As per Global Liveability Index rankings released in 2019, by Economic Intelligence Unit, two major cities of India Delhi and Mumbai, found itself slipping in the rankings. It measures the living conditions in 140 cities. It is the direct result of Urban Planning and Development. Urban Planning is a professional way of developing urban areas by making physical plans and development regulations. Urban Planning is a combination of social, economic, environmental, and constructive efforts to make an urban dwelling a good, healthy place to live, work, and to move around. It was done to ease the negative physical and social effects on people that arose with the industrial revolution, particularly in urban areas. Urban local bodies or local governments implement urban development strategies. Urban Local Bodies are elected by the people. Planning and development for major cities and urban regions are done by urban metropolitan regional development authorities. These authorities are functionaries institutions under the state government. On the state government level, urban planning and development administration is administered by the State Town Planning Act and other relevant legal frameworks of each state. Currently, all states have ministries responsible for urban planning, urban development, housing, and governance. Spatial plans need to be accounted for to address issues on integrated land connectivity, landfills, urban drainage networks, land requirements, and a range of related urban complexities.Without spatial plans, it is extremely difficult to completely address the issues plaguing infrastructure in Indian cities. Pranav Ojha "Development of Urban Planning in India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd50331.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/50331/development-of-urban-planning-in-india/pranav-ojha
A Review of Smart Cities Evolution in India vivatechijri
In order to improve the quality of life for people, smart cities are a modern urban concept. Various
smart technologies are grouped together in order to increase the comfort of human life. This paper highlights the
various technologies that are merged together for building a smart city in a developing country like India. Another
major aspect of the paper focuses on the kind of technological combinations and their effects used to plan and
build a smart city. Finally, the paper concludes by providing an overview of the present status and various
challenges faced during the development of smart cities in the Indian scenarios.
Sustainable Development sector in Vibrant Gujarat SummitVibrant Gujarat
The Government of Gujarat committed to make sure that the dividends of the rapid economic growth reaches the weakest sections of the society. This is reflected in the policies and programs directed towards sustainable human development
A Review of Smart Cities Evolution in India vivatechijri
In order to improve the quality of life for people, smart cities are a modern urban concept. Various
smart technologies are grouped together in order to increase the comfort of human life. This paper highlights the
various technologies that are merged together for building a smart city in a developing country like India. Another
major aspect of the paper focuses on the kind of technological combinations and their effects used to plan and
build a smart city. Finally, the paper concludes by providing an overview of the present status and various
challenges faced during the development of smart cities in the Indian scenarios.
Sustainable Development sector in Vibrant Gujarat SummitVibrant Gujarat
The Government of Gujarat committed to make sure that the dividends of the rapid economic growth reaches the weakest sections of the society. This is reflected in the policies and programs directed towards sustainable human development
Th is brochure highlights the best practices followed under the
program and reflects the impact of the roads on the lives of people living in diffi cult geographical terrains in Himachal Pradesh (HP) and Rajasthan. The rural roads sector, which is a State subject, also
lacked adequate planning and management due to
poor coordination between multiple funding streams
and agencies. Investing in rural roads was given low
priority and viewed in isolation from the need for
State and National Highways.
Sustainability in Urban Development: Impediments to Urban India's Sustainable...inventionjournals
"Many cities are caught in a 'perfect storm' of population growth , escalating adaptation needs and substantial development deficits created by a shortage of human and financial resources , increasing levels of informality, poor governance, environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, poverty and growing inequality." - IPCC, 2014The lines quoted above sufficiently emphasize both the requirement and the importance of sustainability in urban development. This article seeks to provide a scholarly insight into sustainable urbandevelopment and discusses the challenges facing India in achieving sustainable urban growth. Finally the article makes a few pertinent suggestions to improve urban development policies of India along the lines of sustainability
City Sanitation plan is an integrated and holistic planning process which will take into account account the entire cycle of sanitation sanitation ‐ safe access, collection collection, treatment treatment and disposal, with a special focus on the un‐served and poor. Plans will be developed such
as to ensure 100% sustainability and cost recovery.
Vishwakarma Yojana an Approach towards Rurbanization Dayalijtsrd
Gujarat Technological University is allotted important and prestigious project of Vishwakarma yojana by the Government of Gujarat through commissioner at of Technical Education for the year 2012 2013. Vishwakarma yojana has been created in order to provide engineering students. It is also proposed to frame “Vishwakarma yojana†to provide the benefits of real world experience and simultaneously by students of Gujarat Technological University. Under this scheme, different villages are selected by the engineering colleges as well trying to solve various issues. The ideas, connections and activities in cities other generate the solution to the problems they create. By this Vishwakarma yojana project we first studies our chosen village so that we had the opportunity to meet the people of the village and their solution so that we can tell what is the situation in the ideal village and what is the situation in the selected village. Practical as well as experience gained from the technical knowledge provided by Vishwakarma yojana. Our assigned village is Dayal. Dayal is located at 4 km distance from district head quarter and it is 4 km distance from district head quarter Godhra. Nearest statutory town is Godhra in 4 km distance. Dayal local language is Gujarati. Kalvani Sachin P | Parmar Bhumirajsinh H | D. J Panchal "Vishwakarma Yojana an Approach towards Rurbanization Dayal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42522.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comother-scientific-research-area/other/42522/vishwakarma-yojana-an-approach-towards-rurbanization-dayal/kalvani-sachin-p
Status and Challenges in Municipal Solid Waste MSW Management in Jaipur Cityijtsrd
In developing countries, urbanization and rapid population growth has resulted in a substantial increase in generation of Municipal Solid Waste MSW . Safe collection, transportation and treatment of MSW are among the major issues for Indian cities. Poor MSW management practices have negative impact on public health, environment and climate change. India currently only treats 21 of MSW while the remainder disposed in unsanitary landfill sites with no recycling and treatment technologies. This paper reviews the existing MSW management practices, challenges and provides recommendations for improving MSW management for the city of Jaipur in Rajasthan, India.Despite being the state capital as well as the top tourist destination in northern part of India, there is no detailed study which reviews the waste management strategies of this city along with identifying the key challenges. The study reveals that the major challenges for MSW management in Jaipur include uncontrolled landfilling, inadequate public participation as well as failings of implementation of MSW legislation and waste conversion. Recommendations for improvement include public awareness campaigns, public private partnership, investment in lined landfills, recycling and waste to energy techniques. Optimization models and life cycle assessment tools should be employed to minimize cost and the environmental impact of MSW management. This study will provide policy makers and private sector stakeholders to develop strategies for future planning, investment and execution of improved MSW management in Indian cities. Abhishek Vashishtha "Status and Challenges in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management in Jaipur City" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49943.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/49943/status-and-challenges-in-municipal-solid-waste-msw-management-in-jaipur-city/abhishek-vashishtha
Rurbanisation of a Small Village: A Case Study of Sardoi under the Vishwakarm...IJAEMSJORNAL
India's rapid urbanization presents significant challenges, including overburdened infrastructure and strained resources in cities. The Vishwakarma Yojana program seeks to address this by promoting rurbanisation, the development of rural areas with urban-like amenities. This research paper examines the approach towards rurbanisation in the small village of Sardoi using the Vishwakarma Yojana framework. Through a case study approach, the paper analyzes Sardoi's socio-economic status, identifies key development areas, and proposes a tailored rurbanisation plan. The paper further assesses the potential benefits and challenges associated with implementing the Vishwakarma Yojana in Sardoi.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Th is brochure highlights the best practices followed under the
program and reflects the impact of the roads on the lives of people living in diffi cult geographical terrains in Himachal Pradesh (HP) and Rajasthan. The rural roads sector, which is a State subject, also
lacked adequate planning and management due to
poor coordination between multiple funding streams
and agencies. Investing in rural roads was given low
priority and viewed in isolation from the need for
State and National Highways.
Sustainability in Urban Development: Impediments to Urban India's Sustainable...inventionjournals
"Many cities are caught in a 'perfect storm' of population growth , escalating adaptation needs and substantial development deficits created by a shortage of human and financial resources , increasing levels of informality, poor governance, environmental degradation, biodiversity loss, poverty and growing inequality." - IPCC, 2014The lines quoted above sufficiently emphasize both the requirement and the importance of sustainability in urban development. This article seeks to provide a scholarly insight into sustainable urbandevelopment and discusses the challenges facing India in achieving sustainable urban growth. Finally the article makes a few pertinent suggestions to improve urban development policies of India along the lines of sustainability
City Sanitation plan is an integrated and holistic planning process which will take into account account the entire cycle of sanitation sanitation ‐ safe access, collection collection, treatment treatment and disposal, with a special focus on the un‐served and poor. Plans will be developed such
as to ensure 100% sustainability and cost recovery.
Vishwakarma Yojana an Approach towards Rurbanization Dayalijtsrd
Gujarat Technological University is allotted important and prestigious project of Vishwakarma yojana by the Government of Gujarat through commissioner at of Technical Education for the year 2012 2013. Vishwakarma yojana has been created in order to provide engineering students. It is also proposed to frame “Vishwakarma yojana†to provide the benefits of real world experience and simultaneously by students of Gujarat Technological University. Under this scheme, different villages are selected by the engineering colleges as well trying to solve various issues. The ideas, connections and activities in cities other generate the solution to the problems they create. By this Vishwakarma yojana project we first studies our chosen village so that we had the opportunity to meet the people of the village and their solution so that we can tell what is the situation in the ideal village and what is the situation in the selected village. Practical as well as experience gained from the technical knowledge provided by Vishwakarma yojana. Our assigned village is Dayal. Dayal is located at 4 km distance from district head quarter and it is 4 km distance from district head quarter Godhra. Nearest statutory town is Godhra in 4 km distance. Dayal local language is Gujarati. Kalvani Sachin P | Parmar Bhumirajsinh H | D. J Panchal "Vishwakarma Yojana an Approach towards Rurbanization Dayal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-5 | Issue-4 , June 2021, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.compapers/ijtsrd42522.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.comother-scientific-research-area/other/42522/vishwakarma-yojana-an-approach-towards-rurbanization-dayal/kalvani-sachin-p
Status and Challenges in Municipal Solid Waste MSW Management in Jaipur Cityijtsrd
In developing countries, urbanization and rapid population growth has resulted in a substantial increase in generation of Municipal Solid Waste MSW . Safe collection, transportation and treatment of MSW are among the major issues for Indian cities. Poor MSW management practices have negative impact on public health, environment and climate change. India currently only treats 21 of MSW while the remainder disposed in unsanitary landfill sites with no recycling and treatment technologies. This paper reviews the existing MSW management practices, challenges and provides recommendations for improving MSW management for the city of Jaipur in Rajasthan, India.Despite being the state capital as well as the top tourist destination in northern part of India, there is no detailed study which reviews the waste management strategies of this city along with identifying the key challenges. The study reveals that the major challenges for MSW management in Jaipur include uncontrolled landfilling, inadequate public participation as well as failings of implementation of MSW legislation and waste conversion. Recommendations for improvement include public awareness campaigns, public private partnership, investment in lined landfills, recycling and waste to energy techniques. Optimization models and life cycle assessment tools should be employed to minimize cost and the environmental impact of MSW management. This study will provide policy makers and private sector stakeholders to develop strategies for future planning, investment and execution of improved MSW management in Indian cities. Abhishek Vashishtha "Status and Challenges in Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) Management in Jaipur City" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-6 | Issue-4 , June 2022, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd49943.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/geography/49943/status-and-challenges-in-municipal-solid-waste-msw-management-in-jaipur-city/abhishek-vashishtha
Rurbanisation of a Small Village: A Case Study of Sardoi under the Vishwakarm...IJAEMSJORNAL
India's rapid urbanization presents significant challenges, including overburdened infrastructure and strained resources in cities. The Vishwakarma Yojana program seeks to address this by promoting rurbanisation, the development of rural areas with urban-like amenities. This research paper examines the approach towards rurbanisation in the small village of Sardoi using the Vishwakarma Yojana framework. Through a case study approach, the paper analyzes Sardoi's socio-economic status, identifies key development areas, and proposes a tailored rurbanisation plan. The paper further assesses the potential benefits and challenges associated with implementing the Vishwakarma Yojana in Sardoi.
‘Six Sigma Technique’ A Journey Through its Implementationijtsrd
The manufacturing industries all over the world are facing tough challenges for growth, development and sustainability in today’s competitive environment. They have to achieve apex position by adapting with the global competitive environment by delivering goods and services at low cost, prime quality and better price to increase wealth and consumer satisfaction. Cost Management ensures profit, growth and sustainability of the business with implementation of Continuous Improvement Technique like Six Sigma. This leads to optimize Business performance. The method drives for customer satisfaction, low variation, reduction in waste and cycle time resulting into a competitive advantage over other industries which did not implement it. The main objective of this paper ‘Six Sigma Technique A Journey Through Its Implementation’ is to conceptualize the effectiveness of Six Sigma Technique through the journey of its implementation. Aditi Sunilkumar Ghosalkar "‘Six Sigma Technique’: A Journey Through its Implementation" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64546.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64546/‘six-sigma-technique’-a-journey-through-its-implementation/aditi-sunilkumar-ghosalkar
Edge Computing in Space Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space...ijtsrd
Edge computing, a paradigm that involves processing data closer to its source, has gained significant attention for its potential to revolutionize data processing and communication in space missions. With the increasing complexity and data volume generated by modern space missions, traditional centralized computing approaches face challenges related to latency, bandwidth, and security. Edge computing in space, involving on board processing and analysis of data, offers promising solutions to these challenges. This paper explores the concept of edge computing in space, its benefits, applications, and future prospects in enhancing space missions. Manish Verma "Edge Computing in Space: Enhancing Data Processing and Communication for Space Missions" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64541.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/computer-science/artificial-intelligence/64541/edge-computing-in-space-enhancing-data-processing-and-communication-for-space-missions/manish-verma
Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India Challenges and Prospectsijtsrd
Communal politics in India has evolved through centuries, weaving a complex tapestry shaped by historical legacies, colonial influences, and contemporary socio political transformations. This research comprehensively examines the dynamics of communal politics in 21st century India, emphasizing its historical roots, socio political dynamics, economic implications, challenges, and prospects for mitigation. The historical perspective unravels the intricate interplay of religious identities and power dynamics from ancient civilizations to the impact of colonial rule, providing insights into the evolution of communalism. The socio political dynamics section delves into the contemporary manifestations, exploring the roles of identity politics, socio economic disparities, and globalization. The economic implications section highlights how communal politics intersects with economic issues, perpetuating disparities and influencing resource allocation. Challenges posed by communal politics are scrutinized, revealing multifaceted issues ranging from social fragmentation to threats against democratic values. The prospects for mitigation present a multifaceted approach, incorporating policy interventions, community engagement, and educational initiatives. The paper conducts a comparative analysis with international examples, identifying common patterns such as identity politics and economic disparities. It also examines unique challenges, emphasizing Indias diverse religious landscape, historical legacy, and secular framework. Lessons for effective strategies are drawn from international experiences, offering insights into inclusive policies, interfaith dialogue, media regulation, and global cooperation. By scrutinizing historical epochs, contemporary dynamics, economic implications, and international comparisons, this research provides a comprehensive understanding of communal politics in India. The proposed strategies for mitigation underscore the importance of a holistic approach to foster social harmony, inclusivity, and democratic values. Rose Hossain "Dynamics of Communal Politics in 21st Century India: Challenges and Prospects" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64528.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/history/64528/dynamics-of-communal-politics-in-21st-century-india-challenges-and-prospects/rose-hossain
Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in...ijtsrd
Background and Objective Telehealth has become a well known tool for the delivery of health care in Saudi Arabia, and the perspective and knowledge of healthcare providers are influential in the implementation, adoption and advancement of the method. This systematic review was conducted to examine the current literature base regarding telehealth and the related healthcare professional perspective and knowledge in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Materials and Methods This systematic review was conducted by searching 7 databases including, MEDLINE, CINHAL, Web of Science, Scopus, PubMed, PsycINFO, and ProQuest Central. Studies on healthcare practitioners telehealth knowledge and perspectives published in English in Saudi Arabia from 2000 to 2023 were included. Boland directed this comprehensive review. The researchers examined each connected study using the AXIS tool, which evaluates cross sectional systematic reviews. Narrative synthesis was used to summarise and convey the data. Results Out of 1840 search results, 10 studies were included. Positive outlook and limited knowledge among providers were seen across trials. Healthcare professionals like telehealth for its ability to improve quality, access, and delivery, save time and money, and be successful. Age, gender, occupation, and work experience also affect health workers knowledge. In Saudi Arabia, healthcare professionals face inadequate expert assistance, patient privacy, internet connection concerns, lack of training courses, lack of telehealth understanding, and high costs while performing telemedicine. Conclusions Healthcare practitioners telehealth perceptions and knowledge were examined in this systematic study. Its collection of concerned experts different personal attitudes and expertise would help enhance telehealths implementation in Saudi Arabia, develop its healthcare delivery alternative, and eliminate frequent problems. Badriah Mousa I Mulayhi | Dr. Jomin George | Judy Jenkins "Assess Perspective and Knowledge of Healthcare Providers Towards Elehealth in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64535.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/medicine/other/64535/assess-perspective-and-knowledge-of-healthcare-providers-towards-elehealth-in-saudi-arabia-a-systematic-review/badriah-mousa-i-mulayhi
The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion ...ijtsrd
The impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has gained considerable attention in recent years. The adoption of digital technologies and the internet has resulted in declining influence and power for traditional gatekeepers such as publishing houses and news organizations. Simultaneously, digital media has facilitated the emergence of new voices and players in the media industry. Digital medias impact on power decentralization and gatekeeper erosion is visible in several ways. One significant aspect is the democratization of information, which enables anyone with an internet connection to publish and share content globally, leading to citizen journalism and bypassing traditional gatekeepers. Another aspect is the disruption of conventional media industry business models, as traditional organizations struggle to adjust to the decrease in advertising revenue and the rise of digital platforms. Alternative business models, such as subscription models and crowdfunding, have become more prevalent, leading to the emergence of new players. Overall, the impact of digital media on the distribution of power and the weakening of traditional gatekeepers has brought about significant changes in the media landscape and the way information is shared. Further research is required to fully comprehend the implications of these changes and their impact on society. Dr. Kusum Lata "The Impact of Digital Media on the Decentralization of Power and the Erosion of Traditional Gatekeepers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64544.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64544/the-impact-of-digital-media-on-the-decentralization-of-power-and-the-erosion-of-traditional-gatekeepers/dr-kusum-lata
Online Voices, Offline Impact Ambedkars Ideals and Socio Political Inclusion ...ijtsrd
This research investigates the nexus between online discussions on Dr. B.R. Ambedkars ideals and their impact on social inclusion among college students in Gurugram, Haryana. Surveying 240 students from 12 government colleges, findings indicate that 65 actively engage in online discussions, with 80 demonstrating moderate to high awareness of Ambedkars ideals. Statistically significant correlations reveal that higher online engagement correlates with increased awareness p 0.05 and perceived social inclusion. Variations across colleges and a notable effect of college type on perceived social inclusion highlight the influence of contextual factors. Furthermore, the intersectional analysis underscores nuanced differences based on gender, caste, and socio economic status. Dr. Kusum Lata "Online Voices, Offline Impact: Ambedkar's Ideals and Socio-Political Inclusion - A Study of Gurugram District" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64543.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/political-science/64543/online-voices-offline-impact-ambedkars-ideals-and-sociopolitical-inclusion--a-study-of-gurugram-district/dr-kusum-lata
Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship A Studyijtsrd
Noting calls for contextualizing Agro entrepreneurs problems and challenges of the agro entrepreneurs and for greater attention to the Role of entrepreneurs in agro entrepreneurship research, we conduct a systematic literature review of extent research in agriculture entrepreneurship to overcome the study objectives of complications of agro entrepreneurs through various factors, Development of agriculture products is a key factor for the overall economic growth of agro entrepreneurs Agro Entrepreneurs produces firsthand large scale employment, utilizes the labor and natural resources, This research outlines the problems of Weather and Soil Erosions, Market price fluctuation, stimulates labor cost problems, reduces concentration of Price volatility, Dependency on Intermediaries, induces Limited Bargaining Power, and Storage and Transportation Costs. This paper mainly devoted to highlight Problems and challenges faced for the sustainable of Agro Entrepreneurs in India. Vinay Prasad B "Problems and Challenges of Agro Entreprenurship - A Study" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64540.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64540/problems-and-challenges-of-agro-entreprenurship--a-study/vinay-prasad-b
Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies o...ijtsrd
Disclosure is a process through which a business enterprise communicates with external parties. A corporate disclosure is communication of financial and non financial information of the activities of a business enterprise to the interested entities. Corporate disclosure is done through publishing annual reports. So corporate disclosure through annual reports plays a vital role in the life of all the companies and provides valuable information to investors. The basic objectives of corporate disclosure is to give a true and fair view of companies to the parties related either directly or indirectly like owner, government, creditors, shareholders etc. in the companies act, provisions have been made about mandatory and voluntary disclosure. The IT sector in India is rapidly growing, the trend to invest in the IT sector is rising and employment opportunities in IT sectors are also increasing. Therefore the IT sector is expected to have fair, full and adequate disclosure of all information. Unfair and incomplete disclosure may adversely affect the entire economy. A research study on disclosure practices of IT companies could play an important role in this regard. Hence, the present research study has been done to study and review comparative analysis of total corporate disclosure of selected IT companies of India and to put forward overall findings and suggestions with a view to increase disclosure score of these companies. The researcher hopes that the present research study will be helpful to all selected Companies for improving level of corporate disclosure through annual reports as well as the government, creditors, investors, all business organizations and upcoming researcher for comparative analyses of level of corporate disclosure with special reference to selected IT companies. Dr. Vaibhavi D. Thaker "Comparative Analysis of Total Corporate Disclosure of Selected IT Companies of India" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64539.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/other-scientific-research-area/other/64539/comparative-analysis-of-total-corporate-disclosure-of-selected-it-companies-of-india/dr-vaibhavi-d-thaker
The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Right...ijtsrd
This study investigated the impact of educational background and professional training on human rights awareness among secondary school teachers in the Marathwada region of Maharashtra, India. The key findings reveal that higher levels of education, particularly a master’s degree, and fields of study related to education, humanities, or social sciences are associated with greater human rights awareness among teachers. Additionally, both pre service teacher training and in service professional development programs focused on human rights education significantly enhance teacher’s knowledge, skills, and competencies in promoting human rights principles in their classrooms. Baig Ameer Bee Mirza Abdul Aziz | Dr. Syed Azaz Ali Amjad Ali "The Impact of Educational Background and Professional Training on Human Rights Awareness among Secondary School Teachers" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64529.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64529/the-impact-of-educational-background-and-professional-training-on-human-rights-awareness-among-secondary-school-teachers/baig-ameer-bee-mirza-abdul-aziz
A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at t...ijtsrd
“One Language sets you in a corridor for life. Two languages open every door along the way” Frank Smith English as a foreign language or as a second language has been ruling in India since the period of Lord Macaulay. But the question is how much we teach or learn English properly in our culture. Is there any scope to use English as a language rather than a subject How much we learn or teach English without any interference of mother language specially in the classroom teaching learning scenario in West Bengal By considering all these issues the researcher has attempted in this article to focus on the effective teaching learning process comparing to other traditional strategies in the field of English curriculum at the secondary level to investigate whether they fulfill the present teaching learning requirements or not by examining the validity of the present curriculum of English. The purpose of this study is to focus on the effectiveness of the systematic, scientific, sequential and logical transaction of the course between the teachers and the learners in the perspective of the 5Es programme that is engage, explore, explain, extend and evaluate. Sanchali Mondal | Santinath Sarkar "A Study on the Effective Teaching Learning Process in English Curriculum at the Secondary Level of West Bengal" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd62412.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/62412/a-study-on-the-effective-teaching-learning-process-in-english-curriculum-at-the-secondary-level-of-west-bengal/sanchali-mondal
The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching ...ijtsrd
This paper reports on a study which was conducted to investigate the role of mentoring and its influence on the effectiveness of the teaching of Physics in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. The study adopted the convergent parallel mixed methods design, focusing on respondents in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. Both quantitative and qualitative data were collected, analysed separately, and the results were compared to see if the findings confirm or disconfirm each other. The quantitative analysis found that majority of the respondents 72 of Physics teachers affirmed that they had more experienced colleagues as mentors to help build their confidence, improve their teaching, and help them improve their effectiveness and efficiency in guiding learners’ achievements. Only 28 of the respondents disagreed with these statements. With majority respondents 72 agreeing with the statements, it implies that in most secondary schools, experienced Physics teachers act as mentors to build teachers’ confidence in teaching and improving students’ learning. The interview qualitative data analysis summarized how secondary school Principals use meetings with mentors and mentees to promote mentorship in the school milieu. This has helped strengthen teachers’ classroom practices in secondary schools in the South West Region of Cameroon. With the results confirming each other, the study recommends that mentoring should focus on helping teachers employ social interactions and instructional practices feedback and clarity in teaching that have direct measurable impact on students’ learning achievements. Andrew Ngeim Sumba | Frederick Ebot Ashu | Peter Agborbechem Tambi "The Role of Mentoring and Its Influence on the Effectiveness of the Teaching of Physics in Secondary Schools in the South West Region of Cameroon" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64524.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/management-development/64524/the-role-of-mentoring-and-its-influence-on-the-effectiveness-of-the-teaching-of-physics-in-secondary-schools-in-the-south-west-region-of-cameroon/andrew-ngeim-sumba
Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino Microcontroller Bas...ijtsrd
This study primarily focuses on the design of a high side buck converter using an Arduino microcontroller. The converter is specifically intended for use in DC DC applications, particularly in standalone solar PV systems where the PV output voltage exceeds the load or battery voltage. To evaluate the performance of the converter, simulation experiments are conducted using Proteus Software. These simulations provide insights into the input and output voltages, currents, powers, and efficiency under different state of charge SoC conditions of a 12V,70Ah rechargeable lead acid battery. Additionally, the hardware design of the converter is implemented, and practical data is collected through operation, monitoring, and recording. By comparing the simulation results with the practical results, the efficiency and performance of the designed converter are assessed. The findings indicate that while the buck converter is suitable for practical use in standalone PV systems, its efficiency is compromised due to a lower output current. Chan Myae Aung | Dr. Ei Mon "Design Simulation and Hardware Construction of an Arduino-Microcontroller Based DC-DC High-Side Buck Converter for Standalone PV System" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64518.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/mechanical-engineering/64518/design-simulation-and-hardware-construction-of-an-arduinomicrocontroller-based-dcdc-highside-buck-converter-for-standalone-pv-system/chan-myae-aung
Sustainable Energy by Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadikuijtsrd
Energy becomes sustainable if it meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. Some of the definitions of sustainable energy include the considerations of environmental aspects such as greenhouse gas emissions, social, and economic aspects such as energy poverty. Generally far more sustainable than fossil fuel are renewable energy sources such as wind, hydroelectric power, solar, and geothermal energy sources. Worthy of note is that some renewable energy projects, like the clearing of forests to produce biofuels, can cause severe environmental damage. The sustainability of nuclear power which is a low carbon source is highly debated because of concerns about radioactive waste, nuclear proliferation, and accidents. The switching from coal to natural gas has environmental benefits, including a lower climate impact, but could lead to delay in switching to more sustainable options. “Carbon capture and storage” can be built into power plants to remove the carbon dioxide CO2 emissions, but this technology is expensive and has rarely been implemented. Leading non renewable energy sources around the world is fossil fuels, coal, petroleum, and natural gas. Nuclear energy is usually considered another non renewable energy source, although nuclear energy itself is a renewable energy source, but the material used in nuclear power plants is not. The paper addresses the issue of sustainable energy, its attendant benefits to the future generation, and humanity in general. Paul A. Adekunte | Matthew N. O. Sadiku | Janet O. Sadiku "Sustainable Energy" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64534.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electrical-engineering/64534/sustainable-energy/paul-a-adekunte
Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations Executive Regulations and Stand...ijtsrd
This paper aims to outline the executive regulations, survey standards, and specifications required for the implementation of the Sudan Survey Act, and for regulating and organizing all surveying work activities in Sudan. The act has been discussed for more than 5 years. The Land Survey Act was initiated by the Sudan Survey Authority and all official legislations were headed by the Sudan Ministry of Justice till it was issued in 2022. The paper presents conceptual guidelines to be used for the Survey Act implementation and to regulate the survey work practice, standardizing the field surveys, processing, quality control, procedures, and the processes related to survey work carried out by the stakeholders and relevant authorities in Sudan. The conceptual guidelines are meant to improve the quality and harmonization of geospatial data and to aid decision making processes as well as geospatial information systems. The established comprehensive executive regulations will govern and regulate the implementation of the Sudan Survey Geomatics Act in all surveying and mapping practices undertaken by the Sudan Survey Authority SSA and state local survey departments for public or private sector organizations. The targeted standards and specifications include the reference frame, projection, coordinate systems, and the guidelines and specifications that must be followed in the field of survey work, processes, and mapping products. In the last few decades, there has been a growing awareness of the importance of geomatics activities and measurements on the Earths surface in space and time, together with observing and mapping the changes. In such cases, data must be captured promptly, standardized, and obtained with more accuracy and specified in much detail. The paper will also highlight the current situation in Sudan, the degree to which survey standards are used, the problems encountered, and the errors that arise from not using the standards and survey specifications. Kamal A. A. Sami "Concepts for Sudan Survey Act Implementations - Executive Regulations and Standards" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63484.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63484/concepts-for-sudan-survey-act-implementations--executive-regulations-and-standards/kamal-a-a-sami
Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model Khartoum Sta...ijtsrd
The discussions between ellipsoid and geoid have invoked many researchers during the recent decades, especially during the GNSS technology era, which had witnessed a great deal of development but still geoid undulation requires more investigations. To figure out a solution for Sudans local geoid, this research has tried to intake the possibility of determining the geoid model by following two approaches, gravimetric and geometrical geoid model determination, by making use of GNSS leveling benchmarks at Khartoum state. The Benchmarks are well distributed in the study area, in which, the horizontal coordinates and the height above the ellipsoid have been observed by GNSS while orthometric heights were carried out using precise leveling. The Global Geopotential Model GGM represented in EGM2008 has been exploited to figure out the geoid undulation at the benchmarks in the study area. This is followed by a fitting process, that has been done to suit the geoid undulation data which has been computed using GNSS leveling data and geoid undulation inspired by the EGM2008. Two geoid surfaces were created after the fitting process to ensure that they are identical and both of them could be counted for getting the same geoid undulation with an acceptable accuracy. In this respect, statistical operation played an important role in ensuring the consistency and integrity of the model by applying cross validation techniques splitting the data into training and testing datasets for building the geoid model and testing its eligibility. The geometrical solution for geoid undulation computation has been utilized by applying straightforward equations that facilitate the calculation of the geoid undulation directly through applying statistical techniques for the GNSS leveling data of the study area to get the common equation parameters values that could be utilized to calculate geoid undulation of any position in the study area within the claimed accuracy. Both systems were checked and proved eligible to be used within the study area with acceptable accuracy which may contribute to solving the geoid undulation problem in the Khartoum area, and be further generalized to determine the geoid model over the entire country, and this could be considered in the future, for regional and continental geoid model. Ahmed M. A. Mohammed. | Kamal A. A. Sami "Towards the Implementation of the Sudan Interpolated Geoid Model (Khartoum State Case Study)" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63483.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/civil-engineering/63483/towards-the-implementation-of-the-sudan-interpolated-geoid-model-khartoum-state-case-study/ahmed-m-a-mohammed
Activating Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment Mapijtsrd
Sudan is witnessing an acceleration in the processes of development and transformation in the performance of government institutions to raise the productivity and investment efficiency of the government sector. The development plans and investment opportunities have focused on achieving national goals in various sectors. This paper aims to illuminate the path to the future and provide geospatial data and information to develop the investment climate and environment for all sized businesses, and to bridge the development gap between the Sudan states. The Sudan Survey Authority SSA is the main advisor to the Sudan Government in conducting surveying, mappings, designing, and developing systems related to geospatial data and information. In recent years, SSA made a strategic partnership with the Ministry of Investment to activate Geospatial Information for Sudans Sustainable Investment and in particular, for the preparation and implementation of the Sudan investment map, based on the directives and objectives of the Ministry of Investment MI in Sudan. This paper comes within the framework of activating the efforts of the Ministry of Investment to develop technical investment services by applying techniques adopted by the Ministry and its strategic partners for advancing investment processes in the country. Kamal A. A. Sami "Activating Geospatial Information for Sudan's Sustainable Investment Map" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63482.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/information-technology/63482/activating-geospatial-information-for-sudans-sustainable-investment-map/kamal-a-a-sami
Educational Unity Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Societyijtsrd
In a rapidly changing global landscape, the importance of education as a unifying force cannot be overstated. This paper explores the crucial role of educational unity in fostering a stronger and more inclusive society through the embrace of diversity. By examining the benefits of diverse learning environments, the paper aims to highlight the positive impact on societal strength. The discussion encompasses various dimensions, from curriculum design to classroom dynamics, and emphasizes the need for educational institutions to become catalysts for unity in diversity. It highlights the need for a paradigm shift in educational policies, curricula, and pedagogical approaches to ensure that they are reflective of the diverse fabric of society. This paper also addresses the challenges associated with implementing inclusive educational practices and offers practical strategies for overcoming barriers. It advocates for collaborative efforts between educational institutions, policymakers, and communities to create a supportive ecosystem that promotes diversity and unity. Mr. Amit Adhikari | Madhumita Teli | Gopal Adhikari "Educational Unity: Embracing Diversity for a Stronger Society" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64525.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/humanities-and-the-arts/education/64525/educational-unity-embracing-diversity-for-a-stronger-society/mr-amit-adhikari
Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management Prospects and...ijtsrd
The diversity of indigenous knowledge systems in India is vast and can vary significantly between different communities and regions. Preserving and respecting these knowledge systems is crucial for maintaining cultural heritage, promoting sustainable practices, and fostering cross cultural understanding. In this paper, an overview of the prospects and challenges associated with incorporating Indian indigenous knowledge into management is explored. It is found that IIKS helps in management in many areas like sustainable development, tourism, food security, natural resource management, cultural preservation and innovation, etc. However, IIKS integration with management faces some challenges in the form of a lack of documentation, cultural sensitivity, language barriers legal framework, etc. Savita Lathwal "Integration of Indian Indigenous Knowledge System in Management: Prospects and Challenges" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63500.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/management/accounting-and-finance/63500/integration-of-indian-indigenous-knowledge-system-in-management-prospects-and-challenges/savita-lathwal
DeepMask Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in...ijtsrd
The COVID 19 pandemic has highlighted the crucial need of preventive measures, with widespread use of face masks being a key method for slowing the viruss spread. This research investigates face mask identification using deep learning as a technological solution to be reducing the risk of coronavirus transmission. The proposed method uses state of the art convolutional neural networks CNNs and transfer learning to automatically recognize persons who are not wearing masks in a variety of circumstances. We discuss how this strategy improves public health and safety by providing an efficient manner of enforcing mask wearing standards. The report also discusses the obstacles, ethical concerns, and prospective applications of face mask detection systems in the ongoing fight against the pandemic. Dilip Kumar Sharma | Aaditya Yadav "DeepMask: Transforming Face Mask Identification for Better Pandemic Control in the COVID-19 Era" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd64522.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/engineering/electronics-and-communication-engineering/64522/deepmask-transforming-face-mask-identification-for-better-pandemic-control-in-the-covid19-era/dilip-kumar-sharma
Streamlining Data Collection eCRF Design and Machine Learningijtsrd
Efficient and accurate data collection is paramount in clinical trials, and the design of Electronic Case Report Forms eCRFs plays a pivotal role in streamlining this process. This paper explores the integration of machine learning techniques in the design and implementation of eCRFs to enhance data collection efficiency. We delve into the synergies between eCRF design principles and machine learning algorithms, aiming to optimize data quality, reduce errors, and expedite the overall data collection process. The application of machine learning in eCRF design brings forth innovative approaches to data validation, anomaly detection, and real time adaptability. This paper discusses the benefits, challenges, and future prospects of leveraging machine learning in eCRF design for streamlined and advanced data collection in clinical trials. Dhanalakshmi D | Vijaya Lakshmi Kannareddy "Streamlining Data Collection: eCRF Design and Machine Learning" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-8 | Issue-1 , February 2024, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd63515.pdf Paper Url: https://www.ijtsrd.com/biological-science/biotechnology/63515/streamlining-data-collection-ecrf-design-and-machine-learning/dhanalakshmi-d
Operation “Blue Star” is the only event in the history of Independent India where the state went into war with its own people. Even after about 40 years it is not clear if it was culmination of states anger over people of the region, a political game of power or start of dictatorial chapter in the democratic setup.
The people of Punjab felt alienated from main stream due to denial of their just demands during a long democratic struggle since independence. As it happen all over the word, it led to militant struggle with great loss of lives of military, police and civilian personnel. Killing of Indira Gandhi and massacre of innocent Sikhs in Delhi and other India cities was also associated with this movement.
Honest Reviews of Tim Han LMA Course Program.pptxtimhan337
Personal development courses are widely available today, with each one promising life-changing outcomes. Tim Han’s Life Mastery Achievers (LMA) Course has drawn a lot of interest. In addition to offering my frank assessment of Success Insider’s LMA Course, this piece examines the course’s effects via a variety of Tim Han LMA course reviews and Success Insider comments.
June 3, 2024 Anti-Semitism Letter Sent to MIT President Kornbluth and MIT Cor...Levi Shapiro
Letter from the Congress of the United States regarding Anti-Semitism sent June 3rd to MIT President Sally Kornbluth, MIT Corp Chair, Mark Gorenberg
Dear Dr. Kornbluth and Mr. Gorenberg,
The US House of Representatives is deeply concerned by ongoing and pervasive acts of antisemitic
harassment and intimidation at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT). Failing to act decisively to ensure a safe learning environment for all students would be a grave dereliction of your responsibilities as President of MIT and Chair of the MIT Corporation.
This Congress will not stand idly by and allow an environment hostile to Jewish students to persist. The House believes that your institution is in violation of Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, and the inability or
unwillingness to rectify this violation through action requires accountability.
Postsecondary education is a unique opportunity for students to learn and have their ideas and beliefs challenged. However, universities receiving hundreds of millions of federal funds annually have denied
students that opportunity and have been hijacked to become venues for the promotion of terrorism, antisemitic harassment and intimidation, unlawful encampments, and in some cases, assaults and riots.
The House of Representatives will not countenance the use of federal funds to indoctrinate students into hateful, antisemitic, anti-American supporters of terrorism. Investigations into campus antisemitism by the Committee on Education and the Workforce and the Committee on Ways and Means have been expanded into a Congress-wide probe across all relevant jurisdictions to address this national crisis. The undersigned Committees will conduct oversight into the use of federal funds at MIT and its learning environment under authorities granted to each Committee.
• The Committee on Education and the Workforce has been investigating your institution since December 7, 2023. The Committee has broad jurisdiction over postsecondary education, including its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act, campus safety concerns over disruptions to the learning environment, and the awarding of federal student aid under the Higher Education Act.
• The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is investigating the sources of funding and other support flowing to groups espousing pro-Hamas propaganda and engaged in antisemitic harassment and intimidation of students. The Committee on Oversight and Accountability is the principal oversight committee of the US House of Representatives and has broad authority to investigate “any matter” at “any time” under House Rule X.
• The Committee on Ways and Means has been investigating several universities since November 15, 2023, when the Committee held a hearing entitled From Ivory Towers to Dark Corners: Investigating the Nexus Between Antisemitism, Tax-Exempt Universities, and Terror Financing. The Committee followed the hearing with letters to those institutions on January 10, 202
Read| The latest issue of The Challenger is here! We are thrilled to announce that our school paper has qualified for the NATIONAL SCHOOLS PRESS CONFERENCE (NSPC) 2024. Thank you for your unwavering support and trust. Dive into the stories that made us stand out!
Palestine last event orientationfvgnh .pptxRaedMohamed3
An EFL lesson about the current events in Palestine. It is intended to be for intermediate students who wish to increase their listening skills through a short lesson in power point.
Synthetic Fiber Construction in lab .pptxPavel ( NSTU)
Synthetic fiber production is a fascinating and complex field that blends chemistry, engineering, and environmental science. By understanding these aspects, students can gain a comprehensive view of synthetic fiber production, its impact on society and the environment, and the potential for future innovations. Synthetic fibers play a crucial role in modern society, impacting various aspects of daily life, industry, and the environment. ynthetic fibers are integral to modern life, offering a range of benefits from cost-effectiveness and versatility to innovative applications and performance characteristics. While they pose environmental challenges, ongoing research and development aim to create more sustainable and eco-friendly alternatives. Understanding the importance of synthetic fibers helps in appreciating their role in the economy, industry, and daily life, while also emphasizing the need for sustainable practices and innovation.
Embracing GenAI - A Strategic ImperativePeter Windle
Artificial Intelligence (AI) technologies such as Generative AI, Image Generators and Large Language Models have had a dramatic impact on teaching, learning and assessment over the past 18 months. The most immediate threat AI posed was to Academic Integrity with Higher Education Institutes (HEIs) focusing their efforts on combating the use of GenAI in assessment. Guidelines were developed for staff and students, policies put in place too. Innovative educators have forged paths in the use of Generative AI for teaching, learning and assessments leading to pockets of transformation springing up across HEIs, often with little or no top-down guidance, support or direction.
This Gasta posits a strategic approach to integrating AI into HEIs to prepare staff, students and the curriculum for an evolving world and workplace. We will highlight the advantages of working with these technologies beyond the realm of teaching, learning and assessment by considering prompt engineering skills, industry impact, curriculum changes, and the need for staff upskilling. In contrast, not engaging strategically with Generative AI poses risks, including falling behind peers, missed opportunities and failing to ensure our graduates remain employable. The rapid evolution of AI technologies necessitates a proactive and strategic approach if we are to remain relevant.
Model Attribute Check Company Auto PropertyCeline George
In Odoo, the multi-company feature allows you to manage multiple companies within a single Odoo database instance. Each company can have its own configurations while still sharing common resources such as products, customers, and suppliers.
2. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50331 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 1455
4. Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)
5. Heritage City Development and Augmentation
Yojana (HRIDAY)
6. Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Urban
Livelihood Mission (DAY-NULM)[3,4]
Other Urban Development Projects
1. Industrial Corridors
2. Country-Specific Tie-ups
Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM)
The below table gives the details of the JNNURM Mission
Launched 2005
Implementing Agencies Central, State, and City Governments
Focus Areas Transport, Solid Waste Management, Stormwater drains, encroachments.
Closed 2014
The below table gives an overview of the AMRUT mission
Focus areas 1. Basic services to households – water supply, sewerage, and urban
transport
2. Develop greenery, well-maintained open spaces in cities, reduce pollution
by increasing usage of public transport.
3. Stormwater drains, parking spaces, recreation centers
Duration 5 years (From 2015-16 to 2019-20)
Number of cities covered
under this programme
500
Target Supply 139 Lakh water tap connections
Funding 1. Rs 77,640 crore. Rs 39,011 crore (50%) has been allocated to water supply
2. Rs 32,456 crore (42%) has been allocated to sewerage and septage
management
Pradhan Mantri Awas Yojana (PMAY) – Housing for all (Urban)
The below table gives details on PMAY – Housing for all (Urban) Scheme
Launched 2015
Focus Area Constructing more than 2 crore houses
The target group of the
PMAY scheme
Women, Economically Weaker Section (EWS), ST, SC.
Mode of implementation 1. Rehabilitation of slum dwellers
2. Credit linked subsidy
3. Affordable housing through public or private partnership
4. Subsidy for beneficiary led individual house construction or enhancement
Subsidy Amount Rs 1 Lakh to Rs 2.30 Lakh per beneficiary
Cities covered 1.Initial focus on 500 Tier I cities in 3 phases.
2. 4,041 statutory towns
Smart Cities Mission (SCM)
On September 7, 2019, Aurangabad Industrial City (AURIC), in Aurangabad, Maharashtra was inaugurated as
the 1st greenfield industrial smart city of India. It covers an area of 10,000 acres.[5,6]
The below table gives details on Smart Cities Mission (SCM)
Launched 2015
Funding Rs 98,000 crore
Number of cities 100
Objective Provide smart solutions to improve city infrastructure and services
Focus areas 1. Mobility and Energy efficiency
2. Electricity
3. Information and Communication Technology
4. Water Supply
5. Sanitation
6. Solid Waste Management
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@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50331 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 1456
The following are the City identification criteria for the Smart Cities Mission (SCM)
1. One satellite city for cities with a population of 4 million or more (9 cities)
2. Most of the cities with a population of 1 Million – 4 Million (approx 35 out of 44 cities)
3. All states/UT capitals even if they have a population of less than 1 Million (17 cities)
4. Other cities that are important for tourism or religious or economic reasons (10 cities)
5. Cities with a population of 0.2 – 1.0 Million (25 cities)[7,8]
Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)
Contamination of drinking water, bathing water, and open defecation have been a perpetual sanitary problem in
India. In the year 2014, India had the highest number of people practicing open defecation.
The below table gives details on Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)
Launched 2014
Objective of
mission
1. Open Defecation Free by 2nd October 2019.
2. Contribute to India reaching Sustainable Development Goal (SDG 6), established by
the UN in 2015
Funding 1. Rs 90 Billion allocated for the mission in the 2016 Union Budget.
2. World Bank provided the US $ 1.5 Billion loans and
$ 25 Million in technical assistance
Some of the features of the Swachh Bharat Mission (SBM)
1. Provision of public, household, and community toilets.
2. The central incentive of 4,000 INR per household for construction of household toilets, 40% grant/VGF for
each community toilet block.
3. Eradication of manual scavenging.
Heritage City Development and Augmentation Yojana (HRIDAY)
This mission has been launched to provide better amenities in Heritage cities.
The below table gives details of the HRIDAY Mission
Launched 2015
Funding Rs 500 ( 100% funding by the Government of India)
Implementing
Ministry
Ministry of Urban Development
Number of cities
covered
This mission is being implemented in 13 cities
Objectives 1. Better infrastructure and services in Heritage cities like water, roads, street lights,
increase security with CCTV, toilets
2. Preserve, conserve, and revitalize Heritage cities.
The below table gives the list of 13 cities where the Hriday Scheme is implemented
Ajmer Badami Kanchipuram Varanasi
Amaravati Dwaraka Mathura Velankanni
Amritsar Gaya Puri Vellore
Warangal
Deen Dayal Antyodaya Yojana – National Urban Livelihood Mission (DAY-NULM)
This scheme is aimed at addressing the livelihood concerns of the urban poor.
4. International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development @ www.ijtsrd.com eISSN: 2456-6470
@ IJTSRD | Unique Paper ID – IJTSRD50331 | Volume – 6 | Issue – 4 | May-June 2022 Page 1457
The below table gives details on DAY-NULM Mission
Preceded by Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana (SJSRJ)
Launched 2013
Implementation
Ministry
Ministry of Housing and Urban Poverty Alleviation
Funding 1.Centre (75%) and State (25%);
2. North East and Special Category States: Centre (90%), State (10%)
Target Group Urban Street Vendors
Objectives 1. Helping the urban poor in self-employment by providing skill development and
easy access to credit.
2. Provide shelter to the urban poor.
Aspirants can check out various other schemes of Government for overall development –
National Water Mission | Jal Jeevan
Mission
Urban Flooding: Overview,
Factors
Sponge Cities Mission In
India
National Urban Health Mission
(NUHM)
Atmanirbhar Bharat Abhiyan National Nutrition Mission
Candidates can find more articles related to the various schemes launched by the Government of India by
visiting the Government Schemes page.
Industrial Corridors
The Government of India is developing 5 major industrial corridors in various states. Many different agencies
are involved in funding the Industrial corridor projects.[9,10]
The below table gives an overview of Industrial Corridors
Corridor States Key Players
Delhi-Mumbai
Industrial Corridor
1. Haryana
2. Gujarat
3. Madhya
Pradesh
4. Uttar
Pradesh
5. Rajasthan
6.Maharashtra
Equity Holdings: Government of India 49%, Japan Bank for
International Cooperation 26%, Housing and Urban Development
Corporation 19.9%, India Infrastructure Finance Company 4.1%,
Life Insurance Corporation of India 1%.
Concept: Government of Japan.
Chennai –
Bangalore
Industrial Corridor
1. Karnataka
2. Andhra
Pradesh
3. Tamil Nadu
Developers: Government of India with support from the Japan
International Cooperation Agency
Mumbai –
Bangalore
Economic Corridor
1. Karnataka
2.Maharashtra
Developers: Government of India, Indian State Governments,
Government of UK.
Amritsar – Delhi –
Kolkata Industrial
Corridor
1. Punjab
2. Haryana
3. Uttar
Pradesh
4.Uttarakhand
5. Bihar
6. Jharkhand
7. West Bengal
Equity Holdings: Government of India 49%, balance equity by State
Governments and Housing and Urban Development Corporation
(HUDCO)
Vizag – Chennai
Industrial Corridor
1. Tamil Nadu
2. Andhra
Pradesh
Developers: Government of India with Asian Development Bank
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City Projects
Several new cities have been developed in recent
year, some of the prominent examples are
1. Dholera SIR (Gujarat)
2. Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (Gujarat)
3. Palava (Maharashtra)
4. Lavasa (Maharashtra)
5. Gurgaon (Haryana)
6. Smart City Kochi (Kerala)
7. Haldia (West Bengal)
8. Navi Mumbai Airport influence Notified Area
(Maharashtra)
9. Wave City (National Capital Region)
Examples of Public driven Urban Development
Projects
1. Dholera (SIR)
2. Gujarat International Finance Tec-City (GIFT)
Examples of Privately driven Urban Development
Projects
1. Lavasa
2. Palava
Country-Specific tie-ups for Urban planning and
Development
1. Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) was
signed between India and Japan to convert
Varanasi into Smart City with the help of the city
of Kyoto.
2. The USA has expressed interest in turning 3 cities
into smart cities – Allahabad, Ajmer, and
Visakhapatnam.
3. India and China have also signed 3 Gujarat
specific pacts.[11,12]
Discussion
Technology in Urban Planning and Development
Role of ISRO in Urban Development in India
Planning Urban development of cities faces a
perennial challenge i.e rate of population increase,
urban sprawl, etc. Hence the policymakers have to
plan the city accordingly. This planning requires
updated data. This updated data is provided by ISRO
using high-resolution satellite data. The data provided
by this tool helps the planners in managing and
planning a broad expansion of the urban environment.
The fundamental data required by urban planners and
policymakers is accurate information on current land-
use practices in a city or town, satellite-based remote
sensing has certain advantages in monitoring the
dynamics of urban land use because of large spatial
coverage for mapping applications, more frequent
revisit periods, and wide availability.
Use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles in Urban
Development
UAV technology is being used to improve things
like
1. Energy efficiency
2. Monitor progress of the project
3. Sewage design
4. Utility establishment
5. Detect illegal constructions
6. Detect encroachments
The need for data-driven decision making is very
important to meet the growing challenges of urban
planning.
The below states have already conducted trials on
UAV for Urban planning, management, and
change detection for revenue collection from
industrial and residential areas.
1. Maharashtra
2. Gujarat
3. Andhra Pradesh
4. Odisha
Results of UAV trials
1. 30% improvement in illegal construction
detection
2. 20% increase in revenue collection
How is the Geographical Information System
(GIS) helpful in Urban Planning in India?
In the developed world, the city administration is
increasingly using Geographical Information Systems
(GIS) for Urban planning and development.
For any planning, data is the most important part and
GIS helps in storing, managing, analyzing,
manipulating data. GIS helps in the display of
spatially linked data thereby resulting in the creation
of smart maps.[13,14]
Main Challenges in Urban Planning and
Development
The HPEC (High Powered Expert Committee), the
World Bank, and the Confederation of Indian
Industry (CII) have provided analysis on the
challenges affecting urban development in India.
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1. Planning for land use and zoning
2. The functioning of the property market and
property governance
3. Access to serviced land and affordable housing
4. Access to mass transit systems and road networks
5. Creating a favorable environment for starting,
operating, and growing a business.
As per the World Bank, the following reasons gave
rise to the above challenges
1. Empowerment Deficit: Limited, overlapping, and
fragmented functional assignments resulting in
unclear accountability at the city level.
2. Resource Deficit: Limited revenue-generation
powers and inappropriately targeted
intergovernmental transfers resulting in
inadequate local government financial resources.
3. Accountability Deficit: Despite elections and the
right to information, transparency structures,
roles, and mandates are unclear.
4. Delivery Deficit: Insufficient provision and
maintenance of municipal services and
networks.[15,16]
Recommendations for Urban Planning in India
1. Integrate Spatial Planning at all Government
levels: National, State, and City
2. Create a stable policy framework for private
investment in urban infrastructure.
3. Create institutions to stimulate capacity building
and attract talent to grow businesses.
Urban Planning is a process. It involves the design
and development of land used constructively to the
built environment. This involves technical and
political decisions pertaining to air, water and
infrastructure. It requires detailed planning of
architecture, structural designing, and civil
engineering to create solutions for the communities.
We need to reflect upon it.
Specific Points :
Exploration: This includes considering and
exploring several aspects of the environment to
build communities that have access to the
communication network, transportation in a
methodical way that social environment remains
protected.
Solving Problems: Organized, practical, balanced,
modern, and stylish approach in solving town
planning related problems are possible through
innovative ideas and their implementation at the
design level.
Expansion: This domain of urban planning
includes economic development based on the
infrastructure and other natural resources
planning for support of the community. It is a tie-
up of social and environmental planning.
Human Experience: The interaction of people has
an interlocking effect on the availability of
resources and easy connectivity. It enhances the
experience of people and intensifies community
connection.
Vitalizing the Town: Passage of time is a factor
for change in the requirement of land, water,
energy, transportation and this leads to
redesigning the town to match the standard of
living the citizens expect, repairing, and
renovating the urban areas to adapt to the modern
technology.[17,18]
1990’s was the decade when economic liberalisation
began and India charted a new course of development
economics. It also witnessed the emergence of two
major trends – information technology that started
connecting cultures and people and improved
mobility of capital across geographic boundaries.
Indian cities started driving socio-economic change
and put themselves firmly on the global map. Today,
our cities are the focus of global commercial activity
and interest. They not only contribute substantially to
the Indian economy but also attract investments. They
have become hubs for education, job creation,
innovation, arts and culture.
Results
While it took 40 years for Urban India to reach 230
million, it will take only half this time to grow the
next 250 million. The McKinsey Global Institute has
termed this “India’s urban awakening”, which
presents a massive challenge for urban planning. In
their prediction, they will generate 70% of net new
jobs by 2030. They will also produce more than 70%
of GDP, and stimulate a four-fold increase in per
capita incomes across the nation.[19,20]
In 2011, about 377 million persons (31.4%) lived in
nearly 8000 towns and cities; about half of which
were without Urban Local Bodies (ULBs). About
one-third of the population living in towns and cities
were first generation urban dwellers. As in China,
where the average income in the cities was $1,000 a
year against the rural yearly income of $300, India
too faces a demand and supply gap. This is not only
for homes, but also water, sanitation, transport and
communication services. This is in addition to access
to facilities such as banking, shopping and more,
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which have continued to grow over the decades. Such
gaps appear to be directly proportional to population
size of cities. This gap between the urban and the
rural has naturally led to mass immigration from the
rural to the urban spaces. This resulted in various
problems: the biggest being whether these urban
spaces were equipped to accept so many new
residents.
The Challenge
Urban planning on this front has been inadequate.
Approximately only 25% or 2,000 of these towns and
cities had Master Plans or Development Plans. These
are land-use centric plans approved by the respective
State legislatures, to be achieved over a period of 20
to 25 years. The first problem was that these Master
Plans were poorly implemented due to fund scarcity.
Secondly, detailed action strategies that evolved out
of Master Plans were unavailable. The question is:
will this remain a chronic problem, or will India rise
to the challenge of more strategic urban planning? In
the newly urbanized India of 2050 and beyond, the
tax base for the national economy may grow
significantly. This phenomenal GDP growth will in
turn provide funds for improved urban planning.By
2050, India is expected to graduate to an urban nation
with approximately 900 million persons (or nearly
56% of India’s population). This will bring India
closer to ‘developed’ nations, where the distribution
of population between urban and rural settlements
have tended to stabilize at about 70% or more. The
proportion of the first generation urban dwellers in
2050 could be similar to the 2011 scenario.[21,22]
The History of Urban Planning in India
Looking back at history, Municipalities in India were
only established in the early 19th
century during
colonial rule. The role of Municipalities in India has
remained stable, frequently at the cost of quality of
life of the citizens. During post independence era,
significant official urban planning initiatives to
undertake planned development of towns and cities
include:
Enactment of the Delhi Development Act 1957
leading to establishment of the Delhi
Development Authority, followed by
establishment of about 300 development
authorities for as many cities.
Launching of the national scheme such as IDSMT
in the Sixth FYP (1980-85), intended to address
critical development needs of small and medium
towns.
Publication of India’s first urbanisation policy in
1988 by the National Commission on
Urbanisation (NCU) chaired by Charles Correa.
This document was the first to point out the
inevitable leading role of cities in driving forward
India’s economy and the necessity of integrating
spatial and economic development of its urban
centres.
Enactment of the 73rd
and 74th
Constitutional
Amendments in 1992 known as Panchayati Raj
Act and Nagarpalika Act. These empowered
elected representatives of Districts or ULB to
undertake economic and spatial planned
development of villages, towns and cities. But
since land is a state subject, only some states
adopted the acts, resulting in slowdowns on the
implementation side.
The 2005-JNNURM launched bythe Government
of India was the first initiative of its kind in terms
of the scale of investment of USD 20 billion over
a period of seven years. 65 cities were selected
under this initiative.
In June 2015, the Government of India initiated
the ‘Smart City Mission’. Its objective was to
improve the conditions of 100 cities within five
years with an approved investment of USD
15billion. The Smart City Mission idea appears to
be the most comprehensive in nature and serious
in terms of intention.
The Apathetic Urban Indian
Three situations reflecting the state of mind and
apathy of an average Indian who lives in a city:
1. Jatin Das’ conclusion about contemporary Indian
society, that “no one cares” based on the fate of
his painting Flying Apsara, commissioned by Air
India in 1991.
2. Axis Bank ATM experience. One bank worker sat
on the floor inside the ATM cubicle and was
having his lunch, laid around him. Another was
readying the ATM for users waiting outside, floor
strewn with bits of print outs. The queue of
customers slowly grew. Minutes later, the second
worker finished his job and joined his colleague
sitting on the floor for lunch. Customers kept
waiting till a third bank worker came and found
the ATM ready for use but customers were
unaware. She then ushered the waiting customer
in.
3. On a busy city road, a helmetless motorcyclist
met with an accident. Other citizens travelling on
the same route steered and passed by him, laying
helplessly.
4. The government of India is vigorously promoting
the use of toilets as part of its Swachh Bharat
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(Clean India) programme. In a recently telecast
documentary, the BBC interviewed a few
villagers of North India (intended users of toilets).
These villagers pointed out the advantages of
open defecation, such as the need of a lota (can)
rather than a bucketfull.[23]
Effective Urban Planning must include Citizen
Participation
The task of building a ‘world class’ urban India in a
sustainable and planned manner is a tall order. This
calls for a gigantic urban planning effort by the
government which includes effective participation of
its citizens. The government effort must consist of
resource mobilization, revising the provisions of the
enabling tools and providing opportunities to citizens.
This will enhance their ability to utilize the relevant
learning opportunities so their role may be part of the
proposed ‘inclusive’ strategy of the mission.
The benchmarks of the Smart City Mission must be
sensitive to regional/local contexts given the
country’s size and diversity. There is need to develop,
carefully plan and vizualise implementation and post
implementation sustenance. Stable, complimentary
roles need to be played by all stakeholders to
complete this mission successfully.
Computerization is Crucial, but the Government
Shouldn’t Forget Apathetic Citizens
The Smart City Mission has launched many urban
planning projects in selected cities. These focus on
rapidly replacing operating and maintenance systems
of the cities’ services and amenities: from
manual/semi-computerized to fully/predominantly
computerized.
The Mission hardly recognizes the urgent need to
drastically transform the attitude of the citizens from
apathy to action alongside rural to urban. Therefore a
huge scope remains to address this urban planning
issue across all sizes/types of human settlements in
India. Only through such initiatives can we therefore
expect a smooth urbanization and the Smart City
Mission to be successful.[23]
Conclusions
Smart cities are cities that work.
Most importantly, work for whom? And, what do we
mean by cities that work? Cities are confluences of
people; places where people live, come to meet,
exchange ideas, earn livelihoods, access education,
health and other services and enjoy a life of good
quality. People are at the core of the city. Therefore,
cities should work for their people. Cities that work
for their people will continuously become better
versions of themselves with each passing day. To
answer this question, we need to understand the
reasons which make a city attractive to people in the
first place. These reasons would be, to a large extent,
different for different cities and different for different
sets of people and therefore cannot be generalized.
Some cities attract people for the opportunities that
exist therein as markets and centers for
manufacturing, some others due to the greatness of
their cultures, or their cosmopolitan vibes, and others
for their ability to provide better education and health
facilities or a combination of factors and so on.
There are, largely, two kinds of factors, which attract
people into cities - ‘push factors’, led by distress or
scarcity in their place of origin – like droughts,
violence, social rifts etc. and ‘pull factors’, like better
opportunities for education, business and industry,
leisure, art and culture etc.
Decoding the specific reasons for which people
choose a certain city over others is at the core of
understanding any city’s DNA – the foundational
building blocks that drive the city. The aspirations of
a city’s inhabitants evolve with time and hence these
reasons have to be studied in the relevant contexts. In
order to understand these reasons, smart city
practitioners need to ask some crucial questions, for
example – which are the different communities that
constitute the city, what are their current needs, how
have their needs evolved, what are their hopes and
aspirations, what attracts outsiders to the city
etc.[22,23]
A city can be said to work for its people only if it
supports them in their chosen pursuits. If one is a
migrant, coming into the city for two years in
connection to my job, his or her needs would hover
around access to decent rental housing, efficient
modes of public transport, recreational places and so
on. However, if one is a student, his or her needs
could be about availability of good educational
institutions, safe cycling and walking infrastructure.
This is different from the needs of an elderly citizen
who may prioritize access to good quality healthcare
above other things.
Clearly, not all people or sets of people desire the
same things. In order to simplify the understanding of
the diversity of needs expressed by a city’s diverse
residents, it is useful to classify them under three
broad pillars – liveability, economic-ability and
sustainability. Imagine these as three folders on your
computer that have multiple files of different types,
dealing with different aspects.
These, thus, constitute the three broad outcomes that a
city needs to target in order to work for its people. In
other words, to answer the question ‘what is a smart
city’ in another way; it is a city, which is liveable,
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sustainable and has a thriving economy offering
multiple opportunities to its people to pursue their
diverse interests.
The implementation of the Mission at the City level
will be done by a Special Purpose Vehicle (SPV)
created for the purpose. The SPV. will plan, appraise,
approve, release funds, implement, manage, operate,
monitor and evaluate the Smart City development
projects. Each Smart City will have a SPV which will
be headed by a full time CEO and have nominees of
Central Government, State Government and ULB on
its Board. The States/ULBs shall ensure that, (a) a
dedicated and substantial revenue stream is made
available to the SPV so as to make it self sustainable
and could evolve its own credit worthiness for raising
additional resources from the market and (b)
Government contribution for Smart City is used only
to create infrastructure that has public benefit
outcomes. The execution of projects may be done
through joint ventures, subsidiaries, public-private
partnership (PPP), turnkey contracts, etc. suitably
dovetailed with revenue streams. The SPV will be a
limited company incorporated under the Companies
Act, 2013 at the city-level, in which the State/UT and
the ULB will be the promoters having 50:50 equity
shareholding. The private sector or financial
institutions could be considered for taking equity
stake in the SPV, provided the shareholding pattern of
50:50 of the State/UT and the ULB is maintained and
the State/UT and the ULB together have majority
shareholding and control of the SPV. [21,22]
Funds provided by the Government of India in the
Smart Cities Mission to the SPV will be in the form
of tied grant and kept in a separate Grant Fund. These
funds will be utilized only for the purposes for which
the grants have been given and subject to the
conditions laid down by the MoUD. The State
Government and the ULB will determine the paid up
capital requirements of the SPV commensurate with
the size of the project, commercial financing required
and the financing modalities. To enable the building
up of the equity base of the SPV and to enable ULBs
to contribute their share of the equity capital, GoI
grants will be permitted to be utilized as ULBs share
of equity capital in the SPV, subject to the conditions
given in Annexure 5. Initially, to ensure a minimum
capital base for the SPV, the paid up capital of the
SPV should be such that the ULB’s share is at least
equal to Rs.100 crore with an option to increase it to
the full amount of the first instalment of Funds
provided by GoI (Rs.194 crore). With a matching
equity contribution by State/ULB, the initial paid up
capital of the SPV will thus be Rs. 200 crore (Rs. 100
crore of GoI contribution and Rs. 100 crore of
State/UT share). Since the initial GoI contribution is
Rs.194 crore, along with the matching contribution of
the State Government, the initial paid up capital can
go up to Rs.384 crore at the option of the SPV. The
paid up capital may be enhanced in the subsequent
years as per project requirements, with the provision
mentioned above ensuring that ULB is enabled to
match its shareholding in the SPV with that of the
State/UT.
The structure and functions of the SPV are given in
Annexure 5 and the Articles of Association will
contain such provisions. A model Article of
Association is given in the Toolkit.After selection of
the cities in Stage II of the Challenge, the process of
implementation will start with the setting up of the
SPV. As already stated, it is proposed to give
complete flexibility to the SPV to implement and
manage the Smart Cityproject and the State/ULB will
undertake measures as detailed in Annexure 5 for this
purpose. The SPV may appoint Project Management
Consultants (PMC) for designing, developing,
managing and implementing area-based projects.
SPVs may take assistance from any of the empanelled
consulting firms in the list prepared by MoUD and
the handholding agencies. For procurement of goods
and services, transparent and fair procedures as
prescribed under the State/ULB financial rules may
be followed. Model frameworks as developed by
MoUD may also be used for Smart City projects.
The Smart City Mission will be operated as a
Centrally Sponsored Scheme (CSS) and the Central
Government proposes to give financial support to the
Mission to the extent of Rs. 48,000 crores over five
years i.e. on an average Rs. 100 crore per city per
year. An equal amount, on a matching basis, will have
to be contributed by the State/ULB; therefore, nearly
Rupees one lakh crore of Government/ULB funds
will be available for Smart Cities development.The
project cost of each Smart City proposal will vary
depending upon the level of ambition, model and
capacity to execute and repay. It is anticipated that
substantial funds will be required to implement the
Smart City proposal and towards this end,
Government grants of both the Centre and State will
be leveraged to attract funding from internal and
external sources. The success of this endeavour will
depend upon the robustness of SPV’s revenue model
and comfort provided to lenders and investors. A
number of State Governments have successfully set
up financial intermediaries (such as Tamil Nadu,
Gujarat, Orissa, Punjab, Maharashtra, Karnataka,
Madhya Pradesh and Bihar) which can be tapped for
support and other States may consider some similar
set up in their respective States. Some form of
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guarantee by the State or such a financial
intermediary could also be considered as an
instrument of comfort referred to above. It is expected
that a number of schemes in the Smart City will be
taken up on PPP basis and the SPVs have to
accomplish this. [20,21]
The GOI funds and the matching contribution by
the States/ULB will meet only a part of the project
cost. Balance funds are expected to be mobilized
from:
States/ ULBs own resources from collection of user
fees, beneficiary charges and impact fees, land
monetization, debt, loans, etc.
1. Additional resources transferred due to
acceptance of the recommendations of the
Fourteenth Finance Commission (FFC).
2. Innovative finance mechanisms such as municipal
bonds with credit rating of ULBs, Pooled Finance
Mechanism, Tax Increment Financing (TIF).
3. Other Central Government schemes like Swachh
Bharat Mission, AMRUT, National Heritage City
Development and Augmentation Yojana
(HRIDAY).
4. Leverage borrowings from financial institutions,
including bilateral and multilateral institutions,
both domestic and external sources.
5. States/UTs may also access the National
Investment and Infrastructure Fund (NIIF), which
was announced by the Finance Minister in his
2015 Budget Speech, and is likely to be set up
this year.
6. Private sector through PPPs.
The distribution of funds under the Scheme will be
as follows:
93% project funds.
5% Administrative and Office Expenses (A&OE)
funds for state/ULB (towards preparation of SCPs
and for PMCs, Pilot studies connected to area-
based developments and deployment and
generation of Smart Solutions, capacity building
as approved in the Challenge and online
services).
2% A&OE funds for MoUD (Mission Directorate
and connected activities/structures, Research,
Pilot studies, Capacity Building, and concurrent
evaluation).[23]
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