This document provides information about different modes of transportation, including roadways, waterways, railways, and airways. It focuses on describing roadways and railways in India. For roadways, it covers classifications of roads and varieties of vehicles. For railways, it discusses advantages and disadvantages, categories, types of locomotives, permanent way components, gauges, and types of rails, sleepers, and ballast.
An intersection is the area shared by the joining or crossing of two or more roads. Since the main function of an intersection is to enable the road user to make a route choice, it is a point of decision. Hence the problems that are encountered by the motorist while passing through an intersection must be recognized and the design should be in such a way that the driving task is as simple as possible.
An intersection is an at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross. Intersections may be classified by number of road segments, traffic controls or lane design. (Wikipedia)
Urban rail transit is an all-encompassing term for various types of local rail systems providing passenger service within and around urban or suburban areas. The set of urban rail systems can be roughly subdivided into the following categories, which sometimes overlap because some systems or lines have aspects of multiple types.
urban railway system
railway transportation system
history of railway transportation
importance of railway transportation
railway transportation in ghana
urban rail transport
An intersection is the area shared by the joining or crossing of two or more roads. Since the main function of an intersection is to enable the road user to make a route choice, it is a point of decision. Hence the problems that are encountered by the motorist while passing through an intersection must be recognized and the design should be in such a way that the driving task is as simple as possible.
An intersection is an at-grade junction where two or more roads or streets meet or cross. Intersections may be classified by number of road segments, traffic controls or lane design. (Wikipedia)
Urban rail transit is an all-encompassing term for various types of local rail systems providing passenger service within and around urban or suburban areas. The set of urban rail systems can be roughly subdivided into the following categories, which sometimes overlap because some systems or lines have aspects of multiple types.
urban railway system
railway transportation system
history of railway transportation
importance of railway transportation
railway transportation in ghana
urban rail transport
This Presentation Contains Railway engineering concepts. The contents covered are Permanent way: Requirement, its component. Feel free to write in Comment Section or drop a line in my Inbox amanbathla710@gmail.com.
The Slides comprises of all the elements of Airport Layout like Terminal Building, Hanger, Apron, Runway & Taxiway.
feel free to ask any question, just drop a line in comment box.
traffic volume studies pdf
traffic studies pdf
types of traffic engineering studies
traffic volume study report
traffic volume study
traffic impact studies
types of traffic studies
traffic safety studies
average daily traffic calculation
traffic volume formula
how to calculate adt traffic
calculating adt from peak hour
traffic volume growth factor formula
traffic growth rate calculator
aadt to peak hour volume
calculate dhv from adt
This Presentation Contains Railway engineering concepts. The contents covered are Permanent way: Requirement, its component. Feel free to write in Comment Section or drop a line in my Inbox amanbathla710@gmail.com.
The Slides comprises of all the elements of Airport Layout like Terminal Building, Hanger, Apron, Runway & Taxiway.
feel free to ask any question, just drop a line in comment box.
traffic volume studies pdf
traffic studies pdf
types of traffic engineering studies
traffic volume study report
traffic volume study
traffic impact studies
types of traffic studies
traffic safety studies
average daily traffic calculation
traffic volume formula
how to calculate adt traffic
calculating adt from peak hour
traffic volume growth factor formula
traffic growth rate calculator
aadt to peak hour volume
calculate dhv from adt
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Student information management system project report ii.pdfKamal Acharya
Our project explains about the student management. This project mainly explains the various actions related to student details. This project shows some ease in adding, editing and deleting the student details. It also provides a less time consuming process for viewing, adding, editing and deleting the marks of the students.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
CFD Simulation of By-pass Flow in a HRSG module by R&R Consult.pptxR&R Consult
CFD analysis is incredibly effective at solving mysteries and improving the performance of complex systems!
Here's a great example: At a large natural gas-fired power plant, where they use waste heat to generate steam and energy, they were puzzled that their boiler wasn't producing as much steam as expected.
R&R and Tetra Engineering Group Inc. were asked to solve the issue with reduced steam production.
An inspection had shown that a significant amount of hot flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes, where the heat was supposed to be transferred.
R&R Consult conducted a CFD analysis, which revealed that 6.3% of the flue gas was bypassing the boiler tubes without transferring heat. The analysis also showed that the flue gas was instead being directed along the sides of the boiler and between the modules that were supposed to capture the heat. This was the cause of the reduced performance.
Based on our results, Tetra Engineering installed covering plates to reduce the bypass flow. This improved the boiler's performance and increased electricity production.
It is always satisfying when we can help solve complex challenges like this. Do your systems also need a check-up or optimization? Give us a call!
Work done in cooperation with James Malloy and David Moelling from Tetra Engineering.
More examples of our work https://www.r-r-consult.dk/en/cases-en/
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)MdTanvirMahtab2
This presentation is about the working procedure of Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL). A Govt. owned Company of Bangladesh Chemical Industries Corporation under Ministry of Industries.
Industrial Training at Shahjalal Fertilizer Company Limited (SFCL)
Modes of transportation
1. GANDHINAGAR INSTITUTE
OF TECHNOLOGY
SUBJECT : Elements of Civil Engineering ( 2110004 )
CLASS : Mechanical ( K )
TOPIC : Modes Of Transportation
- Roadways
- Waterways
-Railways
- Airways
MADE BY : (1) Vivek Patel (27)
(2) Pankhil Shah (57)
(3) Jaydev Patel (07)
(4) Preet Shah (58)
3. ROADWAYS
• Road transportation is the nearest and
favorable mode of transportation.
• The passengers and goods have first to be
transported by road before reaching a railway
station or airport.
• Roadways can only provide door to door
service.
• Roadways have a maximum flexibility for
travel with reference to route, direction, time
and speed of travel.
4. Varieties of Vehicle
• Wide variety of vehicles are available for
roadways .
i. Truck
ii. Car
iii. Motorcycle
iv. Cycle etc.
5. Classification of Roads
• Based on type of carriageway:-
i. Paved roads: The roads provided with hard
pavement course like WBM(Water Bound
Macadam) layer is called paved roads.
ii. Unpaved roads: Earth roads and gravel roads
are unpaved roads. They are not hard
pavement course.
6. Classification of Roads
• Based on type of pavement surfacing :-
i. Surface roads: Which are provided with a
bituminous or cement concrete surfacing.
ii. Unsurface roads: Which are not provided
with black toped bituminous or cement
concrete surfacing.
7. Classification of Roads
• As per the usability during different seasons:-
i. All weather roads: These type of roads cater
transportation throughout the year with
interruption to traffic due to all weather.
ii. Fair weather raods: The traffic may be
interrupted during monsoon season at
causeways where stream may overflow
across the roads.
8. Types of Roads
• National Highway:-
NH are main highways
running through the
length and breadth of
the nation, connecting
major ports, capitals of
large states, etc.
9. Types of Roads
• State Highway:-
SH are roads of a state,
connectiong up with
national highways of
adjacent state, different
cities of the same state.
10. Types of Roads
• Major District Road:-
MDR are important
roads within district
connecting markets and
important areas with
each other or with main
highways of district.
11. Types of Roads
• Other District Road:-
ODR are roads
connecting rural areas
of production with
market centers, taluka
head quarter or other
main roads.
12. Types of Roads
• Village Road:-
VR are roads connecting
villages or group of
villages with each other
or to the nearest road
of higher category.
13. Water Transportation
• Movement of person and goods through boats
or ships on river,sea,ocean like waterbodies is
a mode of water transportation.
• Two-third of entire earth surface is covered by
water which proves importance of waterways.
14.
Cheap.
Minimum chances of traffic accidents and traffic
hazard.
Requires cheap motor powers than for airplanes.
Possesses high load carrying capacity.
Advantages of Water
Transportation
15.
Limited functionality capabilities.
Slow in speed.
Difficult to monitor exact location of goods.
High weather susceptible.
Disadvantages of Water
Transportation
16. WAY
* Definition:-
-Navigable rivers (once a main highway of
communication).
* There are two types of water ways :-
-Inland waterways.
-Ocean waterways.
17. Inland Waterways
-Refer to using inland water bodies like rivers, canals,
backwaters, creeks and etc.
Ocean Waterways
-Navigation along the coastal places and foreign
countries take places with the help of ships.About
75% of international trade is carried out by shipping.
18. Terminal
• Definition:
- Station where transport vehicles load or
unload passengers or goods.
• Terminal for large vessels are the Harbour and
Port.
• Types of Harbour:
1. Natural harbour.
2. Semi natural harbour.
3. Artificial harbour.
19. • Use Of Port:
- Seek shelter from stormy weather.
- A sheltered port where ships can take on or
discharge cargo.
- loading and unloading vessels.
- In India there are 8 major ports,21
intermediate ports and 144 minor ports.
20. • Factors in choosing terminal site :
- Customer requirement.
- Operational requirement.
- Community requirement.
- Economic requirement.
21. Types of Unit of Carriage For Water
Transportation
• Large ships, costly unit of carriage.
• Carry wide variety of product.
• Represent the part of ship building industry.
24. RAILWAYS
• Railways can handle large number of passengers
movement through coaches containing train
movement on rails.
• Railways can transport tonnes of goods for any
distance through closed or open wagons containing
goods train movement on rails.
25. ADVANTAGES OF RAILWAYS
• Large number of passengers & tonnes of
goods can be transported at a glance & at
economical rate.
• It is comfortable for long distance travel as
compared to roadways.
• It is cheaper than airways.
• For movement of military & their equipments
railway are most convenient & faster mode of
transportation.
26. DISADVANTAGES OF RAILWAYS
• The trains run as per schedule. Their arrival &
departure time is fix.
• Initial construction cost of railway stations,
platforms, tracks, trains etc. is high.
• Maintenance cost is high.
• Definite vehicles can only run on railways.
• Accident causes high loss.
27. CATEGORIES OF RAILWAY
• As per importance of routes :
• (1) Trunk routes
• (2) Main lines
• (3) Branch lines
33. MAGLEV ( Magnetic Leviation Vehicle )
• This is high speed transit vehicle which is
made to lift & float over the specially
prepared track either by magnetic attraction
or repulsion force.
34. PERMANENT WAY ( RAILWAY TRACK )
• The combination of rails, fitted on sleepers &
resting on ballast & subgrade is called the
railway track or permanent way.
• The definite distance between two parallel rail
sections is known as gauge. Figure shows
typical cross-section of a railway track on
embankment showing all the components of
permanent way.
39. • Gauges to be used in a particular country
should be uniform throughout as far as
possible. India has started to convert all the
gauges of railway as uniform gauge. Uniform
gauge provision can avoid delay, cost, loss &
hardship in transhipment.
41. TYPES OF RAIL SECTION
• (1) DOUBLE HEADED RAIL
• This type of rail consists of 3 parts – upper
table, web & lower table.
• Both the upper & lower tables are identical.
• They were introduced with the hope of
doubling the life of rails.
• When the upper table was worn out, the rails
can be reversed in the chair & thus, the lower
table can be brought into use.
42. • (2) BULL HEADED RAIL
• This rail consist of head, web & foot & are
made of steel.
• The head is larger than the foot & the foot is
designed only to properly hold the wooden
keys with which the rails are secured to chairs.
43. • (3) FLAT-FOOTED RAIL
• The flat footed rails are found to be cheaper than
the bull headed rails.
• Load-distribution : The flat footed rail distributes
the train load over a great number of sleepers. This
results in track stability.
• Longer life than bull headed rails.
44. Flat-footed rail
High carbon steel is used for ordinary rails & medium
carbon steel is used for rails on points & crossing.
45. TYPE OF GAUGE
• Broad gauge
• Metre gauge
LENGTH OF RAIL
• 42 ft, 12.80 m = 13 m
• 39 ft, 11.80 m = 12 m
46. TYPES OF SLEEPER
• (1) Wooden
• (2) Metal
(i) Cast iron
(ii) Steel
• (3) Concrete
(i) Reinforced concrete
(ii) Presressed concrete
47. NUMBERS & SPACING OF SLEEPERS
• Spacing of sleepers depends on the axle load
which the track is expected to carry & lateral trust
of locomotives to which it is subjected.
• The number of sleepers per rail varies from n+3
to n+6 for main tracks.
where, n = length of rail in metres.
• The spacing between sleepers is not uniform. 3 or
4 sleepers on either side of joints are kept close
together. If joints on curves are staggered, an
additional sleeper is provided for each joints
48. BALLAST
• Ballast is the granular material usually broken
stones & packed below & around sleepers to
transmit loads from the wheels of train to
sleepers & to formation & at the same time
allowing drainage of the track.
