This document provides an introduction to transportation engineering. It discusses the role and importance of transportation in economic growth, urbanization, and development. It describes different modes of transport including railways, road, air, water, and pipelines. It then focuses on transportation in India, outlining the various modes and their usage. The document discusses the development of roads in India under British rule and post-independence road development plans. It also covers road research, traffic studies, engineering studies, and formulas used to determine road length requirements in India.
Objective and classification of highway maintenance works. Distresses and maintenance measures in flexible and rigid pavements. Concept of pavement evaluation: Functional and Structural
Objective and classification of highway maintenance works. Distresses and maintenance measures in flexible and rigid pavements. Concept of pavement evaluation: Functional and Structural
Introduction of Pavement Design
Functions of the Pavement
Requirement of Pavement
Types of Pavement
Component of Flexible Pavement
Load Distribution
types of failure
Inadequate Stability or Strength
Loss of binding action
Loss of base course materials
Inadequate wearing course
Use of inferior materials and crushing of base course materials
Lack of lateral confinement for the granular base course.
The Benkelman beam is the simplest and the oldest deflection
test device, developed in the United States in the mid-1950s. Its used to measure the structural capacity of a flexible pavement.
A critical review of commonly used bituminous paving mixes has attempted based on
Mix selection based on function and location within flexible pavement.
Capabilities of present day hot mix asphalt plants
Highway Engineering for BE Civil Engineering Students
History of Roads in India, IRC, CRRI, Classification of Roads, Three 20 year Road Development Plans, Road patterns, Accident Studies,
Introduction of Pavement Design
Functions of the Pavement
Requirement of Pavement
Types of Pavement
Component of Flexible Pavement
Load Distribution
types of failure
Inadequate Stability or Strength
Loss of binding action
Loss of base course materials
Inadequate wearing course
Use of inferior materials and crushing of base course materials
Lack of lateral confinement for the granular base course.
The Benkelman beam is the simplest and the oldest deflection
test device, developed in the United States in the mid-1950s. Its used to measure the structural capacity of a flexible pavement.
A critical review of commonly used bituminous paving mixes has attempted based on
Mix selection based on function and location within flexible pavement.
Capabilities of present day hot mix asphalt plants
Highway Engineering for BE Civil Engineering Students
History of Roads in India, IRC, CRRI, Classification of Roads, Three 20 year Road Development Plans, Road patterns, Accident Studies,
brief history of road developments in India; present status of roads development Programme in the country in India including different programmes being executed by various agencies.
Transport and communication are a way for us humans to overcome the barrier of physical distance. ... Transport generally involves the movement of people or goods forms one place to another via a means of transport.
2.1 HIGHWAY TRANSPORTATION : HIGHWAY PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT (TRE) 3150611 GTUVATSAL PATEL
Introduction: Highway planning and development in India, Classification of Rural and Urban roads, Highway alignment and surveys, Preparation of Detailed Project Report
Professor Amal Kumarage, Endeavour Executive Fellow, presented his research on Transport Planning as part of the SMART Seminar Series on Tuesday, 25th November 2014.
Cosmetic shop management system project report.pdfKamal Acharya
Buying new cosmetic products is difficult. It can even be scary for those who have sensitive skin and are prone to skin trouble. The information needed to alleviate this problem is on the back of each product, but it's thought to interpret those ingredient lists unless you have a background in chemistry.
Instead of buying and hoping for the best, we can use data science to help us predict which products may be good fits for us. It includes various function programs to do the above mentioned tasks.
Data file handling has been effectively used in the program.
The automated cosmetic shop management system should deal with the automation of general workflow and administration process of the shop. The main processes of the system focus on customer's request where the system is able to search the most appropriate products and deliver it to the customers. It should help the employees to quickly identify the list of cosmetic product that have reached the minimum quantity and also keep a track of expired date for each cosmetic product. It should help the employees to find the rack number in which the product is placed.It is also Faster and more efficient way.
Immunizing Image Classifiers Against Localized Adversary Attacksgerogepatton
This paper addresses the vulnerability of deep learning models, particularly convolutional neural networks
(CNN)s, to adversarial attacks and presents a proactive training technique designed to counter them. We
introduce a novel volumization algorithm, which transforms 2D images into 3D volumetric representations.
When combined with 3D convolution and deep curriculum learning optimization (CLO), itsignificantly improves
the immunity of models against localized universal attacks by up to 40%. We evaluate our proposed approach
using contemporary CNN architectures and the modified Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR-10
and CIFAR-100) and ImageNet Large Scale Visual Recognition Challenge (ILSVRC12) datasets, showcasing
accuracy improvements over previous techniques. The results indicate that the combination of the volumetric
input and curriculum learning holds significant promise for mitigating adversarial attacks without necessitating
adversary training.
Forklift Classes Overview by Intella PartsIntella Parts
Discover the different forklift classes and their specific applications. Learn how to choose the right forklift for your needs to ensure safety, efficiency, and compliance in your operations.
For more technical information, visit our website https://intellaparts.com
Quality defects in TMT Bars, Possible causes and Potential Solutions.PrashantGoswami42
Maintaining high-quality standards in the production of TMT bars is crucial for ensuring structural integrity in construction. Addressing common defects through careful monitoring, standardized processes, and advanced technology can significantly improve the quality of TMT bars. Continuous training and adherence to quality control measures will also play a pivotal role in minimizing these defects.
Hybrid optimization of pumped hydro system and solar- Engr. Abdul-Azeez.pdffxintegritypublishin
Advancements in technology unveil a myriad of electrical and electronic breakthroughs geared towards efficiently harnessing limited resources to meet human energy demands. The optimization of hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems plays a pivotal role in utilizing natural resources effectively. This initiative not only benefits humanity but also fosters environmental sustainability. The study investigated the design optimization of these hybrid systems, focusing on understanding solar radiation patterns, identifying geographical influences on solar radiation, formulating a mathematical model for system optimization, and determining the optimal configuration of PV panels and pumped hydro storage. Through a comparative analysis approach and eight weeks of data collection, the study addressed key research questions related to solar radiation patterns and optimal system design. The findings highlighted regions with heightened solar radiation levels, showcasing substantial potential for power generation and emphasizing the system's efficiency. Optimizing system design significantly boosted power generation, promoted renewable energy utilization, and enhanced energy storage capacity. The study underscored the benefits of optimizing hybrid solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems for sustainable energy usage. Optimizing the design of solar PV panels and pumped hydro energy supply systems as examined across diverse climatic conditions in a developing country, not only enhances power generation but also improves the integration of renewable energy sources and boosts energy storage capacities, particularly beneficial for less economically prosperous regions. Additionally, the study provides valuable insights for advancing energy research in economically viable areas. Recommendations included conducting site-specific assessments, utilizing advanced modeling tools, implementing regular maintenance protocols, and enhancing communication among system components.
Overview of the fundamental roles in Hydropower generation and the components involved in wider Electrical Engineering.
This paper presents the design and construction of hydroelectric dams from the hydrologist’s survey of the valley before construction, all aspects and involved disciplines, fluid dynamics, structural engineering, generation and mains frequency regulation to the very transmission of power through the network in the United Kingdom.
Author: Robbie Edward Sayers
Collaborators and co editors: Charlie Sims and Connor Healey.
(C) 2024 Robbie E. Sayers
COLLEGE BUS MANAGEMENT SYSTEM PROJECT REPORT.pdfKamal Acharya
The College Bus Management system is completely developed by Visual Basic .NET Version. The application is connect with most secured database language MS SQL Server. The application is develop by using best combination of front-end and back-end languages. The application is totally design like flat user interface. This flat user interface is more attractive user interface in 2017. The application is gives more important to the system functionality. The application is to manage the student’s details, driver’s details, bus details, bus route details, bus fees details and more. The application has only one unit for admin. The admin can manage the entire application. The admin can login into the application by using username and password of the admin. The application is develop for big and small colleges. It is more user friendly for non-computer person. Even they can easily learn how to manage the application within hours. The application is more secure by the admin. The system will give an effective output for the VB.Net and SQL Server given as input to the system. The compiled java program given as input to the system, after scanning the program will generate different reports. The application generates the report for users. The admin can view and download the report of the data. The application deliver the excel format reports. Because, excel formatted reports is very easy to understand the income and expense of the college bus. This application is mainly develop for windows operating system users. In 2017, 73% of people enterprises are using windows operating system. So the application will easily install for all the windows operating system users. The application-developed size is very low. The application consumes very low space in disk. Therefore, the user can allocate very minimum local disk space for this application.
Welcome to WIPAC Monthly the magazine brought to you by the LinkedIn Group Water Industry Process Automation & Control.
In this month's edition, along with this month's industry news to celebrate the 13 years since the group was created we have articles including
A case study of the used of Advanced Process Control at the Wastewater Treatment works at Lleida in Spain
A look back on an article on smart wastewater networks in order to see how the industry has measured up in the interim around the adoption of Digital Transformation in the Water Industry.
Automobile Management System Project Report.pdfKamal Acharya
The proposed project is developed to manage the automobile in the automobile dealer company. The main module in this project is login, automobile management, customer management, sales, complaints and reports. The first module is the login. The automobile showroom owner should login to the project for usage. The username and password are verified and if it is correct, next form opens. If the username and password are not correct, it shows the error message.
When a customer search for a automobile, if the automobile is available, they will be taken to a page that shows the details of the automobile including automobile name, automobile ID, quantity, price etc. “Automobile Management System” is useful for maintaining automobiles, customers effectively and hence helps for establishing good relation between customer and automobile organization. It contains various customized modules for effectively maintaining automobiles and stock information accurately and safely.
When the automobile is sold to the customer, stock will be reduced automatically. When a new purchase is made, stock will be increased automatically. While selecting automobiles for sale, the proposed software will automatically check for total number of available stock of that particular item, if the total stock of that particular item is less than 5, software will notify the user to purchase the particular item.
Also when the user tries to sale items which are not in stock, the system will prompt the user that the stock is not enough. Customers of this system can search for a automobile; can purchase a automobile easily by selecting fast. On the other hand the stock of automobiles can be maintained perfectly by the automobile shop manager overcoming the drawbacks of existing system.
2. Role of Transportation
Transport and economic growth
Place utility of goods
Time utility of goods
Producer and consumer
Preservation of quality of goods
Mass production
Exploitation of natural resources
Transport and urbanization
Transport and industrial development
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 2
3. Role of Transportation…
Transport and agricultural development
Costs of goods
Defense and strategic needs
Tourism
Transport facilities and social activities
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 3
6. Transport modes in India
Railways :
62500 km, Passengers- 300 bpk/year (20% of total
traffic)
Freight traffic- 257 bt/year (40% of total traffic)
Road Transport
3 million km
National Highways: 66900 km
Total vehicles- 67 million and growth rate of 10%
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 6
7. Transport modes in India…
Air India and Indian airlines, other private airlines
7.1 million passengers (2004-2005)
Domestic air traffic increasing 10% per anum
Indian coast-line: 5660 km, 176 ports – 10 major
ports and 23 intermidiate
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 7
8. Advantages and Disadvantages of Road
Transport
Wide geographical coverage provided by roads
Low capital investments
Quick and assured deliveries
Flexibility
Door-to-door service
Simpler packaging
Personalized service
Personalized travel
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 8
9. Advantages and Disadvantages of Road
Transport….
Short hauls
Safety
Environmental pollution
Parking problem
Long-hauls
Energy
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 9
10. Cross Section of Early Roads
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 10
Telford Pavement
Macadam Pavement
11. Development of Roads in India during
British Period
Neglect of the road system in India
Military and administrative purpose only
Introduction of railways
Jayakar Committee (1927)
Landmark in the planned development of roads
Central road fund as road development fund
The Indian Roads Congress (1934)
Produced standards and codes of practices for the
planning, design, operation and management of roads
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 11
12. Development of Roads in India
Road Development Plans
Nagpur Plan ( 1943)
Twenty year road development plan (Bombay
Plan) 1961-1981
Twenty year road development plan (Lucknow
Plan) 1981-2001
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 12
13. Roads in the World Today
USA has the largest network of roads (6.3 M-km)
India with its 3.3 M-km road network comes second
Density of roads (km/sq km) is very high in Germany and
Japan which are small in area
India : 1 km/sq km, USA: 0.67 and China : 0.12 km/sq km
Percentage of paved roads
UK : 100%
Germany : 99%
USA : 91%
India : 50%
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 13
14. International Comparison of
Expressways USA – 88400 km
Germany- 11000 km
Japan – 8500 km
China – 6000 km
UK – 4000 km
Malaysia – 1500 km
India – 200 km
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 14
15. Classification of Urban Roads in India
Expressways
Arterial Streets
Sub-arterial streets
Collector streets
Local Streets
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 15
16. Classification of non-urban roads in India
Primary system
Expressways
National Highways
Secondary System
State highways
Major district roads
Tertiary System
Other District Roads
Village Roads
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 16
17. Road Research
Central Road Research Institute
State Highway Research Laboratories
Highway Research Station, chennai
Maharashtra Engineering Research Institute, Nashik
Gujarat Engineering Research Institute, Vadodara
Highway Staff Training Institute
National Institute for training of highway engineers,
NOIDA
IITs, NITs or institutions like BITS
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 17
18. Traffic Studies
Traffic volume in vehicles per day, annual average
daily traffic, peak and design hourly traffic volume
Origin and destination studies
Traffic flow patterns
Mass transportation facilities
Accidents, cost analysis and causes
Future trend and growth in traffic volume and goods
traffic, trend in traffic pattern
Growth of passenger trips and the trends in the
choice of modes
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 18
19. Engineering Studies
Topographic surveys
Soil surveys
Location and classification of existing roads
Estimation of possible developments in all
aspects due to proposed highway development
Road life studies
Special problems in drainage, construction and
maintenance of roads
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 19
20. Bombay road congress 1961
It was the second 20 year road plan (1961-1981)
The total road length targeted to construct was about 10 lakhs.
Rural roads were given specific attention. Scientific methods of
construction was proposed for the rural roads.
The necessary technical advice to the Panchayaths should be
given by State PWD's.
They suggested that the length of the road should be
increased so as to give a road density of 32kms/100 sq.km
The construction of 1600 km of expressways was also then
included in the plan.
22. Formulae…
Where,
A is agricultural area sqkm
B is semi developed area sqkm
C is undeveloped area sqkm
K is number of towns with population over 1,00,000
M is number of towns with population range 1,00,000-50,000
N is number of towns with population range 50,000-20,000
P is number of towns with population range 20,000-10,000
Q is number of towns with population range 10,000-5,000
R is number of towns with population range 5,000-2,000
S is number of towns with population range 2,000-1,000
T is number of towns with population range 1,000-500
V number of towns with range below 500
D development allowance of 5 % of road length for next 20 years
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 22
23. Lucknow road congress 1984This was the third 20 year road plan (1981-2001). It is also called
Lucknow road plan.
It aimed at constructing a road length of 12 lakh kilometres by the
year 1981 resulting in a road density of 82kms/100 sq.km
The plan has set the target length of NH to be completed by the
end of seventh, eighth and ninth five year plan periods.
It aims at improving the transportation facilities in villages, towns
etc. such that no part of country is farther than 50 km from NH.
One of the goals contained in the plan was that expressways
should be constructed on major traffic corridors to provide speedy
travel.
Energy conservation, environmental quality of roads and road
safety measures were also given due importance in this plan.
24. Basis of the Formulae
Primary Road System
Expressway – 2000 km : Based on some project formulation
National Highways: concept of 100 km Square grids
Length of the NH in country, km = 3287782/50 = 65,756 km
Secondary System: length of SH
NH and SH should pass through every town and urban area: 3364 towns in the
country (Based on census data: 1981)
Area of each square grid = 3287782/3364 = 977.3 Sq km (31.26 km each side)
Total SH +NH = 2*31.26* 3364 = 2,10,250 km
SH length = 2,10,250 km – 66000 km = 1,45,000 km.
By Total Area, SH , Length (km) = Area of the state/ 25 (Double of NH)
By total number of towns: {(62.5 * no of towns in the state) – (Area of state/ 50)}
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 24
25. Length of MDR, ODR and VR
Major District Roads
Total length of MDR in the country = 3,00,000 km
By Total Area, MDR , Length (km) = Area of the state/ 12.5 (Double of SH)
By total number of towns in state : {(90*no of towns in the state)}
Tertiary System
Total road length for the state
Density to be achieved per 100 sq km.
The area of a certain district in India is 13,400 sq km and there were
12 towns as per 1981 census. Determine the lengths of different
categories of roads to be provided in this district by the year 2001.
Introduction to Transportation Engineering 25