This document discusses sustainability in urban development in India and the impediments to achieving sustainable urban growth. It outlines some of the key challenges facing urban development in India, including unequal urban growth between regions, deficiencies in basic services like water and sanitation, lack of affordable housing, and scarcity of land. The document proposes solutions to these problems based on the three pillars of sustainability from Agenda 21: economic sustainability, social sustainability, and environmental sustainability. Specific solutions addressed include improving public-private partnerships for infrastructure, adopting more sustainable practices for waste management, energy use, transportation, water management, and housing development.
Options for making affordable housing for all a reality in urban India (1)JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation tries to briefly dwelling on affordable housing in the context of India- Explaining the role and importance of housing in urban spaces , issues, challenges and roadblock faced and options available for making housing for all a distinct reality
Re-inventing and Re-defining Urban Planning for Promoting Sustainable Mega Ci...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper make an attempt to understand the planning related issues and options for the mega cities with focus on capital City of Lahorein Pakistan, its growth and development post 1947 and the options which can be leveataged to make the city sustainable and livable. Paper looks at the good practices used in the planning of capital city of Chandigarh and also at the option of decentralising these cities. Look at the size, economic role and its criticality in the development of the state/region, --suggestion has been made to plan and devlop these mega cities in the regional/ national context.so as to enable them to play their designated role. However, these cities need to be made resilient to make them withstand any manmade/natural disasters. These cities despite their criticality and importance remain diffficult to manage and govern.
Presentatio tries to bring out context of the cities in the overall development of communities and nations, and the manner cities are being subjected to devlopmental and population pressure. As engines of economic growth cities are known to have environmental, ecological and infrastructure implications besides becoming the major propeller of global warming and climate change. Looking at the role and importance of cities in alleviating poverty, pollution and numerous other growing dualitues and contradictions, presentation focusses on how to make growth and development of cities more rational, sustaianble, inclusive, safe abd resilient.
Designing for smart and Inclusive Cities in indiaJitKumarGupta1
Making cities Smart remains an illusion/ mirage and a fallacy in this world, which is illogically and irrationally being chased and promoted by politician, administrators and people in the power. How can cities be made Smart, both conceptually and physically, when cities are marked by dualities and contradictions, when it cannot take care of its stakeholders; Create ownership among them; provide them basic infrastructures, amenities and services; assure them appropriate employment and economic options; provide them with reasonable shelter; ensure healthy living. Cities cannot be made Smart till poverty continue to rule the cities; where planning remains marginalized/diluted; where multiplicity of agencies continue to operate and rule in contradiction to each other; where decision made remain mired with subjectivity; where there is total lack of ownership; where leadership has no understanding of the city growth and development and where manpower deployed remain inadequately qualified to understand and address the issues of urbanization. Cities would require more focus and will need care and caution, provided with the input of professionals who can lead the cities to make them more livable. I think need is to move from and focus on promoting livability rather than smartness. How can we achieve the objective of livability, should remain the agenda for all professionals and stake holders involved with making cities Smart.
Housing remains one of the most valuable right and asset of the mankind besides the major issue for all developing nations. It is both a challenge and opportunity. Paper tries to define strategies which can help achieve the objective of shelter for all
Options for making affordable housing for all a reality in urban India (1)JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Presentation tries to briefly dwelling on affordable housing in the context of India- Explaining the role and importance of housing in urban spaces , issues, challenges and roadblock faced and options available for making housing for all a distinct reality
Re-inventing and Re-defining Urban Planning for Promoting Sustainable Mega Ci...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper make an attempt to understand the planning related issues and options for the mega cities with focus on capital City of Lahorein Pakistan, its growth and development post 1947 and the options which can be leveataged to make the city sustainable and livable. Paper looks at the good practices used in the planning of capital city of Chandigarh and also at the option of decentralising these cities. Look at the size, economic role and its criticality in the development of the state/region, --suggestion has been made to plan and devlop these mega cities in the regional/ national context.so as to enable them to play their designated role. However, these cities need to be made resilient to make them withstand any manmade/natural disasters. These cities despite their criticality and importance remain diffficult to manage and govern.
Presentatio tries to bring out context of the cities in the overall development of communities and nations, and the manner cities are being subjected to devlopmental and population pressure. As engines of economic growth cities are known to have environmental, ecological and infrastructure implications besides becoming the major propeller of global warming and climate change. Looking at the role and importance of cities in alleviating poverty, pollution and numerous other growing dualitues and contradictions, presentation focusses on how to make growth and development of cities more rational, sustaianble, inclusive, safe abd resilient.
Designing for smart and Inclusive Cities in indiaJitKumarGupta1
Making cities Smart remains an illusion/ mirage and a fallacy in this world, which is illogically and irrationally being chased and promoted by politician, administrators and people in the power. How can cities be made Smart, both conceptually and physically, when cities are marked by dualities and contradictions, when it cannot take care of its stakeholders; Create ownership among them; provide them basic infrastructures, amenities and services; assure them appropriate employment and economic options; provide them with reasonable shelter; ensure healthy living. Cities cannot be made Smart till poverty continue to rule the cities; where planning remains marginalized/diluted; where multiplicity of agencies continue to operate and rule in contradiction to each other; where decision made remain mired with subjectivity; where there is total lack of ownership; where leadership has no understanding of the city growth and development and where manpower deployed remain inadequately qualified to understand and address the issues of urbanization. Cities would require more focus and will need care and caution, provided with the input of professionals who can lead the cities to make them more livable. I think need is to move from and focus on promoting livability rather than smartness. How can we achieve the objective of livability, should remain the agenda for all professionals and stake holders involved with making cities Smart.
Housing remains one of the most valuable right and asset of the mankind besides the major issue for all developing nations. It is both a challenge and opportunity. Paper tries to define strategies which can help achieve the objective of shelter for all
Strategy for Promoting Sustainable Cities in IndiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper is an attempt to look at the options to make cities more livable, sustainable, productive, effective, efficient and inclusive in the face of rapid, massive,unplanned and haphazard urbanisation.
Participatory Rural Development in Nigeria An Assessment of the 3’I’s Initiat...YogeshIJTSRD
Genuine rural development in a developing society depend largely on the participation of the rural dwellers on the policy formulation and implementation, especially in the area of development project. The rural people play a vital role in the economic and political develop of the nation. In spite of the facts that the bulk of economic produce as well as vote come from the rural area but the development is nothing to write about because the rural people are not involved in the policy formulation and implementation by the pass administration in the state. Fapetu Oluwadamilola V | Siyaka Mohammed "Participatory Rural Development in Nigeria: An Assessment of the 3’I’s Initiatives in Ondo State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38663.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/38663/participatory-rural-development-in-nigeria-an-assessment-of-the-3’i’s-initiatives-in-ondo-state/fapetu-oluwadamilola-v
Strategies for Promoting Good Governanace at Local Level urban g overnance (1...JitKumarGupta1
McKinsey Report , ‘How to Make a City Great-,outlines three-pronged strategy, to make cities great places to live and work, involving Achieving Smart Growth by adopting a strategic approach, planning for a change, integrating environmental thinking and insisting on opportunities for all; Doing More with Less by assessing and managing expenses rigorously, exploring partnerships, introducing accountability and embracing technology ; Winning Support for a Change by crafting a personal vision, building a high performing team ,creating a culture of accountability and forging stakeholder consensus. 74th Constitution Amendment, mandates ULBs to emerge as government in its own right .Looking at their structure ,resources and culture, it appears that their capacity in urban governance is totally lacking, considering the growing size, population and complexities of the problems /challenges posed by the urban areas, If good urban governance through local bodies is to be ensured, their capacity to govern has to be improved by providing them necessary skills in terms of institutional, technical, administrative and political capacities. For creating appropriate capacity, State must create options for skilling manpower t ; making available Sufficient resources; improving Personnel management ; incentivising local bodies by recognizing good work done by the local bodies. Examples of good governance need dissemination for replication and to build on such examples and ensure that every urban centre to fulfill the vision of a planned, healthy, productive, sustainable, liveable and efficient settlementin.
Urbanization, Changing Economic Landscape and Policy Response in India: A Stu...Premier Publishers
India’s neoliberal practices introduced with new economic policy insisted a globalization process that remains an influence on city development strategy, planning policy and reorganization of urban space. This has come as growing recognition of cities a key player in economic growth, globalization and development of the country resulted in the launch of a handful urban policy in India. They all in common aim at making cities more competitive and investment friendly. Hence, this gives rise to emergence of new economic landscape. Many states with good resources and intelligent manpower have been forerunner in materializing the advantages of globalization. The present paper suggests that the Empowered Action Group States with higher population size coupled with poverty and low level of urbanization, have not been equally active in spurting urban growth and bringing faster development in their regions. Many of these States might have not seen urban development on their prioritized concerns. The study reveals that lack of institutional capacity, financial bottleneck, and unwillingness to foster urban reforms has been the major challenges to be addressed.
Issues and options for housing the urban poor in indiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper looks at the current status of Housing in India, roadblocks which are hampering the supply of housing the poor and suggests few strategies for creating housing stock for them to achieve the objective of Housing for All by 2022
IED's Hyun Son was invited to deliver a lecture on inclusive growth at the Stephen Zuelling Graduate School of the Asian Institute of Management. Her lecture dealt with issues on measurement and operationalization of inclusive growth for Asia and the Pacific. Dean moderated the lecture, which was attended by around 50 participants
Comprehensive Development of Amritsar- Need for A Planning and Urban Develop...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper was written when Amritsar development Authority was not created and Amritsar Master Plan was in evolution. Paper was written primarily to focus on the need of creating a dedicated agency for promoting the planned development of Amritsar Metroplis. Paper is being published by adding the post srcipt in the already published text
Paper tries to look at the planning, growth and development of cities and the manner in which they can be made sustainable in the context of 17 SDG. It tries to define agenda for their planning and governance while considering the new urbanism.
India, alongwith most of the third world countries face grave challenges in the field of housing and urban development; population and poverty being foremost. The presentation deals with the existing scenario and the efforts being undertaken in India to overcome the grim situation, both in the field of housing and urban development.
Housing is a great challenge for all the third world countries. India is no exception; but late recently, it has taken highly proactive actions to overcome the gap between demand an supply. The presentation describes various initiatives of the Government in this regard.
Sustaibale cities -Suggestive approach to make cities energy efficientJitKumarGupta1
The way cities use land, consume energy, eat up resources and impact the quality of life and environment, they are fast emerging as ecological disasters. Uncontrolled and haphazard growth devours land, water and energy from the surrounding landscape. The emerging contemporary patterns of settlements, have created cities which have high level of consumptions of energy due to auto dependence; high energy demand for buildings; water pollution from excessive toxic run off; air pollution and other environmental effects which considerably increase health risks.For the exorbitant, energy and ecological prices, these patterns do not even buy an appropriate quality of life. Cities of 21st century are totally divorced from aesthetic and ecological experience of nature. People are made to spend number of hours for commuting on daily basis. In the emerging social fabric, neighbours are not friends, communities are not tied to place and millions, too poor to afford basic amenities of life to lead a dignified life. Invasion of automobiles has made cities highly noisy, energy inefficient, congested and largely frustrating. Besides causing global macro ecological problems, current settlement patterns have created host of local ecological problems. World life habitats have become extinct; native species are replaced by consumptive exotics; streams are canalized, piped and buried; wetlands are filled and aquifers depleted. Urban heat islands created drive up energy use for cooling besides trapping pollutants in the city. Downstream areas are flooded and polluted largely by the quick run off from large paved areas. All these problems, collectively and individually, have the ability to adversely impact the local ecology. Accordingly, local ecological systems are rapidly losing their ability to produce clean water, air and food and to maintain rich variety of habitat and are fast losing their ability to sustain life.
Each of these environmental problems has their genesis in the design of cities, settlement patterns and urban spatial fabric. Human habitat needs restructuring on priority so that we live within the limits imposed by our life sustaining eco-systems and follow the basic principles which promote the quality of life.To minimize the energy consumption levels and the ecological disasters caused by today’s grey cities, we have to change our perceptions, to learn and think ecologically to create green cities which are both humane and sustainable besides least consumers of energy
Presentation explains the positioning of villages in the Indian context , identify the problems faced by them and defining options to make them more vibrant, livable, sustainable and productive so that they can launch India on the path of economic emancipation and make India global leaders in the art and science of planning, designing and developing human settlements. Presentation also explains the role of village in making urban India sustainable.
Redefining Planning Strategies for Promoting Sustainable Urban SettJitKumarGupta1
Urbanisation in developing economies is fast emerging as a process of transfer of rural poverty to urban environment, leading to concentration of misery; creating distortions and emergence of numerous imbalances and problems. Accordingly, urban settlements are suffering from improper and haphazard development, absence of basic infrastructures and services, lack of housing, high degree of visual and environmental degradation and uncontrolled traffic etc. The cumulative effect of these factors is the degradation of quality of life in urban settlements and large number of subsidies required to keep them operational. Indian urbanization is characterized by urbanization of population, urbanization of poverty, urbanization of pollution and urbanization of environment.Looking at the existing scenario, all evidences suggest that despite best of the efforts of Planners to contain the population and limit and regulate the growth of large cities, they continue to grow and expand at an alarming pace; despite best of the efforts to promote planned growth, haphazard and unplanned development has emerged as the order of the day; despite best efforts made to contain slums, their number and size are growing much faster; despite pursuing the objective of ensuring quality of life to all, majority of urban dwellers are facing deprivation and lack of access to housing, basic amenities and facilities resulting in constant degradation of living environment. Thus, wide gaps have emerged over the years between what is planned and what actually comes on the ground.The dualities and contradictions emerging in the settlement scenario accordingly call for having a closer look at the very mechanism of city planning, development and management. It also calls for evaluating the concepts and systems, which have been followed in the past, for promoting planned growth of human settlements and have resulted in high level of distortions emerging in settlement planning and development mechanism. Since the existing systems and concepts have resulted in widening the gap between planning and development and have failed to achieve the goal of planned growth, surely it calls for their substitutions by some innovative concepts and systems, which would remove emerging distortions, dualities and contradictions in the settlement planning and make them rational and orderlu.
Comact City as an Option for Making Urban India more Sustainable and LivableJitKumarGupta1
Cities and towns remain critical in chartering and scripting the development trajectory of any community/nation. Structural transformation of the economy, sustaining high rates of economic growth and realization of economic potential is largely contingent on the efficacy and efficiency of urban settlements and rationalization of the process of urbanization. Well-managed, urbanization is known to fosters social and economic advancement and improved quality of life. However, cities are globally facing greater threat and challenges in terms of growing number of urban residents living in informal settlements , inadequate urban services, climate change; global warming; exclusion and rising inequality and poverty; rising insecurity; growing migration, rising global carbon emission. The current models and framework/approach to urbanization and urban planning remains highly unsustainable. Majority of Indian cities lack planning, capacity and preparedness to manage and counter effectively the challenges associated with rapid and massive urbanization. Accordingly, new agenda will be essential and critical to defined /effectively address the emerging challenges and take advantage of the opportunities offered by urbanization. The new urban agenda should promote human settlements that are planned, designed and managed to be environmentally sustainable; socially inclusive and economically productive. Compact city, as a role model of urban planning and development, offer enormous opportunities and options, to make cities more effective and efficient intense dense, efficient. Compact city is also known for its distinct quality of offering enormous opportunities to make cities more sustainable, socially interactive, walkable , cost-effective, land -efficient, productive, socially and environmentally, easy to develop/maintain. Accordingly, appropriate urban planning, development and management framework needs to be put in place and made operational on priority to make compact city model a distinct reality.
By nature, humans are social creatures and thrive in urban spaces that foster social connections. Cities are essential to sustainable development since they are the center of economic development. They interact extensively with surrounding and with the rest of the world. The sustainable city concept focuses on improving the conditions of the urban areas in order to create healthy, pleasant, livable, inclusive, safe, and resilient cities where residents want to live and work. This chapter provides an introduction on sustainable cities. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Uwakwe C. Chukwu | Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi | Sarhan M. Musa "Sustainable Cities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46454.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46454/sustainable-cities/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Compact city as an Option for Making Indian Cities Smart and SustainableJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper, written jointly with Ar Anoop Sharma from SMVDU Jammu, tries to look holistically at the prevailing pattern of India urbanization and planning and designing of Indian cities. Paper tries to underline the problems faced by cities in terms of environment, pollution, land , slums, traffic& transportation, housing,services etc and tries to suggest solutions looking at the advantages offed by the compact cities in terms of optimizing land, minimising travel/pollution, making cities development cost-effective, efficient and promoting walking instead of using fossil fuel propelled mechanical transportation. to make cities more livable and sustainable, resilient, safe and inclusive
Strategy for Promoting Sustainable Cities in IndiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper is an attempt to look at the options to make cities more livable, sustainable, productive, effective, efficient and inclusive in the face of rapid, massive,unplanned and haphazard urbanisation.
Participatory Rural Development in Nigeria An Assessment of the 3’I’s Initiat...YogeshIJTSRD
Genuine rural development in a developing society depend largely on the participation of the rural dwellers on the policy formulation and implementation, especially in the area of development project. The rural people play a vital role in the economic and political develop of the nation. In spite of the facts that the bulk of economic produce as well as vote come from the rural area but the development is nothing to write about because the rural people are not involved in the policy formulation and implementation by the pass administration in the state. Fapetu Oluwadamilola V | Siyaka Mohammed "Participatory Rural Development in Nigeria: An Assessment of the 3’I’s Initiatives in Ondo State" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-3 , April 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd38663.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/sociology/38663/participatory-rural-development-in-nigeria-an-assessment-of-the-3’i’s-initiatives-in-ondo-state/fapetu-oluwadamilola-v
Strategies for Promoting Good Governanace at Local Level urban g overnance (1...JitKumarGupta1
McKinsey Report , ‘How to Make a City Great-,outlines three-pronged strategy, to make cities great places to live and work, involving Achieving Smart Growth by adopting a strategic approach, planning for a change, integrating environmental thinking and insisting on opportunities for all; Doing More with Less by assessing and managing expenses rigorously, exploring partnerships, introducing accountability and embracing technology ; Winning Support for a Change by crafting a personal vision, building a high performing team ,creating a culture of accountability and forging stakeholder consensus. 74th Constitution Amendment, mandates ULBs to emerge as government in its own right .Looking at their structure ,resources and culture, it appears that their capacity in urban governance is totally lacking, considering the growing size, population and complexities of the problems /challenges posed by the urban areas, If good urban governance through local bodies is to be ensured, their capacity to govern has to be improved by providing them necessary skills in terms of institutional, technical, administrative and political capacities. For creating appropriate capacity, State must create options for skilling manpower t ; making available Sufficient resources; improving Personnel management ; incentivising local bodies by recognizing good work done by the local bodies. Examples of good governance need dissemination for replication and to build on such examples and ensure that every urban centre to fulfill the vision of a planned, healthy, productive, sustainable, liveable and efficient settlementin.
Urbanization, Changing Economic Landscape and Policy Response in India: A Stu...Premier Publishers
India’s neoliberal practices introduced with new economic policy insisted a globalization process that remains an influence on city development strategy, planning policy and reorganization of urban space. This has come as growing recognition of cities a key player in economic growth, globalization and development of the country resulted in the launch of a handful urban policy in India. They all in common aim at making cities more competitive and investment friendly. Hence, this gives rise to emergence of new economic landscape. Many states with good resources and intelligent manpower have been forerunner in materializing the advantages of globalization. The present paper suggests that the Empowered Action Group States with higher population size coupled with poverty and low level of urbanization, have not been equally active in spurting urban growth and bringing faster development in their regions. Many of these States might have not seen urban development on their prioritized concerns. The study reveals that lack of institutional capacity, financial bottleneck, and unwillingness to foster urban reforms has been the major challenges to be addressed.
Issues and options for housing the urban poor in indiaJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper looks at the current status of Housing in India, roadblocks which are hampering the supply of housing the poor and suggests few strategies for creating housing stock for them to achieve the objective of Housing for All by 2022
IED's Hyun Son was invited to deliver a lecture on inclusive growth at the Stephen Zuelling Graduate School of the Asian Institute of Management. Her lecture dealt with issues on measurement and operationalization of inclusive growth for Asia and the Pacific. Dean moderated the lecture, which was attended by around 50 participants
Comprehensive Development of Amritsar- Need for A Planning and Urban Develop...JIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper was written when Amritsar development Authority was not created and Amritsar Master Plan was in evolution. Paper was written primarily to focus on the need of creating a dedicated agency for promoting the planned development of Amritsar Metroplis. Paper is being published by adding the post srcipt in the already published text
Paper tries to look at the planning, growth and development of cities and the manner in which they can be made sustainable in the context of 17 SDG. It tries to define agenda for their planning and governance while considering the new urbanism.
India, alongwith most of the third world countries face grave challenges in the field of housing and urban development; population and poverty being foremost. The presentation deals with the existing scenario and the efforts being undertaken in India to overcome the grim situation, both in the field of housing and urban development.
Housing is a great challenge for all the third world countries. India is no exception; but late recently, it has taken highly proactive actions to overcome the gap between demand an supply. The presentation describes various initiatives of the Government in this regard.
Sustaibale cities -Suggestive approach to make cities energy efficientJitKumarGupta1
The way cities use land, consume energy, eat up resources and impact the quality of life and environment, they are fast emerging as ecological disasters. Uncontrolled and haphazard growth devours land, water and energy from the surrounding landscape. The emerging contemporary patterns of settlements, have created cities which have high level of consumptions of energy due to auto dependence; high energy demand for buildings; water pollution from excessive toxic run off; air pollution and other environmental effects which considerably increase health risks.For the exorbitant, energy and ecological prices, these patterns do not even buy an appropriate quality of life. Cities of 21st century are totally divorced from aesthetic and ecological experience of nature. People are made to spend number of hours for commuting on daily basis. In the emerging social fabric, neighbours are not friends, communities are not tied to place and millions, too poor to afford basic amenities of life to lead a dignified life. Invasion of automobiles has made cities highly noisy, energy inefficient, congested and largely frustrating. Besides causing global macro ecological problems, current settlement patterns have created host of local ecological problems. World life habitats have become extinct; native species are replaced by consumptive exotics; streams are canalized, piped and buried; wetlands are filled and aquifers depleted. Urban heat islands created drive up energy use for cooling besides trapping pollutants in the city. Downstream areas are flooded and polluted largely by the quick run off from large paved areas. All these problems, collectively and individually, have the ability to adversely impact the local ecology. Accordingly, local ecological systems are rapidly losing their ability to produce clean water, air and food and to maintain rich variety of habitat and are fast losing their ability to sustain life.
Each of these environmental problems has their genesis in the design of cities, settlement patterns and urban spatial fabric. Human habitat needs restructuring on priority so that we live within the limits imposed by our life sustaining eco-systems and follow the basic principles which promote the quality of life.To minimize the energy consumption levels and the ecological disasters caused by today’s grey cities, we have to change our perceptions, to learn and think ecologically to create green cities which are both humane and sustainable besides least consumers of energy
Presentation explains the positioning of villages in the Indian context , identify the problems faced by them and defining options to make them more vibrant, livable, sustainable and productive so that they can launch India on the path of economic emancipation and make India global leaders in the art and science of planning, designing and developing human settlements. Presentation also explains the role of village in making urban India sustainable.
Redefining Planning Strategies for Promoting Sustainable Urban SettJitKumarGupta1
Urbanisation in developing economies is fast emerging as a process of transfer of rural poverty to urban environment, leading to concentration of misery; creating distortions and emergence of numerous imbalances and problems. Accordingly, urban settlements are suffering from improper and haphazard development, absence of basic infrastructures and services, lack of housing, high degree of visual and environmental degradation and uncontrolled traffic etc. The cumulative effect of these factors is the degradation of quality of life in urban settlements and large number of subsidies required to keep them operational. Indian urbanization is characterized by urbanization of population, urbanization of poverty, urbanization of pollution and urbanization of environment.Looking at the existing scenario, all evidences suggest that despite best of the efforts of Planners to contain the population and limit and regulate the growth of large cities, they continue to grow and expand at an alarming pace; despite best of the efforts to promote planned growth, haphazard and unplanned development has emerged as the order of the day; despite best efforts made to contain slums, their number and size are growing much faster; despite pursuing the objective of ensuring quality of life to all, majority of urban dwellers are facing deprivation and lack of access to housing, basic amenities and facilities resulting in constant degradation of living environment. Thus, wide gaps have emerged over the years between what is planned and what actually comes on the ground.The dualities and contradictions emerging in the settlement scenario accordingly call for having a closer look at the very mechanism of city planning, development and management. It also calls for evaluating the concepts and systems, which have been followed in the past, for promoting planned growth of human settlements and have resulted in high level of distortions emerging in settlement planning and development mechanism. Since the existing systems and concepts have resulted in widening the gap between planning and development and have failed to achieve the goal of planned growth, surely it calls for their substitutions by some innovative concepts and systems, which would remove emerging distortions, dualities and contradictions in the settlement planning and make them rational and orderlu.
Comact City as an Option for Making Urban India more Sustainable and LivableJitKumarGupta1
Cities and towns remain critical in chartering and scripting the development trajectory of any community/nation. Structural transformation of the economy, sustaining high rates of economic growth and realization of economic potential is largely contingent on the efficacy and efficiency of urban settlements and rationalization of the process of urbanization. Well-managed, urbanization is known to fosters social and economic advancement and improved quality of life. However, cities are globally facing greater threat and challenges in terms of growing number of urban residents living in informal settlements , inadequate urban services, climate change; global warming; exclusion and rising inequality and poverty; rising insecurity; growing migration, rising global carbon emission. The current models and framework/approach to urbanization and urban planning remains highly unsustainable. Majority of Indian cities lack planning, capacity and preparedness to manage and counter effectively the challenges associated with rapid and massive urbanization. Accordingly, new agenda will be essential and critical to defined /effectively address the emerging challenges and take advantage of the opportunities offered by urbanization. The new urban agenda should promote human settlements that are planned, designed and managed to be environmentally sustainable; socially inclusive and economically productive. Compact city, as a role model of urban planning and development, offer enormous opportunities and options, to make cities more effective and efficient intense dense, efficient. Compact city is also known for its distinct quality of offering enormous opportunities to make cities more sustainable, socially interactive, walkable , cost-effective, land -efficient, productive, socially and environmentally, easy to develop/maintain. Accordingly, appropriate urban planning, development and management framework needs to be put in place and made operational on priority to make compact city model a distinct reality.
By nature, humans are social creatures and thrive in urban spaces that foster social connections. Cities are essential to sustainable development since they are the center of economic development. They interact extensively with surrounding and with the rest of the world. The sustainable city concept focuses on improving the conditions of the urban areas in order to create healthy, pleasant, livable, inclusive, safe, and resilient cities where residents want to live and work. This chapter provides an introduction on sustainable cities. Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Uwakwe C. Chukwu | Abayomi Ajayi-Majebi | Sarhan M. Musa "Sustainable Cities" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-6 , October 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd46454.pdf Paper URL : https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/46454/sustainable-cities/matthew-n-o-sadiku
Compact city as an Option for Making Indian Cities Smart and SustainableJIT KUMAR GUPTA
Paper, written jointly with Ar Anoop Sharma from SMVDU Jammu, tries to look holistically at the prevailing pattern of India urbanization and planning and designing of Indian cities. Paper tries to underline the problems faced by cities in terms of environment, pollution, land , slums, traffic& transportation, housing,services etc and tries to suggest solutions looking at the advantages offed by the compact cities in terms of optimizing land, minimising travel/pollution, making cities development cost-effective, efficient and promoting walking instead of using fossil fuel propelled mechanical transportation. to make cities more livable and sustainable, resilient, safe and inclusive
Urban planning and urban governance invariably remain people centric having prime concern/focus on looking at/ promoting the welfare of the people, improving their social, physical, economic and environmental conditions besides improving quality of life. Both are mandated to create supportive/enabling conditions and environment to help people to perform their basic functions involving living, working , care of body & spirits and circulation, in a most effective / efficient manner. Accordingly urban planning and urban governance remain interlinked /integrated, and have close relationship. No good urban governance can exist in isolation/ without the input of good and rational planning. Looking at the entire context of good urban governance, it can be fairly concluded that effective urban planning holds the key to good urban governance. Poor urban governance has its genesis in poor urban planning. For enabling urban planning to play its desired and designated role in urban governance, it will be essential that operational mechanism of existing pattern of urban planning is critically looked into, reviewed, revised and re-defined to made it more responsive to the emerging urban dynamism/challenges. Unfortunately, in India, role of urban planners has been diluted and marginalized and has never been given appropriate recognition. Limited numbers of planning institutions have contributed to restricting the number of qualified professionals. With urban centres holding the key, future growth and development of the cities will be contingent largely upon the proficiency, efficacy and efficiency of ‘Planning Profession and Professionals’. However, , for planners/planning to play its ordained role, they have to be made more responsive , professionally competent, having capacity /expertise to understand /appreciate the complexities of urban growth and development, based on prevailing ground realities, and evolving appropriate options. .Planning tools will also require review and redefining to make them more effective and efficient.
Rural development is the cornerstone of sustainable development, and the SDGs recognize its importance. The truth, however, is different in that rural issues tend to take a backseat compared to urban problems.
Planning Smart cities- Concepts and Practices.docxJIT KUMAR GUPTA
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Sustainability in Urban Development: Impediments to Urban India's Sustainable Growth
1. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention
ISSN (Online): 2319 – 7722, ISSN (Print): 2319 – 7714
www.ijhssi.org ||Volume 6 Issue 3||March. 2017 || PP.90-94
www.ijhssi.org 90 | Page
Sustainability in Urban Development: Impediments to Urban
India's Sustainable Growth
Paramita Chakraborty
Assistant Teacher,Political Science, Nalanda Vidyapeeth ,Kolkata, India
ABSTRACT: "Many cities are caught in a 'perfect storm' of population growth , escalating adaptation needs
and substantial development deficits created by a shortage of human and financial resources , increasing levels
of informality, poor governance, environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, poverty and growing inequality."
- IPCC, 2014The lines quoted above sufficiently emphasize both the requirement and the importance of
sustainability in urban development. This article seeks to provide a scholarly insight into
sustainable urbandevelopment and discusses the challenges facing India in achieving sustainable urban
growth. Finally the article makes a few pertinent suggestions to improve urban development policies of India
along the lines of sustainability.
KEYWORDS: Emphasize, Insight, Pertinent, Policies, Scholarly, Sustainability.
I. INTRODUCTION
Sustainable Urban Development specifically means achieving a balance between the development of
urban areas and protection of the environment with an eye to equity in employment, shelter, basic services,
social infrastructure and transportation in urban areas. With rapid expansion of urban population in India there
has arisen a wide awareness about minimizing the environmental costs of urbanization. Concerns are raised at
environmental damages and depletion of non renewable resources and rising levels of pollution in urban areas.
In recent times, Indian cities have become places of urban environmental degradation and wasteful use of
resources, which is proving to be costly to generations present and future. So, keeping this in mind we discuss
sustainable urban development first and then seek sustainable solutions to different problems of Indian urban
development in the sections ahead.
II. PART A.
Sustainability in Urban Development - The concept
2.1. Urban Sustainability - The Definition
Urban Sustainability is the idea that a city can be organized without excessive reliance on the
surrounding countryside and be able to power itself with renewable sources of energy.Some commentators
define urban sustainability from the economic point of view as the potential of a city ' to reach qualitatively a
new level of socioeconomic, demographic output which in the long run reinforces the foundations of the urban
system.' Others, notably environmental activists, link 'urban sustainability' to broader social principles of
futurity, equity and participation, especially involvement of public citizens in the land development process.
2.2. Why sustainability in Urban Development is of paramount importance
Urbanization has the ability to transform the local and economic fabric of nations. Cities are
responsible for the bulk of production and consumption worldwide and are the primary engines of economic
growth and development. The dynamism of cities represents a major sustainable development opportunity. By
getting urban development right, cities can create jobs and offer better livelihoods; increase economic growth;
improve social inclusion; promote the decoupling of living standards and economic growth from environmental
resource use; protect local and regional ecosystems; reduce both urban and rural poverty; and drastically reduce
pollution. Sound urban development will accelerate progress towards achieving sustainable growth and also
help in ending extreme poverty. On the other hand, mistakes made in managing urban growth are very hard to
undo. Infrastructure investments, urban land-use systems, and layouts are literally cast in stone - with impacts
that may be difficult to alter for many decades. Without adequate management and investments, slums may
expand, and cities may fail to generate the jobs necessary to improve livelihood. As a result, inequalities,
exclusion and violence may increase. Countries may fail to decouple economic development from resource use,
and cities may fail to provide economic opportunities to surrounding rural areas and become vulnerable to
climate and other environmental changes. Cities around the world are struggling to accommodate their rising
populations and address the multi dimensional challenges of urban development. If current trends continue, few
countries stand to reap the benefits of sustainable urban development. Hence, how cities address the challenge is
of paramount importance today.
2. Sustainability in urban development: Impediments to Urban India's sustainable growth
www.ijhssi.org 91 | Page
III. 3. AGENDA 21 - THE GUIDING FORCE BEHIND THE IDEA OF URBAN
SUSTAINABILITY
Agenda 21 of the Earth Summit addresses the idea of ’sustainable development' of cities. It mandates
concrete planning and also implies abstract concepts that should guide the planning generally.The 'concrete
'plans proposed in Agenda 21 include equity, entrepreneurship, technology transfer, access to land, security of
land tenure, tenants' rights, liberalized credit policies and low-cost building material programs to 'sustainable''
urban living for the homeless and for the urban poor. It asks developing countries to foster small businesses in
the informal economic sector and developed countries to provide developing countries monetary and technical
aid. Within nations, wealthy districts are asked to provide clean water, sanitation, and waste collection services
to poorer ones.
Agenda 21 also proposes a number of tangible strategies like appropriate technology, transport reform
and urban renewal. Governments are asked to improve slums and also to build cities invulnerable to natural
disasters. National construction programs using local and non-polluting technologies are also encouraged.
In terms of planning principle, however, Agenda 21 introduces paradigm of urban development. This paradigm
actually relates to bringing sustainability to city planning practice.
IV. THE 3 PILLARS OF SUSTAINABILITY
The paradigm of sustainable development in cities rests on three pillars. These pillars are 'economic
sustainability’,'social sustainability' and 'environmental sustainability'.
Economic Sustainability - It implies a system of production that satisfies present consumption levels
without compromising future needs. It entails restraining resource use to ensure the 'sustainability'' of
natural capital. In planning practice 'economic sustainability' is to fashion a method of urban design that
meets the urban service needs of the general public, particularly the urban poor, while enhancing the
naturalness of the urban environment.
Social Sustainability - Social sustainability implies a system of social organization that alleviates poverty.
In planning practice the theory of 'social sustainability' calls for economic growth constrained by the
requirements of social equity. In order to link these, an enabling environment must be created that optimizes
resource use, prioritizes resource allocation, and fosters equitable resource distribution.
Environmental Sustainability - It requires maintaining natural capital as both a provider of economic inputs
and an absorber of economic outputs. In practical terms, the theory of 'environmental sustainability'
suggests a planning process that allows human society to ' live within the limitations of the biophysical
environment.'
V. PART B.
Problems plaguing the Urban Indian Development Story and Sustainable Solutions in line with Agenda
21 and the 3 pillars of Sustainability
5.1. Indian Urban Development - A tale of growth with barriers
The urban and rural areas in India have shown simultaneous and similar growth, with the urban
population growing more rapidly than the rural population. In 1960, the urban population of India was over 80
million, which was less than a quarter of the rural population. In 2013, this number increased to 400 million,
which was almost half the rural population. In the 1970s, the urban population of India experienced an abrupt
growth rate that rose to a high level of 4% which was largely attributed to massive public sector investment and
rapid urbanization. Since 1980, the urban and rural population growth rates of India have started to decline.
Although the urbanization in India has brought growth for its urban and rural population, the obstacles in social
mobility and the popularity of squatter developments have limited the population growth and the improvement
of living standards in the country. India has slums that are pervasive and have migrated from rural to urban
areas. As a result, social sustainability remains a sensitive issue in the context of the traditional hierarchical
system in India although its urban and rural populations appear to be changing stably.
5.2. Following are a few problems plaguing the Indian Urban Development and sustainable solutions to
the same in line with Agenda 21 and the 3 pillars of sustainable development:
5.2.1. Two India -The unequal urban growth problem:
India with its 30 states and seven union territories displays great regional disparities in terms of
economic growth andspecialization. In India, fast growth states or areas have skipped steps in the economic
development models and focused where they have comparative advantage, according to a 2006 IMF working
paper. That is, leading regions like Delhi, Karnataka (Bangalore) and Maharashtra (Mumbai) which embraced
the IT wave with their first-tier cities, have realized faster growth and rising incomes alongside better
infrastructure offerings. Conversely, slow growth or lagging regions - Bihar, MP, and Rajasthan and UP - suffer
3. Sustainability in urban development: Impediments to Urban India's sustainable growth
www.ijhssi.org 92 | Page
with growing poverty, less educated populations, which are expected to follow more traditional economic
growth and development patterns.
Solution - In line with Agenda 21, an antidote for both fast growth states attracting most of the foreign
investment - in dynamic cities such as Delhi, Mumbai, Bangalore and Chennai - and lagging states, may be a
new approach to private investment in infrastructure. As a new form of public-private partnership, global capital
markets can offer a viable source of funds, promote better governance, and bring transparency to infrastructures'
complexities. With India ready to further embark in public - private partnerships for infrastructure projects,
getting the formulas right is imperative. This can make the difference between further regional divergences and
politicization which deters reforms and development, and the opportunity for more balanced growth for those
who will need it most.
5.2.2. Problem in providing urban basic services –
In order for a city or urban area to be sustainable it needs to produce and manage basic services like
water, waste, energy and transportation in a way that conforms to the principles of sustainable development.
Indian cities are characterized by high density of population, deficiency in services and air pollution. In urban
India in 2001, 69 per cent of households had safe drinking water, 61 per cent of the households had their latrine
facilities within their houses and only 35 per cent of the households had closed drainage facilities (Census
2001). 88% of the urban households had electricity and only 0.2 per cent had solar energy in 2001(Census
2001).
Solution - Densities of Indian cities are very high. Management of the basic services should be done
keeping in mind the deficiency in the services, the environmental impacts and the inequality in the provision of
services. Thus we have two issues here the first one is covering the deficiencies in services in an environment
friendly way. Thus alternative options are needed which address the specific problem areas. Hence some
specific basic service problems and solutions are provided below.
Management of waste - Waste management practices should be started from the production and distribution
stages of economic activities through reuse and recycling. Reuse of things like metals, glass, paper, plastic,
textiles, organic waste and water will reduce demand for energy and raw materials, fertilizers and fresh
water sources. However, care should be taken that hazardous wastes do not go for recycling. Plastic should
be used less. As such the department of environment of the government of India recommended that other
'best practices' in waste management should be adopted in a large scale. The practices include vermiculture,
pelletisation, aerobic composting and so on.
Energy management - Energy management practices should be encouraged in the planning of buildings and
the city form. Buildings and city forms that are energy efficient and use sustainable energies like solar and
wind energies should be considered. There are fragments of evidences in India of settlements using solar
power, water recycling techniques and waste management practices. But in general the environment
friendly techniques are yet to be practiced in urban areas, especially in large cities where the difference
would be felt. City forms should be such that it uses energy efficient transport.
Managing inequality- Management of basic services in the cities should reduce inequality in services
between rich and poor. The concept of commercial viability does not hold for social services always. City
form should take into account social conditions also. The ability of the urban poor to pay for the full cost of
water supply would remain low in India.
Management of transportation and mobility systems - Traffic is one of the major development problems of
major cities of India and a major contributor to green-house gas emissions. The development options to
ease traffic include mass public transport, increased car-centric road transportation and shared economy
solutions. Mass transit public transport has higher up-front costs in terms if initial infrastructure investments
and service integration with existing transport options, although these costs can be mitigated through
innovative approaches such as bus rapid transit. Finally, there is a growing recognition of the potential
benefits of shared economy solutions such as car pooling and bike schemes that can save costs and protect
the environment. The lack of an integrated and efficient public transport system, meanwhile severely
hampers mobility and accessibility to social and economic activities, while also increasing pollution, traffic
hazards and costs to deliver public services. The challenge for Indian cities is to overcome the short-term
infrastructure investment costs of efficient mass transit systems, which requires political will, effective
planning and implementation and access to suitable financing.
Water management- The effect of climate change on water supply will be negative in almost all the
countries. Thus, care should be taken that energy efficient alternative systems are innovated. As for efficient
practices, water consumption can be limited by using raw water, recycled water for gardening and
landscaping. In developing countries the main challenge is to provide drinking water to all the urban
residents adopting sustainable water management practices. Rainwater harvesting has its possibilities for
partially managing water supply. It has been considered as an optional reform under Jawaharlal Nehru
4. Sustainability in urban development: Impediments to Urban India's sustainable growth
www.ijhssi.org 93 | Page
National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) in India. In Delhi itself, one after another marshlands and
water bodies are being converted into residential areas, garbage dumps, petrol pumps, and so on, the latest
victim being the Jahangirpuri Marshland. Marshlands recharge ground water substantially. Much is yet to
be done regarding this in India and other environmentally sustainable methods can be explored.
Urban health-Urbanization is an important demographic shift worldwide. Today, nearly 50% of the world
population is urban. India's urban population of 300 million represents 30% of the population. Government
of India started urban health planning in the 9th Five Year Plan document (2003). An urban slum growth
rate of 5% is causing serious concern for the civic and health authorities in municipalities and towns. Health
of urban poor and its implications on the entire urban population should be analyzed and an appropriate
urban health policy should be arrived at.
A few recommendations can be provided to improve the conditions in the health sector:
i. Ensure availability, equity and quality of health services. Provide basic healthcare to urban poor.
ii. Promote social health insurance in low cost subsidized packages.
iii. Scale up funding in urban health.
iv. Improve management and accountability of public health services.
v. Ensure quality improvement through standards and accreditations.
vi. Ensure that Corporate Social Responsibility initiatives play an active role in health facilities.
Housing for all-India, like most major emerging economies, has been witnessing accelerating
urbanization. According to estimates; around 600 million people are expected to make urban India their home
by 2031, a whopping 59% growth over 2011. As an increasing proportion of India’s population starts
participating in its growth story, it brings with it mounting pressure on the existing infrastructure, which needs
to at least keep pace with the growing demand, if not be ahead of the curve. The current housing deficit in India
stands at 19 million units, which, in the absence of any meaningful intervention, is slated to double to 38 million
units by 2030.
The lack of available housing options, combined with limited income and minimal access to home
finance for low income borrowers, means that millions of Indian households currently live in cramped, poorly
constructed houses/slum areas/shanties. They lack access to a clean and healthy environment, with even basic
amenities such as sanitation, clean water, sewage, waste management and electricity often absent. Thus,
‘Affordable Housing’ is an idea whose time has come, and sooner rather than later, planned sustainable
urbanization will have to be by default and not by choice.
In India, it is appropriate to define affordability in housing as being a function of three broad
parameters - the monthly household income (MHI) of prospective buyers, the size of the dwelling unit and the
affordability of the home buyer (the ratio of the price of the home to annual income or the ratio of EMI to
monthly income).First and foremost, the Affordable Housing customer seeks a strong value proposition. Limited
income and difficulty in access to credit mean that a home will most likely comprise the most important
asset/biggest investment in his/her lifetime, and will form the starting point for the long-term welfare of his/her
family.
5.2.3. Land:
Urban India is plagued by shortage of housing facilities and scarcity of land for social overheads like
roads, footpaths, parks, schools and so on. The roots of these problems can be found in the inadequate,
inefficient, iniquitous land policy of the country.
Solution- National Commission on Urbanization of India (NCU, 1988) recognized the need for
adequate supply of land, efficiency and equity in allocation of land and promotion of flexibility in land use.
Thus , it mentioned that the objectives of the urban land policy should be a) to achieve an optimum social use of
urban land, b) to make land available in adequate quantity to both public authorities and individuals at
reasonable prices, c) to encourage cooperative community effort as well as individual builders to develop and
construct houses, d)to prevent concentration of land in a few hands, e)to use land to finance urban development,
f)to encourage socially and economically efficient allocations of land so that land development reserves and
land utilization is optimal g) to promote flexibility in land use in response to a growing city. Also, the Eleventh
Five Year Plan (2007-2012) emphasizes, governments at appropriate levels including local authorities have to
strive to remove all possible obstacles that may hamper equitable access to land. It identifies failure to adopt
appropriate urban land policies and land management practices as the primary cause of inequity and poverty.
Thus it calls for a flexible land policy which will make conversion from one use to another cost efficient and
promote equity.
5. Sustainability in urban development: Impediments to Urban India's sustainable growth
www.ijhssi.org 94 | Page
5.2.4. Funding:
India needs to invest around 1.2 trillion dollars in urban infrastructure capital over the next 20 years, an
increase from 765 rupees per capita (17 dollars) to 6,030 rupees per capita (134 dollars) per year. India's annual
spending would therefore need to increase nearly eight fold on a per capita basis. The challenge of bridging this
gap is tough but doable. There are four sources of funding that India should tap into to a far greater extent than
today: Monitoring land assets, collecting higher property taxes and user charges that reflect costs, debt and PPPs
and formula based government funding. Contrary to popular thinking, the largest Indian cities can generate 80 to
85 per cent of the funding they require from internal sources.
5.3. Governance and Planning
In 2030, India's largest cities will be bigger than many major countries today. But India's governance
of cities is muddled and ineffective and nowhere near ready to face this challenge. As an example, India's large
cities are still governed by bureaucrats who can be transferred out of office at short notice. This is clearly
untenable. This arrangement is in sharp contrast to large cities elsewhere that have empowered mayors with long
tenures and clear accountability for the city's performance. There are good examples within India, too. Delhi has
quasi-statehood status. Kolkata's modified mayor-commission model provides a good starting point for
reforming municipal structures in India with its combination of an empowered political executive and
administrative support from a technocrat. Indian cities need to rethink how they deliver services to their citizens.
Currently, cities deliver services through archaic and bureaucratic departments. India must move to corporatized
agencies (BEST) that have specialized internal management and the ability to make quick decisions. The ability
of these agencies to tapselectively into private-sector expertise through public private partnerships will represent
an equally compelling opportunity to improve services and introduce more transparency in delivery.
India's planning is in a very poor state. On paper, India does have urban plans - but they are esoteric rather than
practical, rarely followed and riddled with exemptions. For example, no city in India has a proper 2030
transportation master plan, nor has any of them allocated enough space and appropriate zoning for affordable
houses. Hence plans need to be more detailed, comprehensive and enforceable and exemptions should be rare
rather than the norm. By revamping its planning system in this way, India could save more than 6 million
hectares of potentially arable land over the next 20 years.
VI. CONCLUSION
Sustainability in Urbanization is the need of the hour for cities in the world. It is a concept that is
gaining ground among environmentalists in recent years and has been defined and analyzed in the article. The
article has then taken the case of India and the challenges that lie ahead for the country to ensure sustainability
in urbanization. Sustainable solutions to those challenges have also been provided. Though India faces a
daunting task to meet its aspiration of urban sustainability - while tackling rapid population growth, vast
infrastructure needs and transportation requirements, it can utilize the sustainable solutions to its advantage.
However, all this is subject to conflicting short-term political imperatives and requires meticulous policy making
and governance. Global precedents for creating sustainability in cities exist and India has to follow them in
order to achieve sustainable urbanization.
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