This document summarizes a presentation given by Martin Ravallion on growth, urbanization, and poverty reduction in India. The presentation covered several topics:
1. It provided context on global trends of urbanization and debates around its relationship with poverty.
2. It discussed India's relatively slow urbanization compared to other countries and key policy changes in the 1990s.
3. It outlined the presentation, including new data and decomposition methods used to analyze poverty trends in India over 60 years.
4. It presented descriptive statistics on India's economic growth, urbanization, and poverty reduction nationally and by sector over time.
Urbanization and its effect on environmentHILLFORT
Urbanisation and its effect on environment explains both positive and negative impacts in a broad sense. I took help from many study materials available over internet and library and tried to make a brief out of them. Hope, this presentation will help new learners to visualise the real scenario. Students of Urban Planning, Architecture, Environmental Planning, Law and sociology can use it for their reference.
This document discusses urbanization and its effects on the environment. It defines urban areas according to the census of India and lists factors that influence urbanization like population growth, industrialization, and environmental pressures. Both positive and negative effects of urbanization are outlined, including increased standards of living but also problems like overpopulation, pollution and increased crime. World patterns of urbanization show most growth occurring in Asia and Africa's medium and small cities. India's urbanization has increased gradually from 11% to 31% from 1901 to 2011. Rapid urbanization can have healthy and unhealthy consequences that require policy measures around integrated development planning and satellite town development.
India has experienced rapid economic growth and urbanization in recent decades. The service sector now accounts for 64.8% of India's GDP, surpassing agriculture and industry. Urbanization rates have also increased, with the urban population projected to rise to 590 million by 2030. However, rapid urbanization has exacerbated issues like unemployment, inadequate housing, pollution, and effects on rural land and agriculture. The government is promoting its Smart Cities Mission to develop urban infrastructure and make 100 cities more sustainable and economically productive.
Urbanisation (problems and suggested solutions) In ZimbabweDumisani Nhliziyo
This document discusses urbanization, including definitions, global trends, causes in Africa, and problems associated with urbanization. The major causes of urbanization in Africa are natural population increase and rural-to-urban migration driven by poverty and lack of opportunities in rural areas. Problems include unemployment, pollution, poor sanitation, disease outbreaks, traffic congestion, and increased crime. Suggested solutions are promoting rural development, improving public transportation, providing low-cost housing, encouraging the informal sector, controlling vehicle traffic, and involving communities in infrastructure planning.
ROSKO14 - Urbanization as a factor of environmental vulnerability; Climate ch...Territorial Intelligence
Urbanization is having major impacts on socioecological systems. Cities concentrate large portions of economic output and resource consumption, contributing significantly to issues like CO2 emissions and increased vulnerability of surrounding populations. Rapid urbanization into areas surrounding large cities is concerning due to processes like land speculation that can weaken planning. This document examines these issues in the context of Bogota, Colombia and its region of influence, where urbanization is reducing agricultural land and disrupting natural systems. Local knowledge and strategies from traditional inhabitants will be important for building urban resilience and adapting to changes from urbanization.
By 2050, India with about 1.7 billion people will be the most populous country in the world, accounting for about 17 percent of the global population but only 2 percent of land and less than 4 percent of water. And about 60 percent of the population, nearly 1 billion, will be urbanized and a large part of it will be rural migrants. The rapid urbanization will further accelerate the demand for higher quantity of quality food, especially of high value foods such as fruits, vegetables, milk, meat and eggs, from the shrinking land, water, biodiversity resources. Moreover, the crowding cities and their peripheries will be facing agriculture land loss that will affect future food production in large scale.
The document discusses several current issues in urban design. It notes that cities have become too large to understand and manage effectively. It also says that local communities are often sidelined in the design process, and that economic priorities sometimes lead to large developments that are unsustainable. The document argues that urban design is more than just beautification and should promote better integration across administrative and disciplinary boundaries.
Urbanization is the shift from rural to urban living with large populations concentrating in cities. Currently over 3.3 billion people live in urban areas, expected to grow to 5 billion by 2030, with most growth in Asia and Africa. In 1800 only 2% of the world's population was urban, but by 1950 it was 40% and is predicted to reach 60% by 2030. Urbanization was boosted by the Industrial Revolution in Europe and USA in the 18th-19th centuries and spread to Asia in the 20th century and Africa in the late 20th century. Australia is the most urbanized country currently.
Urbanization and its effect on environmentHILLFORT
Urbanisation and its effect on environment explains both positive and negative impacts in a broad sense. I took help from many study materials available over internet and library and tried to make a brief out of them. Hope, this presentation will help new learners to visualise the real scenario. Students of Urban Planning, Architecture, Environmental Planning, Law and sociology can use it for their reference.
This document discusses urbanization and its effects on the environment. It defines urban areas according to the census of India and lists factors that influence urbanization like population growth, industrialization, and environmental pressures. Both positive and negative effects of urbanization are outlined, including increased standards of living but also problems like overpopulation, pollution and increased crime. World patterns of urbanization show most growth occurring in Asia and Africa's medium and small cities. India's urbanization has increased gradually from 11% to 31% from 1901 to 2011. Rapid urbanization can have healthy and unhealthy consequences that require policy measures around integrated development planning and satellite town development.
India has experienced rapid economic growth and urbanization in recent decades. The service sector now accounts for 64.8% of India's GDP, surpassing agriculture and industry. Urbanization rates have also increased, with the urban population projected to rise to 590 million by 2030. However, rapid urbanization has exacerbated issues like unemployment, inadequate housing, pollution, and effects on rural land and agriculture. The government is promoting its Smart Cities Mission to develop urban infrastructure and make 100 cities more sustainable and economically productive.
Urbanisation (problems and suggested solutions) In ZimbabweDumisani Nhliziyo
This document discusses urbanization, including definitions, global trends, causes in Africa, and problems associated with urbanization. The major causes of urbanization in Africa are natural population increase and rural-to-urban migration driven by poverty and lack of opportunities in rural areas. Problems include unemployment, pollution, poor sanitation, disease outbreaks, traffic congestion, and increased crime. Suggested solutions are promoting rural development, improving public transportation, providing low-cost housing, encouraging the informal sector, controlling vehicle traffic, and involving communities in infrastructure planning.
ROSKO14 - Urbanization as a factor of environmental vulnerability; Climate ch...Territorial Intelligence
Urbanization is having major impacts on socioecological systems. Cities concentrate large portions of economic output and resource consumption, contributing significantly to issues like CO2 emissions and increased vulnerability of surrounding populations. Rapid urbanization into areas surrounding large cities is concerning due to processes like land speculation that can weaken planning. This document examines these issues in the context of Bogota, Colombia and its region of influence, where urbanization is reducing agricultural land and disrupting natural systems. Local knowledge and strategies from traditional inhabitants will be important for building urban resilience and adapting to changes from urbanization.
By 2050, India with about 1.7 billion people will be the most populous country in the world, accounting for about 17 percent of the global population but only 2 percent of land and less than 4 percent of water. And about 60 percent of the population, nearly 1 billion, will be urbanized and a large part of it will be rural migrants. The rapid urbanization will further accelerate the demand for higher quantity of quality food, especially of high value foods such as fruits, vegetables, milk, meat and eggs, from the shrinking land, water, biodiversity resources. Moreover, the crowding cities and their peripheries will be facing agriculture land loss that will affect future food production in large scale.
The document discusses several current issues in urban design. It notes that cities have become too large to understand and manage effectively. It also says that local communities are often sidelined in the design process, and that economic priorities sometimes lead to large developments that are unsustainable. The document argues that urban design is more than just beautification and should promote better integration across administrative and disciplinary boundaries.
Urbanization is the shift from rural to urban living with large populations concentrating in cities. Currently over 3.3 billion people live in urban areas, expected to grow to 5 billion by 2030, with most growth in Asia and Africa. In 1800 only 2% of the world's population was urban, but by 1950 it was 40% and is predicted to reach 60% by 2030. Urbanization was boosted by the Industrial Revolution in Europe and USA in the 18th-19th centuries and spread to Asia in the 20th century and Africa in the late 20th century. Australia is the most urbanized country currently.
Urbanization refers to the increasing proportion of people living in cities and suburbs. It is closely connected to industrialization, as factories located in cities and drew workers. The main causes of urbanization are the industrial revolution, emergence of large manufacturing centers, job opportunities, and availability of transportation. Chicago's population grew from 15 people in 1820 to over 1.6 million in 1898, reflecting the effects of urbanization. Positive effects include opportunities not available in rural areas and a higher standard of living in cities. However, rapid urbanization also led to issues like overcrowding, lack of sanitation, unemployment, poverty, and increased crime rates.
Urbanization is affected by several factors including population growth, rural to urban migration, and the reclassification of areas. This document discusses many challenges of urbanization such as environmental problems, overpopulation, demand for resources, food production issues, and various types of pollution including air, water, and solid waste pollution. The document also examines issues around access to water resources, water quantity needs, and industrial water usage. Models for controlling urbanization focus on managing population growth, improving resource management, and developing sustainable cities.
Urbanization has increased dramatically worldwide since the 16th century industrial revolution, bringing both benefits and challenges. While cities provide economic and educational opportunities, rapid urban growth can strain infrastructure and resources, leading to issues like air and water pollution, waste management problems, and the formation of slums. Finding a balanced, sustainable approach through rural-urban partnership will be key to addressing these issues and ensuring prosperity for both areas.
Urbanization in India refers to the increasing percentage of people living in urban areas. According to the 2011 census, India's urban population was 31.16% of the total population. The three states with the largest urban populations were Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, while the states with the smallest urban populations were Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Mizoram. Between 2001-2011, India's population grew by 181 million people, with 90 million in rural areas and 91 million in urban areas, showing nearly equal growth rates in rural and urban populations for the first time. Problems of rapid urbanization in India include unemployment, lack of adequate housing, pollution, and insufficient infrastructure
Impact of industrialization and urbanization on social life of workersAkhilesh Tripathi
Industrialization and urbanization have significantly impacted the social lives of workers in India. Traditional joint families have broken down and become smaller as people migrate to cities for jobs. Caste and religion have also become less important as social mobility has increased. New forms of entertainment have emerged to fill leisure time as families have gotten smaller. However, rapid urbanization has also created problems like overcrowded slums with poor sanitation, traffic congestion, waste management issues and inadequate water and sewerage systems in cities.
Urbanization refers to the increasing proportion of people living in cities and urban areas. It is closely connected to industrialization. The document discusses the causes and effects of urbanization in Pakistan. The major causes include population growth, migration for jobs and services, and economic opportunities in cities. Effects include issues like unemployment, housing shortages, pollution, and disease. To address problems, the document recommends strengthening rural economies to reduce migration, improving public transport, providing jobs, and sustainable urban development.
Urbanization refers to an increase in population and industrialization within settlements. In India, uncontrolled urbanization is rapidly degrading the environment and causing problems. As urban populations grow, impacts on the atmosphere, land, water, and biosphere include increased air pollution, erosion, flooding, and habitat modification. Municipal solid waste generation is also increasing in metropolitan cities, where slum populations and motor vehicle usage have tripled over the past decade. To improve conditions, priorities must be given to reducing vehicular pollution, waste generation, and improving urban planning.
Urbanization is the increase in the proportion of people living in cities and is occurring as people migrate from rural to urban areas as countries develop. This document discusses the causes, effects, and impacts of urbanization. The causes include population pressure in rural areas, belief of better standards of living in cities, and natural population increase. The impacts include economic, political, social, cultural, and environmental factors affecting cities as well as socio-cultural and socio-economic impacts on surrounding rural areas and within cities. While urbanization provides benefits like economic growth and services, it also leads to issues like pollution, poverty, overcrowding, and infrastructure challenges.
This document discusses urban environments and development. It defines urbanization as the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people live and work in central areas, shifting populations from rural to urban areas. Urban development is concerned with using land and designing the urban environment to guide orderly community development. Sustainable development meets current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Rapid urban growth brings both economic opportunities from proximity but also environmental and health challenges if not managed sustainably.
The document discusses urbanization in Bangladesh, including its causes, effects, and prospects. It notes that urbanization is increasing rapidly in Bangladesh as people move from rural to urban areas for jobs, infrastructure, and services. While this brings economic growth and development, it also increases pollution, loss of farms and forests, and global warming. However, urbanization could prospectively improve sectors like electrification, roads, education, healthcare, water, and housing if managed properly.
Urbanization is the increasing percentage of people living in urban areas. It results from rural migration and population growth in cities. Functionalism views society as a complex system where all parts influence each other. Two theories are human ecology, which examines human relationships with environments, and urban ecology, which studies organisms in urban settings. Functionalism includes three theories of urban structure: concentric zone theory of socioeconomic zones radiating from the city center; demographic transition theory of population changes from high birth/death rates to low rates; and multiple nuclei theory of specialized activity centers in a city.
Urbanization and its effect on food securityMahmud Shuvo
power point presentation on urbanization and its effect on food security.you can easily find here your necessary data and charts about this matter in respect of BANGLADESH.
Urbanization causes various forms of pollution like air, water, and soil contamination. It also leads to problems like poor housing, poverty, unemployment, and overburdened public systems. However, these issues can be addressed by creating public transportation networks, parks, affordable housing, community centers, job opportunities, and involving community members in the planning process to build sustainable cities.
Urbanization is defined as the process of villages converting into urban or cities. It occurs when certain population and density thresholds are met, such as a population over 5,000 people or a density over 400 people per square kilometer. Factors contributing to urban population growth include natural increase, internal rural-to-urban migration, international urban migration, and reclassification of boundaries. While urbanization has positive impacts such as facilitating information diffusion and reducing costs of service delivery, it also has negative impacts including increased urban poverty, inequality, and the rise of slums housing 30-50% of urban populations in developing countries.
This document discusses urban growth and urbanization in India. It defines urban growth as the rate at which a city's population increases, and urbanization as the process by which there is an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. The major causes of urbanization in India are industrialization, which provides more jobs, as well as opportunities for better education, healthcare, and standards of living that attract people to cities. However, rapid urbanization can also lead to issues like overcrowding, poverty, and pollution. The document provides statistics on India's past and projected urbanization rates and their economic and social impacts.
Urbanization in Bangladesh has increased rapidly in recent decades as the population migrates from rural to urban areas. This unplanned urbanization has led to several issues in major cities like Dhaka, including extreme overpopulation, shortage of housing and utilities, increased pollution, and environmental degradation. While urbanization has contributed to economic growth, it has also exacerbated problems like rising inequality, poverty, and pressures on infrastructure if not properly managed. Addressing the challenges of urbanization in a sustainable manner requires improved planning, management of rural-urban migration flows, and balanced development across urban and rural areas of Bangladesh.
Urbanization is increasing rapidly around the world and having significant impacts on the environment. By 2050, 64% of the developing world and 86% of the developed world will be urbanized. This rapid urban growth is causing problems like deforestation, air and water pollution, solid waste accumulation, and loss of agricultural land. Developing countries face more severe environmental impacts due to poor urban planning and inadequate infrastructure to handle the negative effects of urbanization. While urbanization enables economic growth, it also threatens the natural environment if not managed carefully through long-term planning and public-private partnerships that prioritize environmentally friendly development.
Urbanization refers to the increasing proportion of people living in urban areas. It occurs due to rural-to-urban migration as populations increase and resources become scarce in rural areas, pushing people to cities where they believe living standards will be higher. Urbanization has major economic, social, cultural, and environmental impacts. It encourages changes in social and family structures, increases pollution and waste production, and places growing pressure on infrastructure and housing. While cities improve economies and facilitate cultural sharing, urbanization also leads to issues like unemployment, poverty, and the rise of slums if not properly managed.
Urbanization is defined as the process where more people live in urban areas like towns and cities. The document discusses the rates of urbanization in different countries from 2010-2015. It also examines the challenges of rapid urbanization in South Africa, including housing shortages and the rise of shack settlements. China and India are highlighted as experiencing very fast urbanization currently, with China being more urbanized at 41% compared to India's 29% in 2005. The top causes of urbanization mentioned are opportunities for jobs, education, and transportation that cities provide.
Status and Challenges in Municipal Solid Waste MSW Management in Jaipur Cityijtsrd
In developing countries, urbanization and rapid population growth has resulted in a substantial increase in generation of Municipal Solid Waste MSW . Safe collection, transportation and treatment of MSW are among the major issues for Indian cities. Poor MSW management practices have negative impact on public health, environment and climate change. India currently only treats 21 of MSW while the remainder disposed in unsanitary landfill sites with no recycling and treatment technologies. This paper reviews the existing MSW management practices, challenges and provides recommendations for improving MSW management for the city of Jaipur in Rajasthan, India.Despite being the state capital as well as the top tourist destination in northern part of India, there is no detailed study which reviews the waste management strategies of this city along with identifying the key challenges. The study reveals that the major challenges for MSW management in Jaipur include uncontrolled landfilling, inadequate public participation as well as failings of implementation of MSW legislation and waste conversion. Recommendations for improvement include public awareness campaigns, public private partnership, investment in lined landfills, recycling and waste to energy techniques. Optimization models and life cycle assessment tools should be employed to minimize cost and the environmental impact of MSW management. This study will provide policy makers and private sector stakeholders to develop strategies for future planning, investment and execution of improved MSW management in Indian cities. Abhishek Vashishtha "Status and Challenges in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management in Jaipur City" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49943.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/49943/status-and-challenges-in-municipal-solid-waste-msw-management-in-jaipur-city/abhishek-vashishtha
Sustainability in Urban Development: Impediments to Urban India's Sustainable...inventionjournals
This document discusses sustainability in urban development in India and the impediments to achieving sustainable urban growth. It outlines some of the key challenges facing urban development in India, including unequal urban growth between regions, deficiencies in basic services like water and sanitation, lack of affordable housing, and scarcity of land. The document proposes solutions to these problems based on the three pillars of sustainability from Agenda 21: economic sustainability, social sustainability, and environmental sustainability. Specific solutions addressed include improving public-private partnerships for infrastructure, adopting more sustainable practices for waste management, energy use, transportation, water management, and housing development.
Urbanization refers to the increasing proportion of people living in cities and suburbs. It is closely connected to industrialization, as factories located in cities and drew workers. The main causes of urbanization are the industrial revolution, emergence of large manufacturing centers, job opportunities, and availability of transportation. Chicago's population grew from 15 people in 1820 to over 1.6 million in 1898, reflecting the effects of urbanization. Positive effects include opportunities not available in rural areas and a higher standard of living in cities. However, rapid urbanization also led to issues like overcrowding, lack of sanitation, unemployment, poverty, and increased crime rates.
Urbanization is affected by several factors including population growth, rural to urban migration, and the reclassification of areas. This document discusses many challenges of urbanization such as environmental problems, overpopulation, demand for resources, food production issues, and various types of pollution including air, water, and solid waste pollution. The document also examines issues around access to water resources, water quantity needs, and industrial water usage. Models for controlling urbanization focus on managing population growth, improving resource management, and developing sustainable cities.
Urbanization has increased dramatically worldwide since the 16th century industrial revolution, bringing both benefits and challenges. While cities provide economic and educational opportunities, rapid urban growth can strain infrastructure and resources, leading to issues like air and water pollution, waste management problems, and the formation of slums. Finding a balanced, sustainable approach through rural-urban partnership will be key to addressing these issues and ensuring prosperity for both areas.
Urbanization in India refers to the increasing percentage of people living in urban areas. According to the 2011 census, India's urban population was 31.16% of the total population. The three states with the largest urban populations were Maharashtra, Uttar Pradesh, and Tamil Nadu, while the states with the smallest urban populations were Sikkim, Arunachal Pradesh, and Mizoram. Between 2001-2011, India's population grew by 181 million people, with 90 million in rural areas and 91 million in urban areas, showing nearly equal growth rates in rural and urban populations for the first time. Problems of rapid urbanization in India include unemployment, lack of adequate housing, pollution, and insufficient infrastructure
Impact of industrialization and urbanization on social life of workersAkhilesh Tripathi
Industrialization and urbanization have significantly impacted the social lives of workers in India. Traditional joint families have broken down and become smaller as people migrate to cities for jobs. Caste and religion have also become less important as social mobility has increased. New forms of entertainment have emerged to fill leisure time as families have gotten smaller. However, rapid urbanization has also created problems like overcrowded slums with poor sanitation, traffic congestion, waste management issues and inadequate water and sewerage systems in cities.
Urbanization refers to the increasing proportion of people living in cities and urban areas. It is closely connected to industrialization. The document discusses the causes and effects of urbanization in Pakistan. The major causes include population growth, migration for jobs and services, and economic opportunities in cities. Effects include issues like unemployment, housing shortages, pollution, and disease. To address problems, the document recommends strengthening rural economies to reduce migration, improving public transport, providing jobs, and sustainable urban development.
Urbanization refers to an increase in population and industrialization within settlements. In India, uncontrolled urbanization is rapidly degrading the environment and causing problems. As urban populations grow, impacts on the atmosphere, land, water, and biosphere include increased air pollution, erosion, flooding, and habitat modification. Municipal solid waste generation is also increasing in metropolitan cities, where slum populations and motor vehicle usage have tripled over the past decade. To improve conditions, priorities must be given to reducing vehicular pollution, waste generation, and improving urban planning.
Urbanization is the increase in the proportion of people living in cities and is occurring as people migrate from rural to urban areas as countries develop. This document discusses the causes, effects, and impacts of urbanization. The causes include population pressure in rural areas, belief of better standards of living in cities, and natural population increase. The impacts include economic, political, social, cultural, and environmental factors affecting cities as well as socio-cultural and socio-economic impacts on surrounding rural areas and within cities. While urbanization provides benefits like economic growth and services, it also leads to issues like pollution, poverty, overcrowding, and infrastructure challenges.
This document discusses urban environments and development. It defines urbanization as the process by which towns and cities are formed and become larger as more people live and work in central areas, shifting populations from rural to urban areas. Urban development is concerned with using land and designing the urban environment to guide orderly community development. Sustainable development meets current needs without compromising future generations' ability to meet their own needs. Rapid urban growth brings both economic opportunities from proximity but also environmental and health challenges if not managed sustainably.
The document discusses urbanization in Bangladesh, including its causes, effects, and prospects. It notes that urbanization is increasing rapidly in Bangladesh as people move from rural to urban areas for jobs, infrastructure, and services. While this brings economic growth and development, it also increases pollution, loss of farms and forests, and global warming. However, urbanization could prospectively improve sectors like electrification, roads, education, healthcare, water, and housing if managed properly.
Urbanization is the increasing percentage of people living in urban areas. It results from rural migration and population growth in cities. Functionalism views society as a complex system where all parts influence each other. Two theories are human ecology, which examines human relationships with environments, and urban ecology, which studies organisms in urban settings. Functionalism includes three theories of urban structure: concentric zone theory of socioeconomic zones radiating from the city center; demographic transition theory of population changes from high birth/death rates to low rates; and multiple nuclei theory of specialized activity centers in a city.
Urbanization and its effect on food securityMahmud Shuvo
power point presentation on urbanization and its effect on food security.you can easily find here your necessary data and charts about this matter in respect of BANGLADESH.
Urbanization causes various forms of pollution like air, water, and soil contamination. It also leads to problems like poor housing, poverty, unemployment, and overburdened public systems. However, these issues can be addressed by creating public transportation networks, parks, affordable housing, community centers, job opportunities, and involving community members in the planning process to build sustainable cities.
Urbanization is defined as the process of villages converting into urban or cities. It occurs when certain population and density thresholds are met, such as a population over 5,000 people or a density over 400 people per square kilometer. Factors contributing to urban population growth include natural increase, internal rural-to-urban migration, international urban migration, and reclassification of boundaries. While urbanization has positive impacts such as facilitating information diffusion and reducing costs of service delivery, it also has negative impacts including increased urban poverty, inequality, and the rise of slums housing 30-50% of urban populations in developing countries.
This document discusses urban growth and urbanization in India. It defines urban growth as the rate at which a city's population increases, and urbanization as the process by which there is an increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas. The major causes of urbanization in India are industrialization, which provides more jobs, as well as opportunities for better education, healthcare, and standards of living that attract people to cities. However, rapid urbanization can also lead to issues like overcrowding, poverty, and pollution. The document provides statistics on India's past and projected urbanization rates and their economic and social impacts.
Urbanization in Bangladesh has increased rapidly in recent decades as the population migrates from rural to urban areas. This unplanned urbanization has led to several issues in major cities like Dhaka, including extreme overpopulation, shortage of housing and utilities, increased pollution, and environmental degradation. While urbanization has contributed to economic growth, it has also exacerbated problems like rising inequality, poverty, and pressures on infrastructure if not properly managed. Addressing the challenges of urbanization in a sustainable manner requires improved planning, management of rural-urban migration flows, and balanced development across urban and rural areas of Bangladesh.
Urbanization is increasing rapidly around the world and having significant impacts on the environment. By 2050, 64% of the developing world and 86% of the developed world will be urbanized. This rapid urban growth is causing problems like deforestation, air and water pollution, solid waste accumulation, and loss of agricultural land. Developing countries face more severe environmental impacts due to poor urban planning and inadequate infrastructure to handle the negative effects of urbanization. While urbanization enables economic growth, it also threatens the natural environment if not managed carefully through long-term planning and public-private partnerships that prioritize environmentally friendly development.
Urbanization refers to the increasing proportion of people living in urban areas. It occurs due to rural-to-urban migration as populations increase and resources become scarce in rural areas, pushing people to cities where they believe living standards will be higher. Urbanization has major economic, social, cultural, and environmental impacts. It encourages changes in social and family structures, increases pollution and waste production, and places growing pressure on infrastructure and housing. While cities improve economies and facilitate cultural sharing, urbanization also leads to issues like unemployment, poverty, and the rise of slums if not properly managed.
Urbanization is defined as the process where more people live in urban areas like towns and cities. The document discusses the rates of urbanization in different countries from 2010-2015. It also examines the challenges of rapid urbanization in South Africa, including housing shortages and the rise of shack settlements. China and India are highlighted as experiencing very fast urbanization currently, with China being more urbanized at 41% compared to India's 29% in 2005. The top causes of urbanization mentioned are opportunities for jobs, education, and transportation that cities provide.
Status and Challenges in Municipal Solid Waste MSW Management in Jaipur Cityijtsrd
In developing countries, urbanization and rapid population growth has resulted in a substantial increase in generation of Municipal Solid Waste MSW . Safe collection, transportation and treatment of MSW are among the major issues for Indian cities. Poor MSW management practices have negative impact on public health, environment and climate change. India currently only treats 21 of MSW while the remainder disposed in unsanitary landfill sites with no recycling and treatment technologies. This paper reviews the existing MSW management practices, challenges and provides recommendations for improving MSW management for the city of Jaipur in Rajasthan, India.Despite being the state capital as well as the top tourist destination in northern part of India, there is no detailed study which reviews the waste management strategies of this city along with identifying the key challenges. The study reveals that the major challenges for MSW management in Jaipur include uncontrolled landfilling, inadequate public participation as well as failings of implementation of MSW legislation and waste conversion. Recommendations for improvement include public awareness campaigns, public private partnership, investment in lined landfills, recycling and waste to energy techniques. Optimization models and life cycle assessment tools should be employed to minimize cost and the environmental impact of MSW management. This study will provide policy makers and private sector stakeholders to develop strategies for future planning, investment and execution of improved MSW management in Indian cities. Abhishek Vashishtha "Status and Challenges in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management in Jaipur City" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49943.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/49943/status-and-challenges-in-municipal-solid-waste-msw-management-in-jaipur-city/abhishek-vashishtha
Sustainability in Urban Development: Impediments to Urban India's Sustainable...inventionjournals
This document discusses sustainability in urban development in India and the impediments to achieving sustainable urban growth. It outlines some of the key challenges facing urban development in India, including unequal urban growth between regions, deficiencies in basic services like water and sanitation, lack of affordable housing, and scarcity of land. The document proposes solutions to these problems based on the three pillars of sustainability from Agenda 21: economic sustainability, social sustainability, and environmental sustainability. Specific solutions addressed include improving public-private partnerships for infrastructure, adopting more sustainable practices for waste management, energy use, transportation, water management, and housing development.
Urban infrastructure management in jaipur challenges and oppurtonity by ahmad...Dr. Ahmad Jawad Niazi
The document discusses the challenges of urban infrastructure management in Jaipur, India. It outlines several key challenges:
1) Rapid urbanization and population growth are straining existing urban infrastructure like transportation, water supply, and wastewater management.
2) Specific issues facing Jaipur include overpumping of groundwater depleting aquifers, and untreated sewage and industrial effluent polluting surface water.
3) To address these challenges, the government of Rajasthan launched the Rajasthan Urban Infrastructure Development Project to improve infrastructure in six major cities including Jaipur. However, effective management of urban growth remains a significant challenge.
An Empirical Study on Faith-based Microfinance as an Alternative Tool of Poverty Alleviation. The doctoral study discussed the role of FBOs in microfinance.
An intensive course about the understanding of International Development Assistance (Foreign Aid), its influence on policy processes and outcomes, and practices. Recommended for policy-makers, development practitioners, and MPhil & PhD students.
Poverty in India is widespread, and a variety of methods have been proposed to measure it. The official measure of Indian government, before 2005, was based on food security and it was defined from per capita expenditure for a person to consume enough calories and be able to pay for associated essentials to survive. Since 2005, Indian government adopted the Tendulkar methodology which moved away from calorie anchor to a basket of goods and used rural, urban and regional minimum expenditure per capita necessary to survive.
The World Bank has similarly revised its definition and benchmarks to measure poverty since 1990, with $2.25 per day income on purchasing power parity basis as the definition in use from 2005 to 2013. Some semi-economic and non-economic indices have also been proposed to measure poverty in India; for example, the Multi-dimensional Poverty Index placed 33% weight on number of years spent in school and education and 6.25% weight on financial condition of a person, in order to determine if that person is poor.
This document provides a summary of key indicators related to the economic and social conditions in the Kyrgyz Republic. It begins with an introduction to the concept of community indicators and how they can help policymakers understand trends. The document then outlines seven issues facing the Kyrgyz Republic - improving the investment climate, tracking the economy and cost of living, improving life expectancy, public safety, gender equality, access to education, and protecting the environment. For each issue, it summarizes some of the key indicators and trends identified in the report. The goal is to provide objective data to support informed policymaking and improve outcomes in the nation.
This document provides an overview of the PhD thesis presented by Najmul Hoda on November 24, 2015. The thesis examines faith-based microfinance as an alternative tool for poverty alleviation. It outlines the problem statement, objectives, theoretical underpinnings from literature, research methodology using case studies and surveys, and contributions made through publications. The summary focuses on the key elements of the thesis including the motivation to study faith-based microfinance as an alternative due to some issues with mainstream models, the use of case studies and AIMS-SEEP framework for impact assessment, and contributions made in peer-reviewed publications.
This document provides information about a course titled "Leadership and Negotiation: Leading a Nation in the Changing World" taught at the National Graduate Institute for Policy Studies in Tokyo, Japan. The course is designed for future public sector leaders and deals with the essence of leadership, critical decision making, and actions of leaders during times of crisis or major societal changes. The instructor, Ginandjar Kartasasmita, has significant experience in Indonesian politics and administration from the 1980s to 2000s. The course will discuss leadership lessons learned from Indonesia's experiences through case studies and class exercises.
Slides from the presentation of Mr Mohammad Allam of Minto Circle, Aligarh on April 10, 2016 at the National Seminar on Growth with Justice at Lucknow. The video is available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=h0UvxJjwy7Q and the paper has been published in the compendium available at http://www.amazon.in/dp/1519227078
As per Global Liveability Index rankings released in 2019, by Economic Intelligence Unit, two major cities of India Delhi and Mumbai, found itself slipping in the rankings. It measures the living conditions in 140 cities. It is the direct result of Urban Planning and Development. Urban Planning is a professional way of developing urban areas by making physical plans and development regulations. Urban Planning is a combination of social, economic, environmental, and constructive efforts to make an urban dwelling a good, healthy place to live, work, and to move around. It was done to ease the negative physical and social effects on people that arose with the industrial revolution, particularly in urban areas. Urban local bodies or local governments implement urban development strategies. Urban Local Bodies are elected by the people. Planning and development for major cities and urban regions are done by urban metropolitan regional development authorities. These authorities are functionaries institutions under the state government. On the state government level, urban planning and development administration is administered by the State Town Planning Act and other relevant legal frameworks of each state. Currently, all states have ministries responsible for urban planning, urban development, housing, and governance. Spatial plans need to be accounted for to address issues on integrated land connectivity, landfills, urban drainage networks, land requirements, and a range of related urban complexities.Without spatial plans, it is extremely difficult to completely address the issues plaguing infrastructure in Indian cities. Pranav Ojha "Development of Urban Planning in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50331.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/50331/development-of-urban-planning-in-india/pranav-ojha
This document provides an abstract and introduction for a capstone paper assessing India's urban development trajectories in light of rapid population growth and the government's Smart Cities Initiative. The paper will examine India's demographic trends toward urbanization, related environmental challenges, and the content and progress of the Smart Cities Initiative. It aims to evaluate how proposed policy reforms can improve developmental and sustainability outcomes given infrastructure bottlenecks and the need for robust governance at all levels to support sustainable urban development as key to India's economic emergence and participation in global climate change efforts.
Urbanization, Changing Economic Landscape and Policy Response in India: A Stu...Premier Publishers
India’s neoliberal practices introduced with new economic policy insisted a globalization process that remains an influence on city development strategy, planning policy and reorganization of urban space. This has come as growing recognition of cities a key player in economic growth, globalization and development of the country resulted in the launch of a handful urban policy in India. They all in common aim at making cities more competitive and investment friendly. Hence, this gives rise to emergence of new economic landscape. Many states with good resources and intelligent manpower have been forerunner in materializing the advantages of globalization. The present paper suggests that the Empowered Action Group States with higher population size coupled with poverty and low level of urbanization, have not been equally active in spurting urban growth and bringing faster development in their regions. Many of these States might have not seen urban development on their prioritized concerns. The study reveals that lack of institutional capacity, financial bottleneck, and unwillingness to foster urban reforms has been the major challenges to be addressed.
This document summarizes gender inclusive planning strategies and case studies from various cities. It discusses the need for gender-sensitive urban planning to address safety, mobility and participation issues faced by women. Case studies from Seoul, Korea and Delhi, India are described that implemented projects to make public spaces more accessible and safe for women through strategies like improved lighting, women-only parking and participation in policy-making. The Seoul case in particular involved sub-projects across different city departments and participation of female citizens and experts to mainstream a gender perspective.
Achieving sustainable cities in Saudi Arabia-Juggling the competing urbanizat...Ismaila Rimi Abubakar
This chapter highlights the challenges of rapid urbanization in Saudi Arabia and its implications for urban sustainability. It first reviews trends in global and Saudi Arabian urbanization and factors driving rapid urban growth. Major urbanization challenges for Saudi Arabia are then analyzed, including urban sprawl, high energy consumption, inadequate infrastructure and services, and environmental issues. Finally, the chapter assesses sustainability initiatives by the Saudi government to address these competing challenges, such as urban greening, tourism development, and knowledge cities, though notes they are still early in implementation.
The document is a curriculum vitae for Josh P. Curtis, a sociologist whose research focuses on social stratification, inequality, and political sociology, and includes his educational background, research, teaching experience, publications, awards, and contact information for references.
This course is designed for future public sector leaders. It will be taught by Ginandjar Kartasasmita, a former Indonesian minister and leader during Indonesia's transition to democracy in the late 1990s. The course will examine leadership and decision-making during times of crisis and major societal change through a discussion of Kartasasmita's experiences and case studies from Indonesia's history. Students will participate in lectures, group exercises, and assignments to enhance their understanding of public leadership.
Microfinance in Bangladesh and the Myth of Women Empowerment Manoj Bhusal
The aim of the study was to describe the impact of microfinance in empowering the women of northern Bangladesh. The study also aimed at assessing the effectiveness and outreach of NGOs and Microfinance Institutions (MFIs) in addressing the financial needs of the poor. A comparative study of long-term and short-term beneficiaries was carried out in order to evaluate the degree of social participation and political awareness. Increment in choices and opportunities was taken as the major indicator of empowerment.
The study was supported by the Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland, Finn Church Aid, and Rangpur Dinajpur Rural Service (RDRS) Bangladesh. The study followed the qualitative research methodologies. A non-participant observation, semi-structured focus group interviews and four family case studies were carried out during the study. A non-participant observation was chosen as an important methodology and several RDRS branch offices and weekly microfinance group meetings were observed throughout the study period.
Five short-term and five long-term beneficiaries of RDRS microfinance were selected and they were posed different questions on social economic and political domains, and a set of questionnaires was used for this purpose. Four family case studies were also carried out for an in-depth study of economic empowerment and changing gender relations. Data triangulation was used to ensure validity and reliability.
The findings suggest, though the long-term microfinance beneficiaries enjoyed slightly improved chances of social mobility and possessed an added value of self-worth, there was not any significant improvement in securing an enhanced economic base, and at the same time, the longstanding issues of gender disparity and powerlessness remained unchallenged. Thus, the link between minimalist microfinance and women empowerment is not as strong as it is normally perceived.
In addition, the minimalist microfinance seems to have many limitations and, thus, cannot contribute effectively to empowerment of the poor. If the focus of the MFI is on poverty eradication and empowerment, not merely on providing financial services to the poor, the report recommends, instead of a minimalist microfinance, a holistic microfinance with vigorous educational and skill-training opportunities should be devised and implemented. It would certainly be wise to look for new models of microfinance where the poor are not necessarily entrepreneurs, but active stakeholders. Such an example has also been included in the report.
Keywords: women empowerment, microfinance, Bangladesh, poverty, empowerment measurement, gender equity, qualitative study
Similar to India growth, urbanization and poverty — Martin Ravallion, Georgetown University — WRI Cities Research Seminar Series (20)
This document summarizes a presentation given by Yusuf Arsiwala of RootBridge C O L L A B on restoring water-related eco-systems in Delhi. It discusses issues with Delhi's existing water bodies like pollution, waste disposal, and sediment buildup. It then presents a model for restoring Rajokari Lake in the village of Rajokari by cleaning the water, removing sludge, restoring the catchment area, and creating ecologically designed landscapes. The proposal includes using SWAB technology for wastewater treatment, natural bio-swales and rain gardens for landscaping, and standardizing restoration processes. The restoration of Rajokari Lake improved the local ecology and groundwater, created a community space
This document discusses using diatom algae and nano silica-based nutrients to remediate polluted water sources through phycoremediation. It notes that diatom algae require less light than other phytoplankton due to their silica cell walls. A product called Nualgi delivers 10 essential micronutrients including silica adsorbed onto nano silica to support diatom algae growth. Case studies demonstrate successful water remediation of polluted lakes and sewage through Nualgi application, with diatom algae and zooplankton reducing organic matter and achieving water quality targets.
This document summarizes an eco-technology presentation by Mr. Yeshwant Kulkarni of Green Water Revolution Pvt. Ltd. It discusses current issues with water pollution in urban areas of India. It then introduces various eco-technological solutions developed by Green Water Revolution to treat both point sources of pollution from places like cities as well as non-point sources like rivers and lakes. These include vertical soil scape filters to treat wastewater and horizontal green bridge systems installed in polluted rivers and streams to reduce pollution loads. It highlights several successful projects implementing these eco-technological solutions in India to restore polluted rivers and streams.
The document is from Biosfera Foundation, an organization that provides environmental management solutions using bioengineering techniques. It summarizes various projects Biosfera has undertaken to restore contaminated water bodies and canals in India through integrated approaches involving plants, microbes, and solar powered technology. Examples mentioned include restoring lakes in Lucknow and Kolkata as well as canals in Kolkata and Manila.
The document discusses water management practices in Rainbow Drive, a residential area in Bangalore. It summarizes how the community manages its water supply through centralized borewells and storage tanks. It also discusses the community's waste water treatment through two STPs and potential reuse of treated water. Over time, the community implemented various reforms like metering, tariff revisions, banning private borewells, and incentivizing rainwater harvesting to reduce water usage.
This document discusses strategies for Hyderabad, India to transform into a global city through sustainable water management. It outlines three key points:
1. Hyderabad has potential to become a global city by balancing urban growth with green/blue environments, but sustainable water resource management is needed.
2. Concepts like circular economy and "sponge cities" that capture excess runoff can help minimize water risks, carbon footprint, and capture resources like methane from waste.
3. Suggestions for action include leveraging technology for digital water management, incentivizing innovations through public-private partnerships and financing, and building stakeholder engagement for quality of life goals.
The Hyderabad Golf Association faced a shortage of 2 million liters per day (MLD) of quality irrigation water. Additionally, the government mandated improving the quality of surface ponds near the golf course that were polluted with untreated sewage. The Natural Biological System was implemented as a case study to address both issues. It treats 3 MLD of sewage on-site without energy and produces tertiary quality water for irrigation, rejuvenating the ponds. Water quality tests showed significant reductions in parameters like COD, BOD, and fecal coliform after treatment. The system provides a green, aesthetic and cost-effective solution to water and wastewater challenges.
This document discusses five theories of urban water restoration: 1) Consider the full watershed, 2) Ensure water quality by managing the catchment area, 3) Find beneficial uses for all water, 4) Take a holistic planning approach that generates economic and social benefits, and 5) Aim for vibrant, living water bodies rather than sterile infrastructure. Case studies from India are presented for each theory. The document advocates comprehensive planning and stakeholder engagement to successfully restore urban blue spaces.
This document provides context and proposes solutions for developing sustainable townships and campuses in the future. It discusses challenges around unsustainable urban development in India, including issues with transportation, water, energy, and sanitation infrastructure. Potential opportunities and solutions are presented at different scales from the household to neighborhood level. Short, medium, and long-term actions are suggested to accelerate clean energy adoption, sustainable water management, and improved mobility. The document aims to start a discussion around developing integrated roadmaps and policies to guide more sustainable development.
The document discusses water supply challenges facing Bengaluru, India. It notes that while basic water supply is available, the city faces key stresses including depletion of surface water sources, loss of tree cover impacting water availability, multiple drought years reducing reservoir levels, severe groundwater depletion, and reduction in open spaces and water bodies. Without action, the growing population will outpace existing water supply plans, risking a "Day Zero" water crisis.
This document summarizes a report on the pedestrianization project of the Historic Peninsula in Istanbul. It provides details on the project scope, implementation process, and economic impacts. The project pedestrianized over 295 streets between 2010-2013. It describes the costs and stakeholders involved for different sub-regions. Initially, local businesses worried that pedestrianization would negatively impact their revenues, but surveys later found that 49% of pedestrianized areas experienced increased retail turnover. The project improved the built environment and quality of life in the historic area.
The Green Corridor TOD project in Cali, Colombia aims to redevelop the abandoned railway line into a light rail transit system and densify the surrounding areas. The project would create 22 km of bike and pedestrian paths, improve intermodality, and generate new public spaces. Studies have assessed the feasibility of different transit technologies, developed a business model framework, and identified opportunities for land value capture. Funding from the NAMA Facility was secured to pilot priority interventions along the corridor in line with transit-oriented development and greenhouse gas mitigation principles. A recent study identified property tax, special assessments, and urban planning tools as potential land value capture instruments for the project under Colombian law.
This document discusses land value capture in Brazil, including air rights sales, CEPACs in São Paulo, and case studies of OUC Água Espraiada and Belo Horizonte. It notes that air rights can be sold based on basic floor area ratio (FAR) or additional FAR allowed. CEPACs in São Paulo were used to determine where and how to invest proceeds. The case studies achieved significant funds for infrastructure from LVC: OUC Água Espraiada generated $800 million and Belo Horizonte generated $115 million from LVC. The document concludes with lessons around clearly defining the purpose of LVC instruments and linking LVC goals to broader urban sustainability goals.
The document discusses Sistemas de Actuación por Cooperación (SAC) in Mexico City. SACs are planning tools that seek to coordinate public, private, and social sectors to implement strategic urban projects that benefit communities. SACs guide development to be sustainable, prosperous, participatory, and equitable. They promote investment and efficient land use to improve infrastructure, transport access, and territorial equity. The document outlines the process for establishing a SAC and how they operate through technical committees and agreements between stakeholders. It lists several SACs already established in Mexico City and their objectives to regenerate urban areas, generate social and economic equity, and improve quality of life through coordinated projects.
CDP works with partners and cities to collect environmental data in order to drive decision making and transition to a low-carbon economy. CDP manages cities' data and makes it available to various partners through data sharing and reporting platforms. This allows partners to work with and support cities using the shared data. CDP also provides tools like city analytics and reports to help cities improve data quality, reduce reporting burdens, and monitor their progress on climate goals.
The document discusses the Global Covenant of Mayors approach to climate action planning for cities. It provides information on the following key points in 3 sentences or less:
- The Global Covenant of Mayors has over 7,500 member cities from 120 countries representing over 680 million people committed to climate action.
- Cities that join the Global Covenant commit to completing an emissions inventory, setting an emissions reduction target, and creating a climate action plan to meet that target.
- The document provides guidance on conducting emissions inventories, setting targets, developing mitigation and adaptation plans, and examples of policies and projects cities have implemented through the Global Covenant of Mayors.
The document summarizes the goals and results of the GHG Platform India initiative. It aims to track India's GHG emissions, inform policymaking, and identify mitigation opportunities. Phase I estimated national emissions from 2007-2012. Phase II estimated national emissions from 2005-2013 and state-level emissions from 2005-2013. It found that India's emissions grew at 5.74% annually, with the energy sector as the largest contributor. Emissions intensity declined by around 12-14% from 2005-2013.
Shwetal Shah presented on key points of the Paris Agreement and India's Nationally Determined Contributions. The Paris Agreement aims to limit global temperature rise well below 2°C through country commitments to reduce emissions and transition to renewable energy. India's NDCs include reducing emissions intensity by 33-35% from 2005 levels by 2030, achieving 40% electricity from non-fossil fuel sources, and creating a carbon sink of 2.5-3 billion tons through additional forestry and tree cover. The Climate Change Department of Gujarat coordinates policy and encourages green technology to build a sustainable, climate-resilient future for the state.
The document discusses barriers to adopting electric bus fleets globally and innovations that can help overcome these barriers. It notes that while electric buses have higher upfront costs, they are already cost competitive over the lifetime when maintenance is considered. Many cities around the world have started implementing electric buses through different models involving new stakeholders, procurement changes, technological advances, and public sector support. Overall the document argues that barriers exist but innovations are emerging that can help accelerate the transition to electric buses globally.
The document discusses key barriers to electric vehicle deployment in India and programs that Climate Policy Initiative (CPI) is undertaking to address these barriers. The major barriers include high upfront costs of electric vehicles compared to diesel, pricing risks due to evolving battery technologies, lack of long term financing for batteries, lack of credit for smaller electric vehicles, need for charging infrastructure development, and lack of institutional capacity. CPI's programs seek to address these through initiatives like battery service agreements, long term debt facilities for batteries, financing for auto rickshaws, pay-as-you-save models, and project preparation facilities to connect cities and investors.
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Monitor indicators of genetic diversity from space using Earth Observation dataSpatial Genetics
Genetic diversity within and among populations is essential for species persistence. While targets and indicators for genetic diversity are captured in the Kunming-Montreal Global Biodiversity Framework, assessing genetic diversity across many species at national and regional scales remains challenging. Parties to the Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) need accessible tools for reliable and efficient monitoring at relevant scales. Here, we describe how Earth Observation satellites (EO) make essential contributions to enable, accelerate, and improve genetic diversity monitoring and preservation. Specifically, we introduce a workflow integrating EO into existing genetic diversity monitoring strategies and present a set of examples where EO data is or can be integrated to improve assessment, monitoring, and conservation. We describe how available EO data can be integrated in innovative ways to support calculation of the genetic diversity indicators of the GBF monitoring framework and to inform management and monitoring decisions, especially in areas with limited research infrastructure or access. We also describe novel, integrative approaches to improve the indicators that can be implemented with the coming generation of EO data, and new capabilities that will provide unprecedented detail to characterize the changes to Earth’s surface and their implications for biodiversity, on a global scale.
Evolving Lifecycles with High Resolution Site Characterization (HRSC) and 3-D...Joshua Orris
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The modification of an existing product or the formulation of a new product to fill a newly identified market niche or customer need are both examples of product development. This study generally developed and conducted the formulation of aramang baked products enriched with malunggay conducted by the researchers. Specifically, it answered the acceptability level in terms of taste, texture, flavor, odor, and color also the overall acceptability of enriched aramang baked products. The study used the frequency distribution for evaluators to determine the acceptability of enriched aramang baked products enriched with malunggay. As per sensory evaluation conducted by the researchers, it was proven that aramang baked products enriched with malunggay was acceptable in terms of Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color, and Texture. Based on the results of sensory evaluation of enriched aramang baked products proven that three (3) treatments were all highly acceptable in terms of variable Odor, Taste, Flavor, Color and Textures conducted by the researchers.
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In 2022, the first commercial application of MetaArray™ was performed at the site. MetaArray™ utilizes statistical analysis, such as principal component analysis and multivariate analysis to provide evidence that reductive dechlorination is active or even that it is slowing. This creates actionable data allowing users to save money by making important site management decisions earlier.
The results of the MetaArray™ analysis’ support vector machine (SVM) identified groundwater monitoring wells with a 80% confidence that were characterized as either Limited for Reductive Decholorination or had a High Reductive Reduction Dechlorination potential. The results of MetaArray™ will be used to further optimize the site’s post remediation monitoring program for monitored natural attenuation.
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India growth, urbanization and poverty — Martin Ravallion, Georgetown University — WRI Cities Research Seminar Series
1. MARTIN RAVALLION, EDMOND D. VILLANI CHAIR OF ECONOMICS, GEORGETOWN UNIVERSITY
GROWTH,
URBANIZATION AND
POVERTY IN INDIA
WRI Cities Research Seminar Series — February 11, 2016
Martin Ravallion
Georgetown University
24. 24
Data issues for India
• Amongst developing countries, India has the longest series
of national surveys suitable for tracking living conditions.
– Highly comparable surveys up to 1999/2000
– Changes in survey design in 1999/2000 created a serious
comparability problem
– New surveys reasonably comparable to 1993/94 and prior surveys
– Uniform vs. mixed (post-early) recall periods
– Survey compliance problems, esp., urban areas
– Worrying discrepancies between NSS and NAS.
• Two poverty lines:
– Lower line anchored to historical lines of the Planning Commission
– Upper line anchored to the international line of $1.25 a day at
2005 PPP (about $1.90 a day at 2011 PPP)
• Three poverty measures:
– Headcount index, poverty gap index and squared poverty gap
index (Foster, Greer, Thorbecke, 1984)
37. 37
Urban-rural regression decomposition
• Mean income:
• Growth rate:
• Test equation:
• Null hypothesis:
u
t
u
t
r
t
r
tt nn µµµ +=
r
t
u
t
r
t
u
t
r
t
u
t
u
t
r
t
r
tt nnnssss ln)]/([lnlnln Δ−+Δ+Δ=Δ µµµ
t
i
t
i
t
i
t ns µµ /=
t
r
tu
t
r
tu
t
r
t
nu
t
u
t
ur
t
r
t
r
t n
n
n
ssssP εηµηµηη +Δ−+Δ+Δ+=Δ ln).(lnlnln 0
H0: ηη =i
for i=r,u,n Population urbanization:
Kuznets + within-sector
distributional shifts
43. Unified decomposition
ttt
u
t
r
tt IKNGGPE ++++=Δ )ln(
•
r
G and
u
G : rural and urban growth in consumption.
• N: effect of the population shift controlling for growth
in mean consumption within each of the urban and
rural sectors. Thus this term also reflects any within-
sector distributional effects.
• K: the Kuznets effect of population shift holding
within-sector poverty levels constant.
• I : the interaction effects between sectoral poverty
change and population shift.
43
44. Unified decomposition results
Components of predicted change in poverty:
GR
GU
N K I
Total
predicted
change in
poverty
Rural
growth
Urban
growth
Population
shift with
intra-sector
distributional
change
Population shift
holding intra-
sectoral
distribution
constant (Kuznets
effect)
Interaction
between
sectoral poverty
change and
population shift
Headcount: higher line
Pre-91
Annual %age change -1.16 -0.53 0.01 -0.60 -0.04 0.00
Share of pred. annual change 100.0 45.7 -1.0 52.0 3.2 0.1
Post-91
Annual %age change -4.67 -3.26 -2.93 1.55 -0.04 0.01
Share of pred. annual change 100.0 69.8 62.7 -33.1 0.9 -0.2
Poverty gap: higher line
Pre-91
Annual %age change -1.86 -0.86 -0.12 -0.89 0.00 0.00
Share of pred. annual change 100.0 46.3 6.3 47.7 -0.2 -0.2
Post-91
Annual %age change -6.49 -2.71 -5.32 1.52 0.01 0.01
Share of pred. annual change 100.0 41.7 82.0 -23.4 -0.2 -0.2
44
46. Change in log Headcount
(Lower Line)
Change in log Headcount
(Higher Line)
Unrestricted
model Restricted model
Unrestricted
model
Restricted
model
Variable or statistic Coeff. t-ratio Coeff. t-ratio Coeff. t-ratio Coeff. t-ratio
Pre-91 variables:
Primary sector growth -1.138 -4.59 -1.143 -4.58 -0.823 -3.41 -0.817 -3.43
Secondary sector growth 4.496 2.71 4.510 2.75 2.941 2.64 2.921 2.66
Tertiary sector growth -3.582 -3.20 -3.581 -3.28 -2.395 -3.30 -2.396 -3.42
Post-91 variables:
Primary sector growth -1.965 -0.22 -2.053 -0.33
Secondary sector growth -1.637 -0.32 -0.548 -0.15
Tertiary sector growth -1.510 -1.07 -1.360 -1.33
NDP growth -1.551 -2.79 -1.199 -2.95
Variables common to both
periods:
Change in log ratio of CPI to NDP
deflator 1.224 4.44 1.235 4.22 0.847 4.08 0.831 3.76
Change in binary var. for an MRP
estimate -0.320 -4.73 -0.321 -5.45 -0.219 -4.91 -0.224 -5.56
Number of observations 40 40 40 40
R-squared 0.656 0.655 0.660 0.658
Wald test of restrictions: prob >
F(2, 32)
Pre-91: π1 = π2 = π3 0.002 0.008
Post-91: π1 = π2 = π3 0.999 0.977
Note: The Table gives least squares estimates with heteroscedasticity and autocorrelation-consistent standard errors.
46
47. Change in log Poverty Gap
(Higher Line)
Change in log Squared Poverty Gap
(Higher Line)
Unrestricted
model
Restricted
model
Unrestricted
model
Restricted
model
Variable or statistic Coeff. t-ratio Coeff. t-ratio Coeff. t-ratio Coeff. t-ratio
Pre-91 variables:
Primary sector growth -1.378 -5.47 -1.367 -5.56 -1.763 -5.13 -1.751 -5.30
Secondary sector growth 4.931 2.66 4.899 2.72 6.354 2.38 6.319 2.45
Tertiary sector growth -4.128 -3.50 -4.129 -3.64 -5.376 -3.30 -5.377 -3.43
Post-91 variables:
Primary sector growth -0.217 -0.02 1.747 0.15
Secondary sector growth -1.349 -0.25 -2.104 -0.30
Tertiary sector growth -1.856 -1.28 -2.138 -1.18
NDP growth -1.624 -2.86 -1.880 -2.71
Variables common to both periods:
Change in log ratio of CPI to NDP
deflator 1.427 4.46 1.403 4.73 1.864 4.38 1.837 4.94
Change in binary var. for an MRP
estimate -0.354 -4.68 -0.351 -5.59 -0.458 -4.32 -0.448 -5.19
Number of observations 40 40 40 40
R-squared 0.668 0.666 0.652 0.648
Wald test of restrictions: prob > F(2, 32)
Pre-91: π1 = π2 = π3 0.005 0.019
Post-91: π1 = π2 = π3 0.981 0.945
Note: The Table gives least squares estimates 47
48. Decomposition of change in national measures
Components of predicted change in poverty:
Total
change
in
poverty
Total
predicted
change in
poverty
Total
predicted
change in
poverty
without
population
growth
Primary
sector
NDP
growth
Secondary
sector
NDP
growth
Tertiary
sector
NDP
growth
NA
Deflator-
CPI drift
Headcount: higher line
Pre-91
Annual %age change -0.90 -0.78 -1.80 -0.78 3.41 -4.47 0.05
Share of predicted annual change 100.0 43.1 -189.6 249.0 -2.6
Post-91
Annual %age change -4.79 -5.87 -7.89 -0.73 -1.87 -4.99 -0.25
Share of predicted annual change 100.0 9.3 23.7 63.3 3.1
Squared Poverty Gap: higher line
Pre-91
Annual %age change -2.68 -1.89 -4.23 -1.66 7.37 -10.04 0.10
Share of predicted annual change 100.0 39.3 -174.1 237.2 -2.4
Post-91
Annual %age change -8.16 -9.35 -12.52 -1.14 -2.94 -7.82 -0.54
Share of predicted annual change 100.0 9.1 23.4 62.5 4.3
48
49. In summary
• Post-1991 data suggest sector-neutrality in the poverty
reducing effect of growth in net domestic product.
– Unlike the pre-91 period, when only primary and tertiary
sector growth contributed to poverty reduction, after 91 all
three sectors have had a significant impact.
• The tertiary sector has the highest (absolute) growth
elasticity of poverty reduction, about twice as high as
those for the primary and secondary sector.
• This reflects both the changing nature of the growth
process as well as the large structural transformation of
the Indian economy over the last two decades with the
secondary and tertiary sectors now accounting for much
larger shares of national output and employment.
49
51. 51
Trend rates of poverty reduction by state (1970-2000)
0.4
0.5
0.6
0.6
0.8
0.8
0.9
0.9
1.1
1.1
1.2
1.2
1.3
1.8
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0
Assam
Bihar
Punjab & Haryana
Uttar Pradesh
Karnataka
Madhya Pradesh
Rajasthan
Maharashtra
Orissa
Andhra Pradesh
Gujarat
Tamil Nadu
West Bengal
Kerala
% points per year
India: Some lessons from sub-national
data
52. 52
Why has poverty fallen so much faster in
some states than others?
• Higher average farm yields, higher public spending on
development, higher non-farm output and lower inflation
were all poverty reducing in India
• Agricultural growth, development spending and inflation
had similar effects across states
• However, the response of poverty to non-farm output
growth in India varied significantly between states.
• The states with initially higher levels of human
development saw greater poverty impacts from non-farm
growth. Better infrastructure also helped.
εηπγβββ itiiitiit
GOV
iit
YLD
iit
NFP
iit ++tINF+GOVYLDNFP=P +++ lnlnlnln
53. 53
India: Elasticities of poverty to non-farm
economic growth
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
2 4 6 8 10 12 14
H PG SPG
Elasticities of poverty to
non-farm output
Kerala WB
Bihar
AP
54. 54
Initial conditions matter to the impact of
growth on poverty
• Low farm productivity, low rural living standards
relative to urban areas and poor basic education all
inhibited the prospects of the poor participating in
growth of India’s non-farm sector.
• Rural and human resource development appear to be
strongly synergistic with poverty reduction through an
expanding non-farm economy.