Biodiversity conservation involves protecting ecosystems, habitats, and species. It aims to maintain viable populations of all native species and their genetic diversity. Key methods for biodiversity conservation include protected areas like national parks, sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, and marine protected areas. Laws like the Wildlife Protection Act (1972) and the Biological Diversity Act (2002) support conservation efforts in India. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) also regulates global trade in threatened species.

1. PRESENTED BY- PRAGATI INWATI
MFK2112
FRM DEPARTMENT

2. What is Biodiversity Conservation?
 Conservation is defined as
safeguarding, maintaining or protecting
and the wise management of natural
resources.
It also called as environmental
management.
 Biodiversity conservation is the
protection and management of
biodiversity to obtain resources for
sustainable development.

5.  Protection of species and species sub-divisions which
supports biodiversity.
 Maintaining habitat is fundamental to conserve the
species.
 Represent all native ecosystem types in a system of
protected areas.

6.  Maintain or emulate natural ecological processes.
 Manage for adaptability in response to environmental
change.
 Maintain viable populations of all native species in
natural patterns of abundance and distribution.
 Minimize the introduction and spread of invasive alien
species.

7. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
A legally binding treaty to conserve biodiversity entered into
force in December 1993.

8. The conservation of biological
diversity
The sustainable use of the
components of biological
diversity.
The fair and equitable sharing
of the benefits arising out of
the utilization of genetic
resources.

9. IUCN criteria- Red list
 The International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the
IUCN Red List or Red Data Book.
 Founded in 1964.
 It contains explicit criteria and categories to classify the
conservation status of individual species on the basis of their
probability of extinction.

10. Formation 1964
Headquarters United kingdom
Region served International
Official language English
Parent organization International Union
for Conservation of
Nature
The IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species

11. Affiliations Species Survival
Commission, Birdlife
International, Conservation
International, NatureServe,
Botanic Garden Conservation
International, Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, Texas A&M
University, Sapienza
University of
Rome, Zoological Society of
London, Wildscreen
Website www.iucnredlist.org

12. The IUCN system uses a set of five quantitative criteria to
assess the extinction risk of a given species. In general, these
criteria consider:
 The rate of population decline
 The geographic range
 Whether the species already possesses a small population size
 Whether the species is very small or lives in a restricted area
 Whether the results of a quantitative analysis indicate a high
probability of extinction in the wild

13. Objectives of IUCN
The International Union for Conservation of Nature works to
achieve the following goals:
 To provide scientific data on the status of species and
subspecies at a global level.
 To address the factors of concern and spread awareness
regarding the species and biodiversity extinction.
 To plan a layout for the conservation of biodiversity.

14. IUCN Red List Users
The users of the IUCN Red List are given below:
 Government agencies (National & International)
 Wildlife organizations and departments
 Conservation-related NGOs
 Natural resource planners
 Educational organizations
 Zoos and aquariums
 Media

16. The 9 categories in the IUCN red list:
1. Extinct (EX)

17. Extinct in the wild (EW) –
Examples- Long-spine bream (Acanthobrama centisquama)
Cyprinus barbatus

18. Critically Endangered (CR)
 Pondicherry shark
(Carcharhinus hemiodon)
 Indian swellshark
(Cephaloscyllium silasi)

19. Endangered (EN)

20. MARINE PROTECTED AREA
 A marine protected area (MPA) is essentially a space
in the ocean where human activities are more strictly
regulated than the surrounding waters similar to parks
we have on land.

22. PURPOSE AND BENEFITS OF MARINE
PROTECTED AREAS
Purpose
 To conserve natural heritage: The goals are to protect and
restore the biodiversity within the ecosystems of an area. Some
of examples include most national marine sanctuaries and
national wildlife refuges.
 To conserve cultural heritage: This would include providing
protection to historical artifacts, such as a shipwreck. This may
include some of the national marine sanctuaries, national and
state parks and historic monuments.

23. • Sustainable Production: The area would be managed in a
way that supports the extraction of living resources (like fish,
shellfish, plants, etc) that depend on the protected areas habitat
for feeding, mating, spawning, etc.

24. Benefits
 Allows ecosystems to recover and reestablish after natural or
human impacts
 Fostering healthy marine ecosystems can lead to increased
seafood production, good water quality, and coastal protection
from events like hurricanes
 Supports fisheries inside and outside of the MPA as species
move in and out of the area
 Protects significant habitats

25.  Creates opportunities for education and research
 Provides potential for recreation and tourism to grow
 Protects areas that have cultural significance so that they
can be enjoyed by future generations

26. Marine sanctuaries
 Marine preserved or sanctuaries for protection, conservation
and management of bio resources for ecological, recreational
and to keep the ethical values (Marine protection, research and
sanctuaries Act (MPRSA).

28. Biosphere Reserve
 A Biosphere Reserve is a protected area, which is used for
preserving living organisms like flora and fauna".
 The area of Biospheres is divided into three zones for multiple
uses of the land. Each zone is used for a particular activity.
 At present, there are 18 Biosphere reserves in India that are
conserving the extinction of various species.
 In which 11 Biospheres of India are also included in the
UNESCO world network.

30. Establishment of National Marine Parks
 Marine Park is an area of the sea zone as a sanctuary for
protection of its bio resources in coral reefs, mangroves, floods
and other associated flora and fauna.
 The park was created 24 May 1982 under the Wildlife
Protection Act of 1972 to protect marine life such as the corals
and nesting sea turtles prevalent in the area.

32. Objectives of marine parks
 To conserve and protect bio resources of marine ecosystem.
 To protect and manage natural ecosystem for research,
education, sustainable development and ecotourism.

33. Criteria for selection of marine parks (UNESCO –
Criteria)
a. High species diversity centre’s
b. Critical habitat for important species
c. Special culture values
d. Important research purposes
e. Special sensitivity areas
f. Significant for biotic species - Rare, Threatened species etc.

34. Benefits of marine parks
 Biodiversity conservation programme
 Provides research materials
 Helps to attract visitors
 In-situ conservation of extinction species and
 To create recreation opportunities

35. Activities prohibited in Marine Parks
 Fishing and killing of Fishes
 Spear gun fishing
 Collection of corals, shells, living organisms etc.
 Collection of sand
 Littering and polluting
 Anchoring of boats to reefs.

36. Marine National Park of India
1. The Gulf of Mannar Marine
National Park
 It is a protected area of India
consisting of 21 small islands
(islets) and adjacent coral reefs
in the Gulf of Mannar in the
Indian Ocean.
 The park has a high diversity of
plants and animals in its marine,
intertidal and near shore
habitats.
 It was established as a National
Park in 1986.

37. 2. Mahatma Gandhi Marine National
Park
 It is a national park of India in
Wandoor on the Andaman Islands.
 The park covers 281.5 km² made up of
15 islands and the open sea creeks
running through the area.
 The park was created on 24 May 1983
under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972
to protect marine life such as the corals
and nesting sea turtles prevalent in the
area.

38. 3. Gulf of Kutch Marine National Park
 It is situated on the southern shore of the Gulf of Kutch in the
Jamnagar District of Gujarat state, India.
 In 1980, an area of 270 km² from Okha to Jodiya.

39.  It is the first national marine park of India.
 There are 42 islands on the Jamnagar coast in the Marine
National Park, most of them surrounded by reefs.

40. 4. Rani Jhansi Marine National
Park
 It is located in the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal.
 It was founded in 1996, and covers
256.14 km². It contains coral reefs
and mangrove forests.
 It plays a major role in the
ecosystem, because it pollinates
plants and scatters seeds.

41. 5. Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary
The Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary is the only marine
sanctuary of Orissa.
 In 1997 the Government of Orissa declared the area as
Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary considering its ecological
significance and diverse floral and faunal resources.
 Area 1,435 square kilometers.
 It is the one of world’s most important nesting beach for
turtles.

42. 6. Malvan Marine Sanctuary
 Malvan Marine Sanctuary, Sindhudurg district in Konkan
region of Maharashtra .
 Established in 1987.
 It covers 29.22 sq km².
 Malvan is one of the biologically richest coastal regions in
Maharashtra.

43.  The Malvan Marine Sanctuary is extremely rich in coral and
marine life.
 The marine flora and fauna here pertain to sea anemones,
mollusks, polychaetes, pearl oyster, corals, seaweed and
mangroves.

44. Identification and protection of sites for conservation of
biological diversity is basically by

46. 1. In – situ conservation
 In situ conservation means the conservation of ecosystem
and natural habitat and maintenance and recovery of viable
population of species in the natural surrounding where they
have developed their distinctive characteristics.
 In-situ conservation means "on-site conservation".
It is the process of protecting an endangered plant or animal
species in its natural habitat

48. Objective of in-situ conservation
1. The main objective is to recognize a particular biodiversity
rich area and to preserve it so that the biodiversity can
continue to flourish and evolve.
2. It helps to maintain high genetic variability for introduction
of improved varieties and to reduce problems of
maintenance of brood stock in-site condition and
transportation.

49. Difference between the protected area categories:
Name Objectives Features zone
National
Parks
Conservation
of species of a
habitat with
minimal or
very low
intensity of
human activity.
No human
resides in the
Park, other
than a public
servant on
duty and
permitted
persons by the
Chief Wild
Life Warden
Core

50. Sanctuary Conservation
of species and
habitats by
manipulative
management
No human resides
in the Sanctuary,
other than a public
servant on duty
and permitted
persons by the
Chief Wild Life
Warden
Core, Buffer
And
Restoration
Biosphere
Reserves
Conservation
of the natural
resources and
for the
improvement
Both natural and
human influenced
ecosystems;
Substantial human
settlements
Core, Buffer,
Restoration
and Cultural

51. 2. Ex situ Conservation
 Ex-situ conservation means literally off-site conservation.
 Ex situ conservation means the conservation of biological
diversity components outside their natural habitat.
 It involves cultivation of rare plants/rearing of threatened
animals outside of their natural habitats and also holding of
plants and animal species.

53. Some of the steps involved in ex- situ conservation
of animals species include:
 Establishing minimum target population goals to provide
for maintenance of captive genetic diversity at least for the
next 100 years.
 Compiling animal husbandry programmes for circulation
to all breeding facilities,
 Implement an overall plan that contributes to the objectives
of maintaining viable captive populations across the globe.

54. Application of ex- situ conservation
 Protection to a single species of plant and animal
 Protection of assemblage of species
 Coral reefs - Marine Parks - Gulf Manner, Gulf Kutch
 Mangroves - Sanctuaries - Sundarbans, West Bengal ,
Bangladesh habitat preservation

55.  Alteration or destruction of habitat by man leads to
 Extinction - Eventual disappearance, Extinction of Sea Cow
–Sirenia Sp.
 Extermination - Rare, threatened, endangered species
 Endangered species are: Blue whale, Fin Whale, Baleen
whales, Sperm whale, Bowhead whale, Dolphin, Sharks etc.

56. Wildlife protection act, 1972
 The Indian Parliament enacted the Wildlife (Protection) Act in
1972, which provides for the safeguard and protection of the
wildlife (flora and fauna) in the country.
 This Act provides for the protection of the country’s wild
animals, birds, and plant species, in order to ensure
environmental and ecological security.

57. Salient Features of Wildlife Protection Act
 This Act provides for the protection of a listed species of
animals, birds, and plants, and also for the establishment of a
network of ecologically-important protected areas in the
country.
 The Act provides for the formation of wildlife advisory
boards, wildlife wardens, specifies their powers and duties,
etc.
 It helped India become a party to the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES).

58.  The Act prohibited the hunting of endangered species.
 Scheduled animals are prohibited from being traded as per
the Act’s provisions.
 The Act provides for licenses for the sale, transfer, and
possession of some wildlife species.

59.  It provides for the establishment of wildlife sanctuaries,
national parks, etc.
 Its provisions paved the way for the formation of the Central
Zoo Authority.
 This is the central body responsible for the oversight of zoos
in India. It was established in 1992.
Protected Areas under the Wildlife Protection Act
 There are five types of protected areas as provided under the
Act:
Sanctuaries, National park, Conservation reserve, Community
reserve, Tiger reserve

60. Biological Diversity Act, 2002
 The act was enacted in 2002.
 It aims at the conservation of biological resources,
managing its sustainable use and enabling fair and equitable
sharing benefits arising out of the use and knowledge of
biological resources with the local communities.

61. The Biological Diversity Act 2002, has three main
objectives:
1) The conservation of biodiversity;
2) The sustainable use of biological resources;
3) Equity in sharing benefits from such use of resources.

62. The National Biodiversity Authority
 The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) was established in
2003 by the Central Government to implement India’s Biological
Diversity Act (2002).
 It is a statutory body that performs facilitative, regulatory and
advisory functions for the Government of India on the issue of
Conservation and sustainable use of biological resources.
 The NBA has its Headquarters in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, and
India.

63. Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs)
 According to Section 41 of the Act, every local body shall
constitute the BMC within its area for the purpose of promoting
conservation, sustainable use and documentation of biological
diversity including:
 Preservation of habitats
 Conservation of Landraces
 Folk varieties and cultivars
 Domesticated stocks and breeds of animals
 International treaties and conventions

64. CITES
 The Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international
agreement to which States and regional economic integration
organizations adhere voluntarily.

65.  CITES is an international agreement between governments
with the objective of the preservation of the planet’s plants and.
 It was adopted in 1963 and entered into force in 1975.

66. Aim
 Ensure that international trade in specimens of wild
animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
 The CITES Secretariat is administered by UNEP (The
United Nations Environment Programme) and is located at
Geneva, Switzerland.
 It plays a coordinating, advisory and servicing role in the
working of the Convention (CITES).

67. Function
 The CITES works by subjecting international trade in
specimens of selected species to certain controls.
 All import, export, re-exports and introduction from the sea of
species covered by the Convention has to be authorized through a
licensing system.
 Each Party to the Convention must designate one or more
Management Authorities in charge of administering that licensing
system and one or more Scientific Authorities to advise them on
the effects of trade on the status of the species.

68. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory
Species of Wild Animals (CMS)
Bonn Convention is a name of the international treaty on the
conservation of migratory species of wild animals that was
adopted in Bonn, Germany in 1979.
 It came into force in 1983. The convention is simply known as
Bonn Convention or CMS (Convention on Conservation of
Migratory Species) which is an important part of international
environment conventions and protocols.

69. Migratory Species
 A migratory species crosses one or more national
jurisdictional lines cyclically and reliably due to factors such as
food, temperature, and shelter.
 Its purpose is to define States’ obligations to conserve species
that live within or travel through their national
borders/jurisdiction.

70. The Ramsar Convention
 The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
especially as Waterfowl Habitat, sometimes also known as
the Ramsar Convention from its place of adoption in 1971 in
Iran.
 It is an intergovernmental treaty which provides the framework
for international cooperation for the conservation of wetland
habitats.

71. Three major subjects are covered in the Ramsar
Conventions:
 Under the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International
Importance, the 171 contracting parties must designate
appropriate wetlands in their territories.
 The wetlands that have been declared must be carefully
managed and cared for.
 The parties involved must use shared wetland systems over
the territory of more than one contracting party sensibly and
after adequate consultation.

72. The Ramsar Convention is supported by six international
organizations partners that are as follows:
1) Birdlife International
2) IUCN
3) Wetlands International
4) WWF
5) International Water Management Institute
1) Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust

75. Purpose of the Ramsar Convention
The Ramsar Convention is founded on three pillars that define
its mission:
 Wise Use- Ensure that all wetlands are used wisely.
 List of Internationally Significant Wetlands- Designate
appropriate wetlands for effective management under the
Ramsar List.
 International Cooperation- To foster international cooperation
on transboundary wetlands, shared species, and shared wetland
systems.

76. REFERENCE
Joseph Wanju.(2013). Biodiversity Conservation Needs and Method to
Conserve the Biological Diversity. Journal of Biodiversity & Endangered
Species, Volume 1 (3),1000113
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org
The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 - Legislative Department
https://legislative.gov.in
S S Negi, 2002, Handbook of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and
Biosphere Reserves in India.