Gene Banks are a type of bio-repository which preserve genetic material. A collection of seed plants, tissue cultures etc. from potentially useful species , especially species containing genes of significance to the breeding of crops. Fish genetic material in a 'gene bank' is preserved at -196° Celsius in Liquid Nitrogen as mature seed (dry) or tissue (meristems). Gene banks exist to conserve the genetic diversity of wild and domesticated organisms that humans depend on for food, fibre, medicine & energy.

1. GENE BANK AND GENE
POOL
SUB. BY- NARSINGH KASHYAP
M.F.SC. 1st yEAR

2. Content
• INTRODUCTION
• TYPES OF GENE BANK
• FISH GENE BANK
• PURPOSE OF GENE BANK
• GENE POOL & TYPES
• REFERENCE

3. Gene Banks
• Gene Banks are a type of bio-repository which preserve
genetic material.
• A collection of seed plants, tissue cultures etc. from
potentially useful species , especially species containing
genes of significance to the breeding of crops.
• Fish genetic material in a 'gene bank' is preserved at -196°
Celsius in Liquid Nitrogen as mature seed (dry) or tissue
(meristems).
• Gene banks exist to conserve the genetic diversity of wild
and domesticated organisms that humans depend on for
food, fibre, medicine & energy.

4. Types of Gene Banks
• Seed Bank
• Tissue Bank
• Cryo Bank
• Pollen Bank
• Field gene Bank
• Sperm Bank
• Ova Bank

5. Seed Bank
• The seed bank preserves dried seeds by storing
them at a very low temperature.
• Spores and pteridophytes are conserved in seed
banks but other seedless plants such as tuber
crops cannot be preserved this way.

6. Tissue Bank
• In this technique buds, protocorms and
meristematic cells are conserved through
particular light and temperature arrangements in a
nutrient media.
• This is used to preserve seedless plants and
plants which reproduce asexually.

7. Pollen Bank
• This is a method in which pollen grains are
stored .
• We can make plants which are facing
extinction in the present world using this
technique .
• By this technique we can make plants with
one set chromosomes.

8. Field Gene Bank
• This is a method of planting plants for the conservation of
genes.
• Through this method one can compare the difference
among plants of different species in detail.
• It needs more land, adequate soil, weather etc.
• Germplasm of important crops are conserved through
this method.
• 42,000 varieties of rice are conserved in the Central Rice
Research Institute in Orissa.

9. Sperm bank
• A sperm bank, semen bank is a facility or enterprise that
collects and store Animal sperm donors for use by
Female who ,for whatever reason , need donor provided
sperm to achieve pregnancy.
• Sperm donated by the sperm donor is known as donor
sperm.
• And the process for introducing sperm into women is
called Artificial insemination.
Ova Bank
Ova bank or egg cell bank is a facility that collects and
store ova primarily from the ova donors.

10. Activities in Gene Bank
• The main activities in the development and management of a
gene bank include:
• Collecting and Acquisition – assembling the collection
• Processing – assessing the quantity, viability, health of
samples and preparation for storage
• Storage – in a cold store, laboratory or in the field
• Regeneration and Multiplication – periodically rejuvenating
and increasing the material
• Characterization and Evaluation
• Documentation, Inventory – maintaining and making
available detailed records on each sample
• Distribution – of clean, disease-free seeds, or other planting
material, to requestors

11. Fish gene banks (Introduction)
• Fish gene banks are much more recent and have a short history (2-
3 decades) compared to plant seed banks and/or livestock
insemination centres.
• The principal mandate of fish gene banks is almost the same for
other gene banks focusing on preserving genetic materials
especially for organisms under threat or close to extinction and the
use of the preserved material –as required- in bringing a species
back.
• Over-fishing, environmental factors (e.g. acid rain, pollution, flood,
typhoons), stock enhancement, and fish escapes are among the
influencing factors/practices which could threat fishery stocks and
may contribute to the degradation of species purity.
Domestication, breeding programs, and genetic manipulation are
examples of influencing aquaculture practices.

12. Conti.
• Without having gene banks, it will be difficult to restore the
genuine version of threatened organisms. Also, it will not
be possible to determine the negative impact resulting
from gene introgression and inbreeding .

13. Cryopreserved and live Gene Bank
• Cryopreserved (in vitro) gene banks: Fish sperm has been
successfully cryopreserved for many fish species. However,
eggs of oysters and clams have been cryopreserved.
• The adoption of cryopreservation technology is much greater
than live gene backs. This is related to its high efficiency,
easiness in application and its reduced cost. In these banks,
liquid nitrogen (-196°C) is used. During storage the samples
should be maintained under liquid nitrogen since storage.
Therefore, storage facilities should be fitted with alarms to
warn when low levels of liquid nitrogen occur.
• Live (in vivo) gene banks: The main purpose was to establish a
living reservoir of genetic material which could be used for the
re-establishment or enhancement of threatened stocks. The
preservation of live fish in living gene banks is a measure used
for the most seriously threatened salmon stocks that are no
longer capable of surviving in their natural habitats before the
danger is over.

14. Fish gene banks (Examples)
• China: Cryopreserved and live gene banks for Chinese carps
• India: Cryopreserved gene bank for the Indian major carps (catla,
rohu, and mrigal)
• Malaysia: Cryopreserved gene bank for indigenous fish species
of Tor spp., P. jullieni, P. nasutus and H. wetmorei
• Norway: Cryopreserved and live gene banks for Atlantic salmon
• Philippines: Live and cryopreserved gene banks for tilapia
• Russia: Living Gene Banks for the Azov and Black Sea species of
sturgeon: Sterlet sturgeon (Acipenser ruthenus), and thorn
sturgeon (Acipenser nudiventris)
• USA: The gene banking for Columbia River salmon, Colorado
River fishes, and Midwestern and Eastern US sturgeon

15. Purpose of Gene Banks
• It will likely play an essential, complementary role, in
germplasm conservation as temporary conservation until ex-
situ stands are established
• as a safety measure against disastrous losses for limited
numbers of seed
• gene bank protect the genetic heredity
• act as a backup for future generation
• conserve genetic diversity
• Gene banks are the storehouses of plant genetic resources,
providing the raw material for the improvement of crops

16. FISH GENE BANKS OF INDIA

17. Gene Pool
• The total number of genes of every individual in an
interbreeding population.

18. •History
• The Russian geneticist A. S. Serebrovskii first formulated
the concept in the 1920s as genofond (gene fund),
• This word that was imported to the United States from
the Soviet Union by Theodosius Dobzhansky, who
translated it into English as “gene pool.”

19. Based on degree of relationship, the gene pool of a
crop can be divided into three groups

20. • 1. Primary Gene Pool (GP1):
• Members of this gene pool are in the same "species"
(in conventional biological usage) and can intermate
freely and leads to production of fertile hybrids.
• It includes plants of the same species or of closely
related species which produce completely fertile
offspring’s on inter-mating.
• In such gene pool, genes can be exchanged between
lines simply by making normal crosses. This is also
known as gene pool one (GP1).

21. •2. Secondary Gene Pool (GP2):
• These species are closely related to species of GP1 and
can cross to produce fertile or partially fertile hybrids
with them.
• Transfer of gene from such material to primary gene
pool is possible but difficult.
• There is some reproductive barrier between members
of the primary and secondary gene pools and leads to:
• i.Partially sterile, weak Hybrids.
• ii.Chromosomes may pair poorly or not at all.
• iii.Recovery of desired phenotypes may be difficult in
subsequent generations.

22. • 3. Tertiary Gene Pool (GP3):
• The genetic material which leads to production of
sterile hybrids on crossing with primary gene pool is
termed as tertiary gene pool or gene pool three
(GP3).
• It includes material which can be crossed with GP1,
but the hybrids are sterile.
• Members of this gene pool are more distantly related
to the members of the primary gene pool.
• Transfer of gene from such material to primary gene
pool is possible.

23. • The composition of gene pool can change over time
through evolution can occur by a variety of
mechanisms,
• a. mutations,
• b. natural selection,
• c. genetic drift
• d. Migration

24. REFERENCE
• 1.) http://www.nbfgr.res.in/en/page/fish-
conservation1
• 2.) http://fishconsult.org/wp-
content/uploads/2012/12/Fish-gene-banks.pdf
• 3.) T. Dobzhansky (Editors) Evolutionary biology. v.
1- 1967-1992 Springer Science+Business Media
New York
• 4.)