km, commonly known as Aksai Chin.

10. ECONOMY
• Gross State Domestic Product for 2018-2019 : Rs 1,16,637.
• Total expenditure for 2018-2019 : Rs 80,313
Economy is predominantly dependent on: agriculture, horticulture,
handicraft and tourism.
1. Agriculture : Saffron, Apple, Barley, Cherry, Peaches, Pear, Rice;
Wood; Sericulture & cold-water fisheries.
2. Horticulture : Includes Apples, Apricots, Cherries, Pears, Plums,
Walnuts and Almonds. Annual turnover of 300 crore, apart from
foreign exchange of over 80 crore.
3. Handicraft : Rugs, Carpets, Shawls made from Cashmere wool.
4. Tourism : Buddhist monasteries of Ladakh; Hindu pilgrim Vaishno
Devi Yatra alone contributes Rs 475 crore to state economy;
Gulmarg

11. AFSPA
• Armed Forces (Special Powers) Acts (AFSPA),
are Acts of the Parliament of India that grant special
powers to the Indian Armed Forces in which each act
terms "disturbed areas".
• According to The Disturbed Areas (Special Courts) Act,
1976 once declared ‘disturbed’, the area has to maintain
status quo for a minimum of 3 months.
• The Armed Forces (Jammu and Kashmir) Special Powers
Act, 1990 was enacted in September, 1990.

12. CRITICISM OF AFSPA
 The grounds of declaration of disturbed area has not been
defined in the act.
 Violation of Article 21 of the Constitution, the right to life.
 The act has not been able to contain insurgency and maintain
law and order in disturbed areas.
 Grave Human Right violations have actually helped the
insurgents to mobilize the people against government.
 Once an area declared as disputed it cannot be subjected to
judicial review.

13. CURRENT STATUS
1. RESETTLEMENT OF KASHMIRI PANDITS
The initial militancy in Kashmir during late 80s and early 90s
lead to huge displacement of Kashmiri Pandits from Kashmir.
However in recent times the govt. has taken vast initiative
measures in which large number of govt. flats are built with the
protection of army has been established and in a trickle method
the Kashmiri Pandits are given state govt. jobs in Kashmir and
are being settled in these flats .Thus the restoration of
demography of Kashmir is in progress.

14. 2. SPECIAL STATUS
• After the accession of Kashmir with India the state of Jammu
and Kashmir was given special status in year 1954. Article
370 and article 35A were part of special status. Article 370
permits the state to draft its own constitution. It restricts
parliaments legislative powers in respect of J&K .
• Article 35A broadly denies the right to buy any immovable or
movable property to any person who is not holding the state
subject of J&K.
UNEMPLOYMENT
• Due to these articles no major companies can setup their
infrastructure in J&K therefore it has lead to huge
unemployment for youth of J&K.

15. CONTD..
SEPARATISTS
• In order to make Kashmir problem active at international
platform our neighbouring country has created huge
instability in Kashmir which has lead to creation of large
number of separatists in Kashmir namely hurriyat, JKLF etc.
Their methodology is to create a propaganda against the
govt. to mislead the youth and residents against govt.
policies. They are the major reason behind huge unrest and
timely protests in state.
BORDER DISPUTES
• J&K has broad IB running with Pakistan till Akhnoor further
it takes the shape of Line of control. Therefore to keep the
LC active there are always disputes going on in LC in form
of infiltration or firing.

16. OTHER SIDE OF KASHMIR
Kashmir : A merged landscape in International Politics.
• Paradise on Earth.
• A land of Unimaginable Beauty.
• Heaven on Earth.
• Kashmir = ka (the water) + shimera (to desiccate)
 Dal lake, Wular lake, Manasbal lake.
 About 16% of mammals, birds, reptiles, amphibians and butterflies.
 Houseboats
 Kanger
 Pheran
 Handicrafts

18. CONCLUSION
“Gar Firdaus bar-rue zamin ast, hami asto, hami asto, hami asto.” –
A famous quote by Mughal Emperor Jehangir when he visited
Kashmir in the 17th century is often quoted by many when they
visit Kashmir. The quote when translated into English means 'If
there is heaven on earth, it is here, it is here, it is here'.