Biodiversity conservation involves protecting ecosystems, habitats, and species. It aims to maintain viable populations of all native species and their genetic diversity. Key methods for biodiversity conservation include protected areas like national parks, sanctuaries, biosphere reserves, and marine protected areas. Laws like the Wildlife Protection Act (1972) and the Biological Diversity Act (2002) support conservation efforts in India. The Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) also regulates global trade in threatened species.
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
Protected areas are those in which human occupation or at least the exploitation of resources is limited.
The definition that has been widely accepted across regional and global frameworks has been provided by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) in its categorization guidelines for protected areas.
There are several kinds of protected areas, which vary by level of protection depending on the enabling laws of each country or the regulations of the international organizations involved.
The term "protected area" also includes
Marine Protected Areas, the boundaries of which will include some area of ocean, and
Trans boundary Protected Areas that overlap multiple countries which remove the borders inside the area for conservation and economic purposes.
+A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail. The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants, adapted to the unique hydric soil.
+Wetlands include a variety of habitats, which may be natural or man made area of water or marsh that can be lotic (standing water) and lentic (running water).
+Types of wetlands
a)Marine water
b)Fresh water
c)Man made
+Why Are Wetlands Important?
+Wetlands and Ecosystem Services
+Wetlands are threatened
+Wetland Protection
+Wetland Conservation Strategy
#science #bioresources and use of biodiversity #zoology
biodiversity and bioresources
content
definition
types
difference
uses of biodiversity
applications
references
Hotspots of biodiversity—areas particularly rich in species, rare species,
threatened species, or some combination of these attributes—are increasingly
being delineated to help set priorities for conservation. Only recently have we
begun to test key assumptions that determine how useful a hotspot approach
can be for conservation planning. The evidence suggests that although at large
geographic scales hotspots do provide useful information for conservation
planning, at smaller scales their value may be more limited.
In this ppt, you will study about the different biographical zone of India and types of forest in India and about Indian Biodiversity with a video made by me on youtube. you can follow me here and you can see my more video on youtube.
PRESENTATION ON Biosphere reserves of India
A Biosphere Reserve is an ecosystem with plants and animals of unusual scientific and natural interest. It is a title given by UNESCO to help protect the sites.
Marine protected area Marine protected areas (MPA) are protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or in the US, the Great Lakes .[2] These marine areas can come in many forms ranging from wildlife refuges to research facilities.[3] MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources.[4] Such marine resources are protected by local, state, territorial, native, regional, national, or international authorities and differ substantially among and between nations. This variation includes different limitations on development, fishing practices, fishing seasons and catch limits, moorings and bans on removing or disrupting marine life. In some situations (such as with the Phoenix Islands Protected Area), MPAs also provide revenue for countries, potentially equal to the income that they would have if they were to grant companies permissions to fish.[5]
On 28 October 2016 in Hobart, Australia, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources agreed to establish the first Antarctic and largest marine protected area in the world encompassing 1.55 million km2 (600,000 sq mi) in the Ross Sea.[6] Other large MPAs are in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, in certain exclusive economic zones of Australia and overseas territories of France, the United Kingdom and the United States, with major (990,000 square kilometres (380,000 sq mi) or larger) new or expanded MPAs by these nations since 2012—such as Natural Park of the Coral Sea, Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area. When counted with MPAs of all sizes from many other countries, as of August 2016 there are more than 13,650 MPAs, encompassing 2.07% of the world's oceans, with half of that area – encompassing 1.03% of the world's oceans – receiving complete "no-take" designation.[7]
+A wetland is a distinct ecosystem that is flooded by water, either permanently or seasonally, where oxygen-free processes prevail. The primary factor that distinguishes wetlands from other land forms or water bodies is the characteristic vegetation of aquatic plants, adapted to the unique hydric soil.
+Wetlands include a variety of habitats, which may be natural or man made area of water or marsh that can be lotic (standing water) and lentic (running water).
+Types of wetlands
a)Marine water
b)Fresh water
c)Man made
+Why Are Wetlands Important?
+Wetlands and Ecosystem Services
+Wetlands are threatened
+Wetland Protection
+Wetland Conservation Strategy
#science #bioresources and use of biodiversity #zoology
biodiversity and bioresources
content
definition
types
difference
uses of biodiversity
applications
references
Hotspots of biodiversity—areas particularly rich in species, rare species,
threatened species, or some combination of these attributes—are increasingly
being delineated to help set priorities for conservation. Only recently have we
begun to test key assumptions that determine how useful a hotspot approach
can be for conservation planning. The evidence suggests that although at large
geographic scales hotspots do provide useful information for conservation
planning, at smaller scales their value may be more limited.
In this ppt, you will study about the different biographical zone of India and types of forest in India and about Indian Biodiversity with a video made by me on youtube. you can follow me here and you can see my more video on youtube.
PRESENTATION ON Biosphere reserves of India
A Biosphere Reserve is an ecosystem with plants and animals of unusual scientific and natural interest. It is a title given by UNESCO to help protect the sites.
Marine protected area Marine protected areas (MPA) are protected areas of seas, oceans, estuaries or in the US, the Great Lakes .[2] These marine areas can come in many forms ranging from wildlife refuges to research facilities.[3] MPAs restrict human activity for a conservation purpose, typically to protect natural or cultural resources.[4] Such marine resources are protected by local, state, territorial, native, regional, national, or international authorities and differ substantially among and between nations. This variation includes different limitations on development, fishing practices, fishing seasons and catch limits, moorings and bans on removing or disrupting marine life. In some situations (such as with the Phoenix Islands Protected Area), MPAs also provide revenue for countries, potentially equal to the income that they would have if they were to grant companies permissions to fish.[5]
On 28 October 2016 in Hobart, Australia, the Convention for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources agreed to establish the first Antarctic and largest marine protected area in the world encompassing 1.55 million km2 (600,000 sq mi) in the Ross Sea.[6] Other large MPAs are in the Indian, Pacific, and Atlantic Oceans, in certain exclusive economic zones of Australia and overseas territories of France, the United Kingdom and the United States, with major (990,000 square kilometres (380,000 sq mi) or larger) new or expanded MPAs by these nations since 2012—such as Natural Park of the Coral Sea, Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument, Coral Sea Commonwealth Marine Reserve and South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands Marine Protected Area. When counted with MPAs of all sizes from many other countries, as of August 2016 there are more than 13,650 MPAs, encompassing 2.07% of the world's oceans, with half of that area – encompassing 1.03% of the world's oceans – receiving complete "no-take" designation.[7]
conservation of natural resources in their natural habitat known as in-situ conservation. natural resources includes living organism (plants,animals),forest ,wetlands, ocean, rivers etc.
International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), formerly called World Conservation Union, network of environmental organizations founded as the International Union for the Protection of Nature in October 1948 in Fontainebleau, France, to promote nature conservation and the ecologically sustainable use of natural resources. The IUCN’s membership includes more than 1,000 governmental and nongovernmental organizations from more than 140 countries. It is governed by a democratically elected council, which is chosen by member organizations at each World Conservation Congress.
World Oceans Day 8th June, 2019 provides an opportunity to honour, protect, and conserve the oceans. United Nations Sustainable Development Goal # 14 commits countries to unite over what is a truly global responsibility – the protection of our oceans and the lives that depend on it.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
"Understanding the Carbon Cycle: Processes, Human Impacts, and Strategies for...MMariSelvam4
The carbon cycle is a critical component of Earth's environmental system, governing the movement and transformation of carbon through various reservoirs, including the atmosphere, oceans, soil, and living organisms. This complex cycle involves several key processes such as photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, and carbon sequestration, each contributing to the regulation of carbon levels on the planet.
Human activities, particularly fossil fuel combustion and deforestation, have significantly altered the natural carbon cycle, leading to increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and driving climate change. Understanding the intricacies of the carbon cycle is essential for assessing the impacts of these changes and developing effective mitigation strategies.
By studying the carbon cycle, scientists can identify carbon sources and sinks, measure carbon fluxes, and predict future trends. This knowledge is crucial for crafting policies aimed at reducing carbon emissions, enhancing carbon storage, and promoting sustainable practices. The carbon cycle's interplay with climate systems, ecosystems, and human activities underscores its importance in maintaining a stable and healthy planet.
In-depth exploration of the carbon cycle reveals the delicate balance required to sustain life and the urgent need to address anthropogenic influences. Through research, education, and policy, we can work towards restoring equilibrium in the carbon cycle and ensuring a sustainable future for generations to come.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
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Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Diabetes is a rapidly and serious health problem in Pakistan. This chronic condition is associated with serious long-term complications, including higher risk of heart disease and stroke. Aggressive treatment of hypertension and hyperlipideamia can result in a substantial reduction in cardiovascular events in patients with diabetes 1. Consequently pharmacist-led diabetes cardiovascular risk (DCVR) clinics have been established in both primary and secondary care sites in NHS Lothian during the past five years. An audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery at the clinics was conducted in order to evaluate practice and to standardize the pharmacists’ documentation of outcomes. Pharmaceutical care issues (PCI) and patient details were collected both prospectively and retrospectively from three DCVR clinics. The PCI`s were categorized according to a triangularised system consisting of multiple categories. These were ‘checks’, ‘changes’ (‘change in drug therapy process’ and ‘change in drug therapy’), ‘drug therapy problems’ and ‘quality assurance descriptors’ (‘timer perspective’ and ‘degree of change’). A verified medication assessment tool (MAT) for patients with chronic cardiovascular disease was applied to the patients from one of the clinics. The tool was used to quantify PCI`s and pharmacist actions that were centered on implementing or enforcing clinical guideline standards. A database was developed to be used as an assessment tool and to standardize the documentation of achievement of outcomes. Feedback on the audit of the pharmaceutical care delivery and the database was received from the DCVR clinic pharmacist at a focus group meeting.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
UNDERSTANDING WHAT GREEN WASHING IS!.pdfJulietMogola
Many companies today use green washing to lure the public into thinking they are conserving the environment but in real sense they are doing more harm. There have been such several cases from very big companies here in Kenya and also globally. This ranges from various sectors from manufacturing and goes to consumer products. Educating people on greenwashing will enable people to make better choices based on their analysis and not on what they see on marketing sites.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Micro RNA genes and their likely influence in rice (Oryza sativa L.) dynamic ...Open Access Research Paper
Micro RNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs molecules having approximately 18-25 nucleotides, they are present in both plants and animals genomes. MiRNAs have diverse spatial expression patterns and regulate various developmental metabolisms, stress responses and other physiological processes. The dynamic gene expression playing major roles in phenotypic differences in organisms are believed to be controlled by miRNAs. Mutations in regions of regulatory factors, such as miRNA genes or transcription factors (TF) necessitated by dynamic environmental factors or pathogen infections, have tremendous effects on structure and expression of genes. The resultant novel gene products presents potential explanations for constant evolving desirable traits that have long been bred using conventional means, biotechnology or genetic engineering. Rice grain quality, yield, disease tolerance, climate-resilience and palatability properties are not exceptional to miRN Asmutations effects. There are new insights courtesy of high-throughput sequencing and improved proteomic techniques that organisms’ complexity and adaptations are highly contributed by miRNAs containing regulatory networks. This article aims to expound on how rice miRNAs could be driving evolution of traits and highlight the latest miRNA research progress. Moreover, the review accentuates miRNAs grey areas to be addressed and gives recommendations for further studies.
2. What is Biodiversity Conservation?
Conservation is defined as
safeguarding, maintaining or protecting
and the wise management of natural
resources.
It also called as environmental
management.
Biodiversity conservation is the
protection and management of
biodiversity to obtain resources for
sustainable development.
3.
4.
5. Protection of species and species sub-divisions which
supports biodiversity.
Maintaining habitat is fundamental to conserve the
species.
Represent all native ecosystem types in a system of
protected areas.
6. Maintain or emulate natural ecological processes.
Manage for adaptability in response to environmental
change.
Maintain viable populations of all native species in
natural patterns of abundance and distribution.
Minimize the introduction and spread of invasive alien
species.
7. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD)
A legally binding treaty to conserve biodiversity entered into
force in December 1993.
8. The conservation of biological
diversity
The sustainable use of the
components of biological
diversity.
The fair and equitable sharing
of the benefits arising out of
the utilization of genetic
resources.
9. IUCN criteria- Red list
The International Union for Conservation of Nature
(IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species, also known as the
IUCN Red List or Red Data Book.
Founded in 1964.
It contains explicit criteria and categories to classify the
conservation status of individual species on the basis of their
probability of extinction.
10. Formation 1964
Headquarters United kingdom
Region served International
Official language English
Parent organization International Union
for Conservation of
Nature
The IUCN Red List of Threatened
Species
11. Affiliations Species Survival
Commission, Birdlife
International, Conservation
International, NatureServe,
Botanic Garden Conservation
International, Royal Botanic
Gardens, Kew, Texas A&M
University, Sapienza
University of
Rome, Zoological Society of
London, Wildscreen
Website www.iucnredlist.org
12. The IUCN system uses a set of five quantitative criteria to
assess the extinction risk of a given species. In general, these
criteria consider:
The rate of population decline
The geographic range
Whether the species already possesses a small population size
Whether the species is very small or lives in a restricted area
Whether the results of a quantitative analysis indicate a high
probability of extinction in the wild
13. Objectives of IUCN
The International Union for Conservation of Nature works to
achieve the following goals:
To provide scientific data on the status of species and
subspecies at a global level.
To address the factors of concern and spread awareness
regarding the species and biodiversity extinction.
To plan a layout for the conservation of biodiversity.
14. IUCN Red List Users
The users of the IUCN Red List are given below:
Government agencies (National & International)
Wildlife organizations and departments
Conservation-related NGOs
Natural resource planners
Educational organizations
Zoos and aquariums
Media
20. MARINE PROTECTED AREA
A marine protected area (MPA) is essentially a space
in the ocean where human activities are more strictly
regulated than the surrounding waters similar to parks
we have on land.
21.
22. PURPOSE AND BENEFITS OF MARINE
PROTECTED AREAS
Purpose
To conserve natural heritage: The goals are to protect and
restore the biodiversity within the ecosystems of an area. Some
of examples include most national marine sanctuaries and
national wildlife refuges.
To conserve cultural heritage: This would include providing
protection to historical artifacts, such as a shipwreck. This may
include some of the national marine sanctuaries, national and
state parks and historic monuments.
23. • Sustainable Production: The area would be managed in a
way that supports the extraction of living resources (like fish,
shellfish, plants, etc) that depend on the protected areas habitat
for feeding, mating, spawning, etc.
24. Benefits
Allows ecosystems to recover and reestablish after natural or
human impacts
Fostering healthy marine ecosystems can lead to increased
seafood production, good water quality, and coastal protection
from events like hurricanes
Supports fisheries inside and outside of the MPA as species
move in and out of the area
Protects significant habitats
25. Creates opportunities for education and research
Provides potential for recreation and tourism to grow
Protects areas that have cultural significance so that they
can be enjoyed by future generations
26. Marine sanctuaries
Marine preserved or sanctuaries for protection, conservation
and management of bio resources for ecological, recreational
and to keep the ethical values (Marine protection, research and
sanctuaries Act (MPRSA).
27.
28. Biosphere Reserve
A Biosphere Reserve is a protected area, which is used for
preserving living organisms like flora and fauna".
The area of Biospheres is divided into three zones for multiple
uses of the land. Each zone is used for a particular activity.
At present, there are 18 Biosphere reserves in India that are
conserving the extinction of various species.
In which 11 Biospheres of India are also included in the
UNESCO world network.
29.
30. Establishment of National Marine Parks
Marine Park is an area of the sea zone as a sanctuary for
protection of its bio resources in coral reefs, mangroves, floods
and other associated flora and fauna.
The park was created 24 May 1982 under the Wildlife
Protection Act of 1972 to protect marine life such as the corals
and nesting sea turtles prevalent in the area.
31.
32. Objectives of marine parks
To conserve and protect bio resources of marine ecosystem.
To protect and manage natural ecosystem for research,
education, sustainable development and ecotourism.
33. Criteria for selection of marine parks (UNESCO –
Criteria)
a. High species diversity centre’s
b. Critical habitat for important species
c. Special culture values
d. Important research purposes
e. Special sensitivity areas
f. Significant for biotic species - Rare, Threatened species etc.
34. Benefits of marine parks
Biodiversity conservation programme
Provides research materials
Helps to attract visitors
In-situ conservation of extinction species and
To create recreation opportunities
35. Activities prohibited in Marine Parks
Fishing and killing of Fishes
Spear gun fishing
Collection of corals, shells, living organisms etc.
Collection of sand
Littering and polluting
Anchoring of boats to reefs.
36. Marine National Park of India
1. The Gulf of Mannar Marine
National Park
It is a protected area of India
consisting of 21 small islands
(islets) and adjacent coral reefs
in the Gulf of Mannar in the
Indian Ocean.
The park has a high diversity of
plants and animals in its marine,
intertidal and near shore
habitats.
It was established as a National
Park in 1986.
37. 2. Mahatma Gandhi Marine National
Park
It is a national park of India in
Wandoor on the Andaman Islands.
The park covers 281.5 km² made up of
15 islands and the open sea creeks
running through the area.
The park was created on 24 May 1983
under the Wildlife Protection Act of 1972
to protect marine life such as the corals
and nesting sea turtles prevalent in the
area.
38. 3. Gulf of Kutch Marine National Park
It is situated on the southern shore of the Gulf of Kutch in the
Jamnagar District of Gujarat state, India.
In 1980, an area of 270 km² from Okha to Jodiya.
39. It is the first national marine park of India.
There are 42 islands on the Jamnagar coast in the Marine
National Park, most of them surrounded by reefs.
40. 4. Rani Jhansi Marine National
Park
It is located in the Andaman and
Nicobar Islands in the Bay of Bengal.
It was founded in 1996, and covers
256.14 km². It contains coral reefs
and mangrove forests.
It plays a major role in the
ecosystem, because it pollinates
plants and scatters seeds.
41. 5. Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary
The Gahirmatha Marine Wildlife Sanctuary is the only marine
sanctuary of Orissa.
In 1997 the Government of Orissa declared the area as
Gahirmatha Marine Sanctuary considering its ecological
significance and diverse floral and faunal resources.
Area 1,435 square kilometers.
It is the one of world’s most important nesting beach for
turtles.
42. 6. Malvan Marine Sanctuary
Malvan Marine Sanctuary, Sindhudurg district in Konkan
region of Maharashtra .
Established in 1987.
It covers 29.22 sq km².
Malvan is one of the biologically richest coastal regions in
Maharashtra.
43. The Malvan Marine Sanctuary is extremely rich in coral and
marine life.
The marine flora and fauna here pertain to sea anemones,
mollusks, polychaetes, pearl oyster, corals, seaweed and
mangroves.
46. 1. In – situ conservation
In situ conservation means the conservation of ecosystem
and natural habitat and maintenance and recovery of viable
population of species in the natural surrounding where they
have developed their distinctive characteristics.
In-situ conservation means "on-site conservation".
It is the process of protecting an endangered plant or animal
species in its natural habitat
47.
48. Objective of in-situ conservation
1. The main objective is to recognize a particular biodiversity
rich area and to preserve it so that the biodiversity can
continue to flourish and evolve.
2. It helps to maintain high genetic variability for introduction
of improved varieties and to reduce problems of
maintenance of brood stock in-site condition and
transportation.
49. Difference between the protected area categories:
Name Objectives Features zone
National
Parks
Conservation
of species of a
habitat with
minimal or
very low
intensity of
human activity.
No human
resides in the
Park, other
than a public
servant on
duty and
permitted
persons by the
Chief Wild
Life Warden
Core
50. Sanctuary Conservation
of species and
habitats by
manipulative
management
No human resides
in the Sanctuary,
other than a public
servant on duty
and permitted
persons by the
Chief Wild Life
Warden
Core, Buffer
And
Restoration
Biosphere
Reserves
Conservation
of the natural
resources and
for the
improvement
Both natural and
human influenced
ecosystems;
Substantial human
settlements
Core, Buffer,
Restoration
and Cultural
51. 2. Ex situ Conservation
Ex-situ conservation means literally off-site conservation.
Ex situ conservation means the conservation of biological
diversity components outside their natural habitat.
It involves cultivation of rare plants/rearing of threatened
animals outside of their natural habitats and also holding of
plants and animal species.
52.
53. Some of the steps involved in ex- situ conservation
of animals species include:
Establishing minimum target population goals to provide
for maintenance of captive genetic diversity at least for the
next 100 years.
Compiling animal husbandry programmes for circulation
to all breeding facilities,
Implement an overall plan that contributes to the objectives
of maintaining viable captive populations across the globe.
54. Application of ex- situ conservation
Protection to a single species of plant and animal
Protection of assemblage of species
Coral reefs - Marine Parks - Gulf Manner, Gulf Kutch
Mangroves - Sanctuaries - Sundarbans, West Bengal ,
Bangladesh habitat preservation
55. Alteration or destruction of habitat by man leads to
Extinction - Eventual disappearance, Extinction of Sea Cow
–Sirenia Sp.
Extermination - Rare, threatened, endangered species
Endangered species are: Blue whale, Fin Whale, Baleen
whales, Sperm whale, Bowhead whale, Dolphin, Sharks etc.
56. Wildlife protection act, 1972
The Indian Parliament enacted the Wildlife (Protection) Act in
1972, which provides for the safeguard and protection of the
wildlife (flora and fauna) in the country.
This Act provides for the protection of the country’s wild
animals, birds, and plant species, in order to ensure
environmental and ecological security.
57. Salient Features of Wildlife Protection Act
This Act provides for the protection of a listed species of
animals, birds, and plants, and also for the establishment of a
network of ecologically-important protected areas in the
country.
The Act provides for the formation of wildlife advisory
boards, wildlife wardens, specifies their powers and duties,
etc.
It helped India become a party to the Convention on
International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and
Flora (CITES).
58. The Act prohibited the hunting of endangered species.
Scheduled animals are prohibited from being traded as per
the Act’s provisions.
The Act provides for licenses for the sale, transfer, and
possession of some wildlife species.
59. It provides for the establishment of wildlife sanctuaries,
national parks, etc.
Its provisions paved the way for the formation of the Central
Zoo Authority.
This is the central body responsible for the oversight of zoos
in India. It was established in 1992.
Protected Areas under the Wildlife Protection Act
There are five types of protected areas as provided under the
Act:
Sanctuaries, National park, Conservation reserve, Community
reserve, Tiger reserve
60. Biological Diversity Act, 2002
The act was enacted in 2002.
It aims at the conservation of biological resources,
managing its sustainable use and enabling fair and equitable
sharing benefits arising out of the use and knowledge of
biological resources with the local communities.
61. The Biological Diversity Act 2002, has three main
objectives:
1) The conservation of biodiversity;
2) The sustainable use of biological resources;
3) Equity in sharing benefits from such use of resources.
62. The National Biodiversity Authority
The National Biodiversity Authority (NBA) was established in
2003 by the Central Government to implement India’s Biological
Diversity Act (2002).
It is a statutory body that performs facilitative, regulatory and
advisory functions for the Government of India on the issue of
Conservation and sustainable use of biological resources.
The NBA has its Headquarters in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, and
India.
63. Biodiversity Management Committees (BMCs)
According to Section 41 of the Act, every local body shall
constitute the BMC within its area for the purpose of promoting
conservation, sustainable use and documentation of biological
diversity including:
Preservation of habitats
Conservation of Landraces
Folk varieties and cultivars
Domesticated stocks and breeds of animals
International treaties and conventions
64. CITES
The Convention on International Trade in Endangered
Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) is an international
agreement to which States and regional economic integration
organizations adhere voluntarily.
65. CITES is an international agreement between governments
with the objective of the preservation of the planet’s plants and.
It was adopted in 1963 and entered into force in 1975.
66. Aim
Ensure that international trade in specimens of wild
animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
The CITES Secretariat is administered by UNEP (The
United Nations Environment Programme) and is located at
Geneva, Switzerland.
It plays a coordinating, advisory and servicing role in the
working of the Convention (CITES).
67. Function
The CITES works by subjecting international trade in
specimens of selected species to certain controls.
All import, export, re-exports and introduction from the sea of
species covered by the Convention has to be authorized through a
licensing system.
Each Party to the Convention must designate one or more
Management Authorities in charge of administering that licensing
system and one or more Scientific Authorities to advise them on
the effects of trade on the status of the species.
68. Convention on the Conservation of Migratory
Species of Wild Animals (CMS)
Bonn Convention is a name of the international treaty on the
conservation of migratory species of wild animals that was
adopted in Bonn, Germany in 1979.
It came into force in 1983. The convention is simply known as
Bonn Convention or CMS (Convention on Conservation of
Migratory Species) which is an important part of international
environment conventions and protocols.
69. Migratory Species
A migratory species crosses one or more national
jurisdictional lines cyclically and reliably due to factors such as
food, temperature, and shelter.
Its purpose is to define States’ obligations to conserve species
that live within or travel through their national
borders/jurisdiction.
70. The Ramsar Convention
The Convention on Wetlands of International Importance
especially as Waterfowl Habitat, sometimes also known as
the Ramsar Convention from its place of adoption in 1971 in
Iran.
It is an intergovernmental treaty which provides the framework
for international cooperation for the conservation of wetland
habitats.
71. Three major subjects are covered in the Ramsar
Conventions:
Under the Ramsar List of Wetlands of International
Importance, the 171 contracting parties must designate
appropriate wetlands in their territories.
The wetlands that have been declared must be carefully
managed and cared for.
The parties involved must use shared wetland systems over
the territory of more than one contracting party sensibly and
after adequate consultation.
72. The Ramsar Convention is supported by six international
organizations partners that are as follows:
1) Birdlife International
2) IUCN
3) Wetlands International
4) WWF
5) International Water Management Institute
1) Wildfowl and Wetlands Trust
73.
74.
75. Purpose of the Ramsar Convention
The Ramsar Convention is founded on three pillars that define
its mission:
Wise Use- Ensure that all wetlands are used wisely.
List of Internationally Significant Wetlands- Designate
appropriate wetlands for effective management under the
Ramsar List.
International Cooperation- To foster international cooperation
on transboundary wetlands, shared species, and shared wetland
systems.
76. REFERENCE
Joseph Wanju.(2013). Biodiversity Conservation Needs and Method to
Conserve the Biological Diversity. Journal of Biodiversity & Endangered
Species, Volume 1 (3),1000113
IUCN Red List of Threatened Species, https://www.iucnredlist.org
The Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972 - Legislative Department
https://legislative.gov.in
S S Negi, 2002, Handbook of National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries, and
Biosphere Reserves in India.