This document provides information on transportation engineering and highway development and planning in India. It discusses the different modes of transportation including land, water, and air transportation. It describes the classification and characteristics of various types of highways in India including national highways, state highways, major district roads, and village roads. It also discusses the historical development of road construction in India including important committees, plans, and acts that helped develop the road network over time. Finally, it covers topics like highway alignment and the various surveys involved in highway planning and development.
DAVV IET_ TraNSPORTATION [PPT LECTURES ALL 501.pptxprtaap1
(Established by the Government of India under NITSER Act,)
P.O. ICHCHHANATH, SURAT-395 007, GUJARAT, INDIA
Website: http://www.svnit.ac.in
Advt No. Estt. /2022/Gr_A1/2002 Date: October 17, 2022
RECRUITMENT FOR NON-TEACHING POSITIONS
Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat (SVNIT) was established by the
Government of India by an Act of Parliament, offering UG, PG and Ph.D. Programs in Engineering/
Technology and Sciences. The Institute is in search of bright, dynamic, experienced, qualified, and
suitable Indian Nationals to cater the Institute’s requirement. The Institute invites online
applications for the following Non-teaching positions on direct recruitment in various departments/
sections of the Institute:
Sl.
No
Name of the Post (s)
& Specialization/
Relevant Field
Pay Level
(as per 7 CPC)
No of Vacant Posts* Total* Upper
Age
Limit
UR SC ST OBCNCL
EWS
1 Librarian Pay Level 14
[PB-4 & GP Rs
10000]
1 - - - - 1 56
2 Scientific Officer /
Technical Officer
(MIS)
Pay Level 10
[PB-3 & GP Rs
5400]
1 - - - - 1 35
3 Executive Engineer
(Civil-01, Electrical-
01)
Pay Level 10
[PB-3 & GP Rs
5400]
2 - - - - 2 35
Total 4 0 0 0 0 4
*One post will be filled up from the identified person with benchmark disabilities, if found suitable
The eligibility criteria for the above posts is as per Recruitment Rules of NITs (2019) and as
updated from time to time by Ministry of Education, Govt. of India. For details regarding the
online Application Form, Educational Qualifications, Experience, other requirements and terms &
conditions for these positions, please visit the Institute website http://www.svnit.ac.in. The
number of Posts may vary at the time of final selection / recruitment.
The recruitment notice for the post advertised vide advertisement no. Estt./2021/Gr_A/3051
dated 02.03.2021 & Estt./2021/2021/EE/678 dated 07.06.2021 for which the recruitment process
has not been completed is cancelled vide Notice No.E/Rect.(2021)/1165 dated 14.10.2022. The
interested applicant who has applied earlier may apply afresh.
The interested candidates may apply online through the Institute website http://www.svnit.ac.in
and send the filled in downloaded online application form duly singed alongwith self-attested
documents viz. relevant testimonials, certificates, payment receipts etc. by speed/ registered
posts to the Deputy Registrar (Establishment), Sardar Vallabhbhi National Institute of
Technology, Ichchhanath, Dumas Road, Surat – 395 007, Gujarat, The applications received
through any other mode shall not be accepted and summarily rejected. The last date for
submission of online application is December 02, 2022 till 5.00 p.m. and receipt of
downloaded signed completed application at SVNIT Surat is December 12, 2022.
-sd/-
REGISTRAR
1
(Established by the Government of India under NITSER Act,)
P.O. ICHCHHANATH, SURAT-395 007, GUJARAT, INDIA
Website: http://www.svnit.ac.in
Advt No. Estt. /2022/Gr_A1/2002 Date: October 17, 2022
RECRUITMENT FOR NON-TEACHING P
Highway planning and alignment: Different modes of transportation – historical Development of road construction- Highway Development in India –Classification of roads- Road pattern
– Highway planning in India- Highway alignment - Engineering Surveys for alignment – Highway Project- Important Transport/Highway related agencies in India. PMGSY project.
Introduction about IRC, NRRDA
DAVV IET_ TraNSPORTATION [PPT LECTURES ALL 501.pptxprtaap1
(Established by the Government of India under NITSER Act,)
P.O. ICHCHHANATH, SURAT-395 007, GUJARAT, INDIA
Website: http://www.svnit.ac.in
Advt No. Estt. /2022/Gr_A1/2002 Date: October 17, 2022
RECRUITMENT FOR NON-TEACHING POSITIONS
Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology Surat (SVNIT) was established by the
Government of India by an Act of Parliament, offering UG, PG and Ph.D. Programs in Engineering/
Technology and Sciences. The Institute is in search of bright, dynamic, experienced, qualified, and
suitable Indian Nationals to cater the Institute’s requirement. The Institute invites online
applications for the following Non-teaching positions on direct recruitment in various departments/
sections of the Institute:
Sl.
No
Name of the Post (s)
& Specialization/
Relevant Field
Pay Level
(as per 7 CPC)
No of Vacant Posts* Total* Upper
Age
Limit
UR SC ST OBCNCL
EWS
1 Librarian Pay Level 14
[PB-4 & GP Rs
10000]
1 - - - - 1 56
2 Scientific Officer /
Technical Officer
(MIS)
Pay Level 10
[PB-3 & GP Rs
5400]
1 - - - - 1 35
3 Executive Engineer
(Civil-01, Electrical-
01)
Pay Level 10
[PB-3 & GP Rs
5400]
2 - - - - 2 35
Total 4 0 0 0 0 4
*One post will be filled up from the identified person with benchmark disabilities, if found suitable
The eligibility criteria for the above posts is as per Recruitment Rules of NITs (2019) and as
updated from time to time by Ministry of Education, Govt. of India. For details regarding the
online Application Form, Educational Qualifications, Experience, other requirements and terms &
conditions for these positions, please visit the Institute website http://www.svnit.ac.in. The
number of Posts may vary at the time of final selection / recruitment.
The recruitment notice for the post advertised vide advertisement no. Estt./2021/Gr_A/3051
dated 02.03.2021 & Estt./2021/2021/EE/678 dated 07.06.2021 for which the recruitment process
has not been completed is cancelled vide Notice No.E/Rect.(2021)/1165 dated 14.10.2022. The
interested applicant who has applied earlier may apply afresh.
The interested candidates may apply online through the Institute website http://www.svnit.ac.in
and send the filled in downloaded online application form duly singed alongwith self-attested
documents viz. relevant testimonials, certificates, payment receipts etc. by speed/ registered
posts to the Deputy Registrar (Establishment), Sardar Vallabhbhi National Institute of
Technology, Ichchhanath, Dumas Road, Surat – 395 007, Gujarat, The applications received
through any other mode shall not be accepted and summarily rejected. The last date for
submission of online application is December 02, 2022 till 5.00 p.m. and receipt of
downloaded signed completed application at SVNIT Surat is December 12, 2022.
-sd/-
REGISTRAR
1
(Established by the Government of India under NITSER Act,)
P.O. ICHCHHANATH, SURAT-395 007, GUJARAT, INDIA
Website: http://www.svnit.ac.in
Advt No. Estt. /2022/Gr_A1/2002 Date: October 17, 2022
RECRUITMENT FOR NON-TEACHING P
Highway planning and alignment: Different modes of transportation – historical Development of road construction- Highway Development in India –Classification of roads- Road pattern
– Highway planning in India- Highway alignment - Engineering Surveys for alignment – Highway Project- Important Transport/Highway related agencies in India. PMGSY project.
Introduction about IRC, NRRDA
Transportation engineering, primarily involves planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of transportation facilities. The facilities support air, highway, railroad, pipeline, water, and even space transportation.
Highway Engineering for BE Civil Engineering Students
History of Roads in India, IRC, CRRI, Classification of Roads, Three 20 year Road Development Plans, Road patterns, Accident Studies,
CBSE Class X-Geo(7) : Lifelines of National Economy Chapter in an easy and simple way, for everyone to understand. For all students and who have have slow pace also.
brief history of road developments in India; present status of roads development Programme in the country in India including different programmes being executed by various agencies.
Transportation engineering, primarily involves planning, design, construction, maintenance, and operation of transportation facilities. The facilities support air, highway, railroad, pipeline, water, and even space transportation.
Highway Engineering for BE Civil Engineering Students
History of Roads in India, IRC, CRRI, Classification of Roads, Three 20 year Road Development Plans, Road patterns, Accident Studies,
CBSE Class X-Geo(7) : Lifelines of National Economy Chapter in an easy and simple way, for everyone to understand. For all students and who have have slow pace also.
brief history of road developments in India; present status of roads development Programme in the country in India including different programmes being executed by various agencies.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
NO1 Uk best vashikaran specialist in delhi vashikaran baba near me online vas...Amil Baba Dawood bangali
Contact with Dawood Bhai Just call on +92322-6382012 and we'll help you. We'll solve all your problems within 12 to 24 hours and with 101% guarantee and with astrology systematic. If you want to take any personal or professional advice then also you can call us on +92322-6382012 , ONLINE LOVE PROBLEM & Other all types of Daily Life Problem's.Then CALL or WHATSAPP us on +92322-6382012 and Get all these problems solutions here by Amil Baba DAWOOD BANGALI
#vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore#blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #blackmagicforlove #blackmagicformarriage #aamilbaba #kalajadu #kalailam #taweez #wazifaexpert #jadumantar #vashikaranspecialist #astrologer #palmistry #amliyaat #taweez #manpasandshadi #horoscope #spiritual #lovelife #lovespell #marriagespell#aamilbabainpakistan #amilbabainkarachi #powerfullblackmagicspell #kalajadumantarspecialist #realamilbaba #AmilbabainPakistan #astrologerincanada #astrologerindubai #lovespellsmaster #kalajaduspecialist #lovespellsthatwork #aamilbabainlahore #Amilbabainuk #amilbabainspain #amilbabaindubai #Amilbabainnorway #amilbabainkrachi #amilbabainlahore #amilbabaingujranwalan #amilbabainislamabad
Vaccine management system project report documentation..pdfKamal Acharya
The Division of Vaccine and Immunization is facing increasing difficulty monitoring vaccines and other commodities distribution once they have been distributed from the national stores. With the introduction of new vaccines, more challenges have been anticipated with this additions posing serious threat to the already over strained vaccine supply chain system in Kenya.
Sachpazis:Terzaghi Bearing Capacity Estimation in simple terms with Calculati...Dr.Costas Sachpazis
Terzaghi's soil bearing capacity theory, developed by Karl Terzaghi, is a fundamental principle in geotechnical engineering used to determine the bearing capacity of shallow foundations. This theory provides a method to calculate the ultimate bearing capacity of soil, which is the maximum load per unit area that the soil can support without undergoing shear failure. The Calculation HTML Code included.
About
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Technical Specifications
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
Key Features
Indigenized remote control interface card suitable for MAFI system CCR equipment. Compatible for IDM8000 CCR. Backplane mounted serial and TCP/Ethernet communication module for CCR remote access. IDM 8000 CCR remote control on serial and TCP protocol.
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system
• Copatiable with IDM8000 CCR
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
Application
• Remote control: Parallel or serial interface.
• Compatible with MAFI CCR system.
• Compatible with IDM8000 CCR.
• Compatible with Backplane mount serial communication.
• Compatible with commercial and Defence aviation CCR system.
• Remote control system for accessing CCR and allied system over serial or TCP.
• Indigenized local Support/presence in India.
• Easy in configuration using DIP switches.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Final project report on grocery store management system..pdfKamal Acharya
In today’s fast-changing business environment, it’s extremely important to be able to respond to client needs in the most effective and timely manner. If your customers wish to see your business online and have instant access to your products or services.
Online Grocery Store is an e-commerce website, which retails various grocery products. This project allows viewing various products available enables registered users to purchase desired products instantly using Paytm, UPI payment processor (Instant Pay) and also can place order by using Cash on Delivery (Pay Later) option. This project provides an easy access to Administrators and Managers to view orders placed using Pay Later and Instant Pay options.
In order to develop an e-commerce website, a number of Technologies must be studied and understood. These include multi-tiered architecture, server and client-side scripting techniques, implementation technologies, programming language (such as PHP, HTML, CSS, JavaScript) and MySQL relational databases. This is a project with the objective to develop a basic website where a consumer is provided with a shopping cart website and also to know about the technologies used to develop such a website.
This document will discuss each of the underlying technologies to create and implement an e- commerce website.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Saudi Arabia stands as a titan in the global energy landscape, renowned for its abundant oil and gas resources. It's the largest exporter of petroleum and holds some of the world's most significant reserves. Let's delve into the top 10 oil and gas projects shaping Saudi Arabia's energy future in 2024.
1. Anjuman College of Engineering
and Technology
Civil Engineering Department
Unit-1
Highway Development And Planning
TRANSPORTATION ENGINEERING-I
2. Transportation engineering
• Transportation engineering
application of technology and
is the
scientific
principles to the planning, functional design,
operation and management of facilities for
any mode of transportation in order to
provide for the safe, efficient, rapid,
comfortable, convenient, economical, and
environmentally compatible movement of
people and goods from one place to other.
5. Airways
• Fastest among all other modes
• More comfortable
• Time saving
• Uneconomical
Waterways
• slowest among all other modes
• This can be possible between ports on the sea
routes or along the river
• economical
6. Railways
• The transportation along the railways track
could be advantageous by railways between
the stations both for the passengers and
goods, particularly for long distance.
• It depends upon the road transport
• Safety
7. Highways
• It gives the maximum service to one and all
• It gives maximum flexibility for travel with reference
to route, direction, time and speed of travel
• It provide door to door service
• It requires small investment for the government
• Motor vehicles are cheaper than other carriers like
rail locomotive and wagons
• It saves the time for short distance
• High degree of accident due to flexibility of
movement
8. Scope of highway engineering
• planning and location
• Highway design, geometric and structure
• Traffic performance and its control
• Materials, construction and maintenance
• Economic, finance and administration
9. Characteristics of road transport
• Roads are used by various types of road vehicles,
like passenger cars, buses, trucks, pedal cycle and
animal drawn vehicle.
• It requires a relatively small investment for the
government.
• It offers a complete freedom to road users to
transfer the vehicle from one lane to another and
from one road to another according to need and
convenience.
• Speed and movement is directly related to the
accident.
10. HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT OF ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
• Oldest mode
Foot paths- animal ways, cart path……..
• As civilization evolved the need for transportation
increased
ROMAN ROAD
They were built straight regardless of gradient
They were built after the soft soil was removed and
a hard stratum was reached.
Thickness varies from 0.75 m to 1.2m
13. Indian Roads
• India has a large road network of over 3.314
million kilometers of roadways making it 3rd
largest road network in the world.
• National Highways - 70,548 Km
• State Highways - 1,31,899 Km
• Major District Roads - 4,67,763 Km
• Rural Roads - 26,50,000 Km
14. Highway Development in India
• Jayakar Committee (1927)
• Central Road Fund (1929)
• Indian Roads Congress (IRC), 1934
• Central Road Research Institute (CRRI), 1950
• Motor vehicle act (1936)
• National Highway Authority of India (NHAI),1995
• First twenty year road plan ( 1943-61 )
• Second twenty year road plan ( 1961-81 )
• Third twenty year road plan ( 1981-2001 )
15. Jayakar Committee,1927
• After the first World War, motor vehicle using the roads
increases, this demanded a better road network.
• In 1927,Indian road development committee was appointed
by the government with M.R. Jaykar as chairman.
• Road development in the country should be made as a
national interest since local govt. do not have financial and
technical capacity for road development.
• An extra tax should be on petrol from road users to
create the road development fund.
• To create a national level institution to carry research ,
development works and consultation.
16. Central road fund
• It was formed on 1st march 1929
• The consumers of petrol were charged an
extra 2.64 paisa per litre of petrol to built
up this road development fund.
• From this 20% of annual reveneu is to be
retain as a central reveneu for research and
experimental work expenses. etc
• Balance 80% is allowed by central
govt. to various states based on actual
petrol consumption
17. Central Road Fund , 1929
Distribution of 100% on petrol as follows:
57.5% for NH
30% for SH
12.5% for safety works on rail-Road crossing.
50% on diesel for Rural Road development
18. Indian Roads Congress, 1934
• Central semi official body known as IRC was
formed in 1934.
• To provide ideas related to construction and
maintenance of highways.
• It is a active body controlling the
specification, standardization and
recommendations on materials, design of
roads and bridges.
• It publishes journals, research publications and
standard specifications guide lines.
19. Motor vehicle act
• It was formed in 1939
• To regulate the road traffic in the form of
traffic laws, ordinances and regulations.
• Three phases primarily covered are
control of driver, vehicle ownership and
vehicle operation
• It was revised on 1988
20. Central road research institute(1950)
engaged in carrying out
projects.
design, construction and
research and development
maintenance of roads and
runways, traffic and transportation planning of mega
and medium cities, management of roads in different
slopes,
Utilization of industrial waste in road construction.
Landslide control.
Ground improvements, environmental pollution.
Road traffic safety.
21. Based on the Traffic
Heavy
Medium
Light
Based on location and function ( Nagpur road plan )
National highway (NH)
State highway (SH)
Major district road (MDR)
Other district road (ODR)
Village road (VR)
Classification of Highways
22. Based on modified system of
Highways classification
• Primary
Expressways
National Highways
• Secondary
State Highway
Major District Road
• Tertiary
Other District Road
Village Road
23. Expressways
•Heavy traffic at high speed (120km/hrs)
• Connects major points of traffic generation
• No slow moving traffic allowed
•No loading,
The Mumbai-Pune Expressway as seen from Khandala
24. National Highways
• NH are the main highways running through the length and
breadth of India, connecting major parts, capital of large
states and large industrial and tourist centers.
• The national highways have a total length of 70,548 kms.
Indian highways cover 2% of the total road network of India
and carry 40% of the total traffic.
• The highway connecting Delhi-Ambala-Amritsar is denoted
as NH-1, whereas a bifurcation of this highway beyond
Jalandar to Srinagar is denoted NH-1-A
• The longest highway in India is NH-7 which stretches from
Varansi in Uttar Pradesh to Kanyakumari.
25. National Highways cont…
ms) connecting Delhi-
)
• The shortest highway is NH47A which stretches
from Ernakulam to Kochi and covers total length of
4 Kms.
• Golden Quadrilateral – (5,846 K
Kolkata-Chennai-Mumbai
NH-2 Delhi- Kol (1453 km)
NH 4,7 Che-Mum (1290km)
NH5&6 Kol- Che (1684 Km)
NH 8 Del- Mum (1419 km)
26. State Highways
• They are the roads of a state, connecting
up with the national highways of adjacent
states, district head quarters and important
cities within the state.
• Total length of all SH in the country is
1,37,119 Kms.
• Speed 80 kmph
27. Major District Roads
• Important roads with in a district serving
areas of production and markets ,
connecting those with each other or with
the major highways.
• India has a total of 4,70,000 kms of MDR.
• Speed 60-80kmph
28. Other district roads
serving rural areas of production
centers
and providing
or other
• They are roads connecting villages or group of
villages with each other or to the nearest road of a
higher category like ODR or MDR.
• ODR+VR out of the total 33,15,231 kms of all type
of roads.
• Speed-40-50 kmph
them with outlet to market
important roads like MDR or SH.
Speed 50-60kmph
Village roads
29. First 20-years road plan(1943-63)
• The conference of chief engineer held at
Nagpur in 1943 finalized the first 20-years road
development plan for India called Nagpur road
plan
• Road network was classified into five
categories.
• The responsibility of construction maintenance
of NH was assign to central govt.
• The target road length was 5,32,700 km at the
end of 1961.
30. First 20-years road plan cont…
• The formulae were based on star and grid
pattern of road network.
• An allowance of 15% is provided for
agricultural and industrial development
during the next 20-years
• The length of railway track in the area was
also consider in deciding the length of first
category road. The length or railway track is
directly subtracted from the estimated road.
31. Second 20-years road plan(1961-81)
• It was initiated by the IRC and was
finalised in 1959 at the meeting of chief
engineers.
• It is known as the Bombay road plan.
• The target road length was almost double
that of Nagpur road plan i.e. 10,57,330
km.
32. Second 20-years road plan cont…
• the maximum distance from any place in a
semi develop area would be 4.8 Km from any
road
• Expressways have also been considered in
this plan and 1600 km of length has been
included in the proposed target NH
• Length of railway track is considered
independent of road system
• 5% are to be provided for future development.
33. Third twenty years road plan (1981-2001)
• The future road development should be
based on the revised classification of roads
system i.e. primary, secondary and tertiary
• Develop the rural economy and small towns
with all essential features.
• Population over 500 should be connected by
all roads.
34. Third twenty years road plan cont…
• Expressway should be constructed along major
traffic consideration.
• All towns and villages with population over 1500
should be connected by MDR and villages with
population 1000-1500 by ODR.
• Road should be built in less industrialized areas to
attract the growth of industries
• The existing roads should be improved by rectifying
the defects in the road geometry, widening, riding
quality and strengthening the existing pavement to
save vehicle operation cost and thus to conserve
energy
36. Highway alignment
• The position or lay out of centre line of the highway
on the ground is called the alignment.
• It includes straight path, horizontal deviation and
curves.
• Due to improper alignment , the disadvantages are,
Increase in construction
Increase in maintenance cost
Increase in vehicle operation cost
Increase in accident cost
• Once the road is aligned and constructed, it is not
easy to change the alignment due to increase in
cost of adjoining land and construction of costly
structure.
37.
38.
39.
40. Short
Easy
Safe
Economical
• Short- desirable to have a short alignment between two
terminal stations.
• Easy- easy to construct and maintain the road with minimum
problem also easy for operation of vehicle.
• Safe- safe enough for construction and maintenance from
the view point of stability of natural hill slope, embankment
and cut slope also safe for traffic operation.
• Economical- total cost including initial cost, maintenance
cost and vehicle operation cost should be minimum.
Requrements of highway alignment
41. Factors controlling alignment
Obligatory points
Traffic
Geometric design
Economics
Other considerations
Additional care in hill roads
Stability
Drainage
Geometric standards of hill roads
Resisting length
42. Factors controlling alignment cont...
Obligatory points
Obligatory points through which alignment is to pass
Examples:-bridge site, intermediate town , Mountain pass etc…
Obligatory points through which alignment should not
pass.
Examples:-religious places, costly structure, unsuitable land etc…
Traffic
• origin and destination survey should be carried out in the
area and the desire lines be drawn showing the trend of
traffic flow.
• New road to be aligned should keep in view the desired lines,
traffic flow patterns and future trends.
43. Geometric design
• Design factors such as gradient ,radius of curve and sight
distance also govern the final alignment of the highway.
• Gradient should be flat and less than the ruling gradient or
design gradient.
• Avoid sudden changes in sight distance, especially near
crossings
• Avoid sharp horizontal curves
• Avoid road intersections near bend
Economy
• Alignment finalised based on total cost including initial cost,
maintenance cost and vehicle operation cost.
Other consideration
• Drainage consideration, political consideration
• Surface water level, high flood level
• Environmental consideration
44. Topographical control points
• The alignment, where possible should avoid passing
through
Marshy and low lying land with poor drainage
Flood prone areas
Unstable hilly features
Materials and constructional features
Deep cutting should be avoided
Earth work is to be balanced; quantities for filling and
excavation
Alignment should preferably be through better soil area
to minimize pavement thickness
Location may be near sources of embankment and
pavement materials
45. stability
• A common problem in hilly roads is land sliding
• The cutting and filling of the earth to construct the roads on
hilly sides causes steepening of existing slope and affect its
stability.
Drainage
• Avoid the cross drainage structure
• The number of cross drainage structure should be minimum.
Geometric standard of hilly road
• Gradient, curve and speed
• Sight distance, radius of curve
Resisting length
• The total work to be done to move the loads along the route
taking horizontal length, the actual difference in level between
two stations and the sum of the ineffective rise and fall in
excess of floating gradient. Should kept as low as possible.
46. Before a highway alignment is finalised in highway
project, the engineering survey are to be carried out.
The various stages of engineering surveys are
Map study (Provisional alignment Identification)
Reconnaissance survey
Preliminary survey
Final location and detailed surveys
Engineering Surveys for Highway locations
47. MAP STUDY
• From the map alternative routes can be suggested
in the office, if the topographic map of that area is
available.
• The probable alignment can be located on the map
from the fallowing details available on the map.
Avoiding valleys, ponds or lake
Avoiding bend of river
If road has to cross a row of hills, possibility of
crossing through mountain pass.
• Map study gives a rough guidance of the routes to
be further surveyed in the field
48. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY
• To confirm features indicated on map.
• To examine the general character of the area in field for
deciding the most feasible routes for detailed studies.
• A survey party may inspect along the proposed alternative
routes of the map in the field with very simple instrument
like abney level, tangent clinometer, barometer etc…. To
collect additional details.
• Details to be collected from alternative routes during this
survey are,
Valleys, ponds, lakes, marshy land, hill, permanent
structure and other obstruction.
Value of gradient, length of gradient and radius of curve.
49. RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY cont..
Number and type of cross drainage structures.
High Flood Level (HFL)
Soil Characteristics.
Geological features.
source of construction materials- stone quarries, water
sources.
• Prepare a report on merits and demerits of different
alternative routs.
• As a result a few alternate alignments may be chosen for
further study based on practical considerations observed
at the site.
50. Preliminary survey
Objective of preliminary survey are:
• To survey the various alternative alignments proposed after
the reconnaissance and to collect all the necessary physical
information and detail of topography, drainage and soil.
• To compare the different proposals in view of the
requirements of the good alignment.
• To estimate quantity of earthwork materials and other
construction aspect and to workout the cost of the alternate
proposals.
Methods of preliminary survey:
a) Conventional approach-survey party carries out surveys
using the required field equipment, taking measurement,
collecting topographical and other data and carrying out soil
survey.
51. Preliminary survey cont…
• Longitudinal and cross sectional profile.
: 100 – 200m
: 50m
: 30m
Plain Terrain`
Rolling Terrain
Hilly Terrain
• Other studies
Drainage, Hydrological survey, soil survey, Traffic and
Material survey.
b) Modern rapid approach-
By Aerial survey taking the required aerial photographs for
obtaining the necessary topographic and other maps
including details of soil and geology.
• Finalise the best alignment from all considerations by
comparative analysis of alternative routes.
52. Final location and detailed survey
• The alignment finalised at the design office after the
preliminary survey is to be first located on the field by
establishing the centre line.
Location survey:
• Transferring the alignment on to ground.
• This is done by transit theodolite.
• Major and minor control points are established on the
ground and centre pegs are driven, checking the
geometric design requirements.
• Centre line stacks are driven at suitable intervals, say 50m
interval in plane and rolling terrains and 20m in hilly
terrain.
53. Final location and detailed survey cont..
Detailed survey:
• Temporary bench marks are fixed at intervals of about 250m
and at all drainage and under pass structure.
• Earthwork calculations and drainage details are to be workout
from the level books.
• Cross sectional levels are taken at intervals of 50-100m in
Plane terrain, 50-75m in Rolling terrain, 50m in built-up area,
20m in Hill terrain.
• Detail soil survey is to be carried out.
• CBR value of the soils along the alignment may be determined
for design of pavement.
• The data during detailed survey should be elaborate and
complete for preparing detailed plans, design and estimates of
project.
54. Drawing and Report
Key map
Index map
Preliminary survey plans
Detailed plan and longitudinal section
Detailed cross section
Land acquisition plans
Drawings of cross drainage and other retaining
structures
Drawings of road intersections
Land plans showing quarries etc
55. New highway project
• Map study
• Reconnaissance survey
• Preliminary survey
• Location of final alignment
• Detailed survey
• Material survey
• Geometric and structural design
• Earth work
• Pavement construction
• Construction controls