The document examines the quality of irrigation water used in the South-East El-Kantara Canal in North Sinai, Egypt, which receives a 1:1 mixture of agricultural wastewater and Nile freshwater. Water samples were collected monthly from 6 locations along the canal from 2007-2014 and analyzed for parameters including salinity, pathogens, nutrients, oxygen levels. The results show that several parameters such as BOD, NO3, and fecal coliform levels exceeded Egyptian standards. The study concludes the water quality restricts use for irrigating some crops and recommends pretreating the agricultural wastewater, such as with aerated lagoons, before mixing with Nile water to satisfy standards.
OPERATIONAL DRAINAGE WATER REUSE GUIDELINES, By Shaden Abdel Gawad, Professor and Former President National Water Research Center (NWRC), Egypt, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
Operational Drainage Water Reuse Guidelines, by Shaden Abdel-Gawad, Professor and Former President National Water Research Center, Cairo, Egypt , Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
Effect of Salt and Water Stresses on Jujube Trees under Ras Sudr Conditionsiosrjce
This investigation was carried out during two successive seasons (2010 and 2011) on 5 years old
Nabq (Zizyphus spina christi) trees at Ras Suder Research Station, Desert Research Center- South Sinai
Governorate, Egypt. This investigation aimed to study the effect of saline water treatments, water regulation
and water irrigation levels on vegetative growth, some fruit parameters, leaf mineral contents, yield and fruit
quality. The treatments contained the combination of three main factors: The first factor: two wells as a saline
water source (well I and well II with EC values 3.68 and 6.80 dS/m, respectively). The second factor: water
regulation method (WR): DI= deficit irrigation and RDI = regulated deficit irrigation by partial root zone
drying (PRD). The third factor: irrigation levels of ETc = crop evapotranspiration 50, 75 and 100% (IL)). The
obtained results showed that well I X deficit irrigation (DI) & regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) X 100% gave
the highest values of tree circumference, Number shoots/tree, leaf area, yield/tree, fruit length, fruit diameter,
fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit flesh weight, fruit moisture% and leaf contents of N, P, Mg beside TSS and total
sugars. Moreover, treatments with well I X deficit irrigation (DI) recorded the highest values of shoot length,
shoot diameter, fruit set, fruit retention, K and Fe. We can be recommended by treatment of trees with well I
under stresses with regulated deficit irrigation under 100 % ETc to get the best results of fruit quality
Practice from China: GEF Hai Basin Integrated Water and Environment Managemen...Iwl Pcu
Liping Jiang, World Bank Office China
Presentation given during the 5th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference in Cairns, Australia (during the host region project results and expectations session).
Topics:
1. Challenges in Hai Basin and Bohai Sea
2. Project Approach to Face the Challenges
3. Major Project Results or Outcomes
OPERATIONAL DRAINAGE WATER REUSE GUIDELINES, By Shaden Abdel Gawad, Professor and Former President National Water Research Center (NWRC), Egypt, Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
Operational Drainage Water Reuse Guidelines, by Shaden Abdel-Gawad, Professor and Former President National Water Research Center, Cairo, Egypt , Land and Water Days in Near East & North Africa, 15-18 December 2013, Amman, Jordan
Effect of Salt and Water Stresses on Jujube Trees under Ras Sudr Conditionsiosrjce
This investigation was carried out during two successive seasons (2010 and 2011) on 5 years old
Nabq (Zizyphus spina christi) trees at Ras Suder Research Station, Desert Research Center- South Sinai
Governorate, Egypt. This investigation aimed to study the effect of saline water treatments, water regulation
and water irrigation levels on vegetative growth, some fruit parameters, leaf mineral contents, yield and fruit
quality. The treatments contained the combination of three main factors: The first factor: two wells as a saline
water source (well I and well II with EC values 3.68 and 6.80 dS/m, respectively). The second factor: water
regulation method (WR): DI= deficit irrigation and RDI = regulated deficit irrigation by partial root zone
drying (PRD). The third factor: irrigation levels of ETc = crop evapotranspiration 50, 75 and 100% (IL)). The
obtained results showed that well I X deficit irrigation (DI) & regulated deficit irrigation (RDI) X 100% gave
the highest values of tree circumference, Number shoots/tree, leaf area, yield/tree, fruit length, fruit diameter,
fruit weight, fruit volume, fruit flesh weight, fruit moisture% and leaf contents of N, P, Mg beside TSS and total
sugars. Moreover, treatments with well I X deficit irrigation (DI) recorded the highest values of shoot length,
shoot diameter, fruit set, fruit retention, K and Fe. We can be recommended by treatment of trees with well I
under stresses with regulated deficit irrigation under 100 % ETc to get the best results of fruit quality
Practice from China: GEF Hai Basin Integrated Water and Environment Managemen...Iwl Pcu
Liping Jiang, World Bank Office China
Presentation given during the 5th GEF Biennial International Waters Conference in Cairns, Australia (during the host region project results and expectations session).
Topics:
1. Challenges in Hai Basin and Bohai Sea
2. Project Approach to Face the Challenges
3. Major Project Results or Outcomes
Irrigation Groundwater Quality for Agricultural Usability in Biochar and Fert...Jenkins Macedo
1J. Macedo, 2M. Souvanhnachit, 3S. Rattanavong, 4B. Maokhamphiou, 4T. Sotoukee, 4P. Pavelic, 1M. Sarkis, 1T. Downs
1 Department of International Development, Community, and Environment, Clark University, Worcester, MA. U.S.A.
2 Department of Water Resources Engineering, National University of Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR
3Independent Consultant, Washington DC, U.S.A.
4 International Water Management Institute Vientiane, Lao PDR.
Climate change risks pose significant challenge to smallholder irrigators who rely on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods. Increased mean surface temperatures, varying rainfall, increasing evaporation and declining soil moistures all serve to impact productivity. Groundwater irrigation poses promising potential for agricultural productivity and the livelihoods of smallholders. Groundwater irrigation for agriculture use requires constant water quality monitoring. This excerpt is part of a field research, which assessed the impacts of biochar and fertilizer treatments on soil nutrients status, soil moisture, irrigation groundwater quality for agricultural use on the growth and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Groundwater quality was monitored to determine the levels of electric conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) determinants of salinity and sodium, calcium, and magnesium to calculate the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) to estimate sodicity. The methods involved daily field tests to measure EC, TDS, pH, temperature, and detailed chemical analysis. The results indicate that the mean EC (0.021 dS/m; SD = 0.010) is significantly less than the salinity tolerance threshold for water spinach (< 1.3 dS/m) and the mean TDS (12 ppm; SD = 4.5) with soil pH of 6.6. The results suggest that the irrigation groundwater quality was suitable for agriculture and the chance of salinity was significantly low. The computed SAR 0.174 was significantly lower than the normal level (<10) above which soil water permeability could result from sodic soil condition. The results demonstrate that groundwater use for agriculture could assist smallholders adapt to climate change risks, but judicious use requires constant monitoring of groundwater quality and resources to increase crop yield and improve soil health.
Key Words: Salinity, Sodicity, Groundwater Quality, Electric Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Sodium Absorption Ratio
This PowerPoint only focuses on assessing irrigation groundwater quality in objective 4 and not the water use efficiency aspect/soil water savings. Here, we are only interested in the ability for biochar to reduce soil water salinity and sodicity.
Jenny Deakin from the EPA Catchments Unit gave a Teagasc Signpost Seminar on April 20 2021. The seminar covered water quality, focused on the agricultural sector, and the solutions needed to improve water quality, and new tools to target the right measure in the right place. This includes upgraded Pollution Impact Potential Maps for Nitrogen and Phosphorus, together with overland flow and focused delivery points.
Enhancing Productivity and Livelihoods among Smallholders Irrigations through...Jenkins Macedo
This field research was presented at the 2015 3rd Global Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpelier, France on March 18, 2015.
Climate change and climate variability pose significant risks to smallholders in the rainfed lowlands of Lao PDR. Increased surface temperatures, declining rainfall, persistent drought and depletion of soil nutrients all serve to impact agricultural productivity and livelihoods. This study investigates the impact of five treatments on soil nutrients, moisture, plant growth, and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). The treatments tested were rice husk biochar only, biochar inoculated with manure, manure tea, inorganic fertilizer and the control. The costs and benefits of the treatments were also assessed. The randomized complete block design was used to assign five treatments and eight replications to the experimental units. Biochar was produced through slow pyrolysis. Soil physical properties were assessed with the visual soil assessment method and 15-randomized soil samples were collected for chemical analyses. Sprinklers were used for irrigation and a weather station installed to monitor the climate. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Costs-benefits evaluation of the treatments was conducted to determine the net benefits relative to the initial costs ratio. The analysis of variance of mean yield indicates that the difference in yield among the treatments was highly significant. The computed F value (8.28) was higher than the F critical (2.64) at the 5% level of significance. The calculated coefficient of variance of mean yield was 17.33%. The net benefits to initial costs ratio of treatments suggest that the control (4.11), biochar inoculated with manure plus NPK (1.64), and biochar plus manure tea (1.01) are preferred. The net benefits and initial costs evaluation of treatments is important to assess whether utilizing these treatments would impact smallholders’ livelihoods. The results of this study contribute to the evidence that biochar could play an essential role to mitigate climate change risks by enhancing soil quality and increase agricultural productivity.
EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF VAIPPAR BASIN, TAMIL NADU, INDIA: A GEOI...SagarChougule11
The Vaippar Basin, one of the important basins of Tamil Nadu is located between 9° 0' 05" & 9° 44' 56" N latitudes and 77° 23' 25" & 78° 17' 02" E longitudes with an area of 5339 sq.km. Groundwater samples were collected from 91 different locations in the Vaippar basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Groundwater quality data for the period of 30 years (1983 to 2013) of both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods were used to analyze the groundwater quality aspects of the Vaippar basin. The physico-chemical parameters such as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO4-, NO3- and Cl have been analyzed to determine the geological and non-geological source of contamination. An overall hydrogeochemical analytical study using Electrical Conductivity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium percentage (Na%) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) values reveals that most of the groundwater samples collected from the study area are suitable for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes.
Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality in Parts of Y.S.R and Anantapur Dis...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is used for domestic, industrial water supply and for irrigation all over the world. The groundwater
quality is a function of natural processes as well as anthropogenic activities. The safe potable water is
enormously essential for living and groundwater is one of the sources for human consumption in both urban as
well as rural areas. The area is located in the survey of India toposheet Number 57 J/3 lying between east
780
00’
0
’’ to 780
15’
0
” longitudes and 140
15’ 0
’’ to 140
30’
0
’’ North latitudes covering an area of 720 sq. kms.
Geologically, it is underlain mainly by Peninsular gneisses of Archean age followed by Gulcheru and Vemapalli
formations comprising quartzites, conglomerates, dolomites and shales. Major geomorphic units are
denudational hills, residual hills, pediments, pediplains, structural hills and valleys. The study area experiences a
semiarid climate. Physicochemical parameters viz., pH, total hardness, calcium, chloride, total dissolved solids,
fluoride were analyzed. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon.
Further, a moderation in water quality was observed after the monsoon season, which can be attributed to a
possible dilution due to groundwater recharge People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard.
Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas
Suitability Assessment of Shallow Groundwater of a Typical Coastal Aquifers f...iosrjce
Shallow Groundwater of a coastal aquifer has been intensively used as a source of water for
irrigation farming in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. To assess the usability of this water for irrigation use,
twenty locations at buguma city were mapped out and five water wells were sampled for each location using
Simple random sampling technique. Each sample was analyzed for the cations(magnesium(Mg2+), sodium(Na+
),
potassium(K+
),calcium(Ca2+)),anion(nitrate ion(N03
-
)), trace elements(cadmium(Cd), iron(Fe), and zinc(Zn)and
other phsico-chemical parameters(Salinity(SI), electric conductivity(EC) and pH) adopting standard methods.
Based on the analyzed parameters, irrigation water quality parameters (RSC, SAR, %Na and %MR) and
indexes(Kelly index(KI), Permeability Index(PI) and the Canadian water quality index(CWQI)) were calculated
.To assess the usability of the shallow groundwater, results of the Water quality index models and other
calculated irrigation parameters were compared with the standards. On the average, virtually all the sampling
locations except Ombu, Igba and Jackreech were unsuitable for irrigation use.
Irrigation Groundwater Quality for Agricultural Usability in Biochar and Fert...Jenkins Macedo
1J. Macedo, 2M. Souvanhnachit, 3S. Rattanavong, 4B. Maokhamphiou, 4T. Sotoukee, 4P. Pavelic, 1M. Sarkis, 1T. Downs
1 Department of International Development, Community, and Environment, Clark University, Worcester, MA. U.S.A.
2 Department of Water Resources Engineering, National University of Laos, Vientiane, Lao PDR
3Independent Consultant, Washington DC, U.S.A.
4 International Water Management Institute Vientiane, Lao PDR.
Climate change risks pose significant challenge to smallholder irrigators who rely on rainfed agriculture for their livelihoods. Increased mean surface temperatures, varying rainfall, increasing evaporation and declining soil moistures all serve to impact productivity. Groundwater irrigation poses promising potential for agricultural productivity and the livelihoods of smallholders. Groundwater irrigation for agriculture use requires constant water quality monitoring. This excerpt is part of a field research, which assessed the impacts of biochar and fertilizer treatments on soil nutrients status, soil moisture, irrigation groundwater quality for agricultural use on the growth and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). Groundwater quality was monitored to determine the levels of electric conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) determinants of salinity and sodium, calcium, and magnesium to calculate the sodium absorption ratio (SAR) to estimate sodicity. The methods involved daily field tests to measure EC, TDS, pH, temperature, and detailed chemical analysis. The results indicate that the mean EC (0.021 dS/m; SD = 0.010) is significantly less than the salinity tolerance threshold for water spinach (< 1.3 dS/m) and the mean TDS (12 ppm; SD = 4.5) with soil pH of 6.6. The results suggest that the irrigation groundwater quality was suitable for agriculture and the chance of salinity was significantly low. The computed SAR 0.174 was significantly lower than the normal level (<10) above which soil water permeability could result from sodic soil condition. The results demonstrate that groundwater use for agriculture could assist smallholders adapt to climate change risks, but judicious use requires constant monitoring of groundwater quality and resources to increase crop yield and improve soil health.
Key Words: Salinity, Sodicity, Groundwater Quality, Electric Conductivity, Total Dissolved Solids, Sodium Absorption Ratio
This PowerPoint only focuses on assessing irrigation groundwater quality in objective 4 and not the water use efficiency aspect/soil water savings. Here, we are only interested in the ability for biochar to reduce soil water salinity and sodicity.
Jenny Deakin from the EPA Catchments Unit gave a Teagasc Signpost Seminar on April 20 2021. The seminar covered water quality, focused on the agricultural sector, and the solutions needed to improve water quality, and new tools to target the right measure in the right place. This includes upgraded Pollution Impact Potential Maps for Nitrogen and Phosphorus, together with overland flow and focused delivery points.
Enhancing Productivity and Livelihoods among Smallholders Irrigations through...Jenkins Macedo
This field research was presented at the 2015 3rd Global Conference on Climate-Smart Agriculture in Montpelier, France on March 18, 2015.
Climate change and climate variability pose significant risks to smallholders in the rainfed lowlands of Lao PDR. Increased surface temperatures, declining rainfall, persistent drought and depletion of soil nutrients all serve to impact agricultural productivity and livelihoods. This study investigates the impact of five treatments on soil nutrients, moisture, plant growth, and yield of water spinach (Ipomoea aquatica). The treatments tested were rice husk biochar only, biochar inoculated with manure, manure tea, inorganic fertilizer and the control. The costs and benefits of the treatments were also assessed. The randomized complete block design was used to assign five treatments and eight replications to the experimental units. Biochar was produced through slow pyrolysis. Soil physical properties were assessed with the visual soil assessment method and 15-randomized soil samples were collected for chemical analyses. Sprinklers were used for irrigation and a weather station installed to monitor the climate. Descriptive statistics and analysis of variance were used to analyze the data. Costs-benefits evaluation of the treatments was conducted to determine the net benefits relative to the initial costs ratio. The analysis of variance of mean yield indicates that the difference in yield among the treatments was highly significant. The computed F value (8.28) was higher than the F critical (2.64) at the 5% level of significance. The calculated coefficient of variance of mean yield was 17.33%. The net benefits to initial costs ratio of treatments suggest that the control (4.11), biochar inoculated with manure plus NPK (1.64), and biochar plus manure tea (1.01) are preferred. The net benefits and initial costs evaluation of treatments is important to assess whether utilizing these treatments would impact smallholders’ livelihoods. The results of this study contribute to the evidence that biochar could play an essential role to mitigate climate change risks by enhancing soil quality and increase agricultural productivity.
EVALUATION OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY OF VAIPPAR BASIN, TAMIL NADU, INDIA: A GEOI...SagarChougule11
The Vaippar Basin, one of the important basins of Tamil Nadu is located between 9° 0' 05" & 9° 44' 56" N latitudes and 77° 23' 25" & 78° 17' 02" E longitudes with an area of 5339 sq.km. Groundwater samples were collected from 91 different locations in the Vaippar basin, Tamil Nadu, India. Groundwater quality data for the period of 30 years (1983 to 2013) of both pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods were used to analyze the groundwater quality aspects of the Vaippar basin. The physico-chemical parameters such as Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), pH, HCO3-, Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, K+, SO4-, NO3- and Cl have been analyzed to determine the geological and non-geological source of contamination. An overall hydrogeochemical analytical study using Electrical Conductivity, Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR), Sodium percentage (Na%) and Residual Sodium Carbonate (RSC) values reveals that most of the groundwater samples collected from the study area are suitable for drinking, irrigation, and industrial purposes.
Seasonal Variation of Groundwater Quality in Parts of Y.S.R and Anantapur Dis...IJERA Editor
Groundwater is used for domestic, industrial water supply and for irrigation all over the world. The groundwater
quality is a function of natural processes as well as anthropogenic activities. The safe potable water is
enormously essential for living and groundwater is one of the sources for human consumption in both urban as
well as rural areas. The area is located in the survey of India toposheet Number 57 J/3 lying between east
780
00’
0
’’ to 780
15’
0
” longitudes and 140
15’ 0
’’ to 140
30’
0
’’ North latitudes covering an area of 720 sq. kms.
Geologically, it is underlain mainly by Peninsular gneisses of Archean age followed by Gulcheru and Vemapalli
formations comprising quartzites, conglomerates, dolomites and shales. Major geomorphic units are
denudational hills, residual hills, pediments, pediplains, structural hills and valleys. The study area experiences a
semiarid climate. Physicochemical parameters viz., pH, total hardness, calcium, chloride, total dissolved solids,
fluoride were analyzed. Most of parameter show higher value than permissible limit in pre and post monsoon.
Further, a moderation in water quality was observed after the monsoon season, which can be attributed to a
possible dilution due to groundwater recharge People dependent on this water may prone to health hazard.
Therefore some effective measures are urgently required to enhance the quality of water in these areas
Suitability Assessment of Shallow Groundwater of a Typical Coastal Aquifers f...iosrjce
Shallow Groundwater of a coastal aquifer has been intensively used as a source of water for
irrigation farming in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. To assess the usability of this water for irrigation use,
twenty locations at buguma city were mapped out and five water wells were sampled for each location using
Simple random sampling technique. Each sample was analyzed for the cations(magnesium(Mg2+), sodium(Na+
),
potassium(K+
),calcium(Ca2+)),anion(nitrate ion(N03
-
)), trace elements(cadmium(Cd), iron(Fe), and zinc(Zn)and
other phsico-chemical parameters(Salinity(SI), electric conductivity(EC) and pH) adopting standard methods.
Based on the analyzed parameters, irrigation water quality parameters (RSC, SAR, %Na and %MR) and
indexes(Kelly index(KI), Permeability Index(PI) and the Canadian water quality index(CWQI)) were calculated
.To assess the usability of the shallow groundwater, results of the Water quality index models and other
calculated irrigation parameters were compared with the standards. On the average, virtually all the sampling
locations except Ombu, Igba and Jackreech were unsuitable for irrigation use.
The basic reason behind the need to
monitor water quality is to verify whether the examined
water quality is suitable for intended usage or not. This
study is conducted on Al -Shamiya al- sharqi drain in
Diwaniya city in Iraq to make valid assessment for the
level of parameters measured and to realize their effects
on irrigation. In order to assess the drainage water
quality for irrigation purposes with a high accuracy, the
Irrigation Water Quality Index (IWQI) will be examined
and upgraded (integrated with GIS) to make a
classification for drainage water. For this purpose, ten
samples of drainage water were taken from different ten
location of the stuay area. The collected samples were
analyzed chemically for different elements which affect
water quality for irrigation.These elements are :
Calcium(Ca+2), Sodium(Na+
), Magnesium(Mg+2),
Chloride( ), Potassium(K+
), Bicarbonate(HCO3),
Nitrate(NO3), Sulfate( , Phosphate( , Electrical
Conductivity(EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Total
Suspended Solids (TSS) and pH-values (PH). Sodium
Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and Sodium Content (Na%)
have been also calculated. Results suggest that, the use of
GIS and Water Quality Index (WQI) methods could
provide an extremely interesting as well as efficient tool
to water resource management. The results analysis of
(IWQI) maps confirms that: 52% of the drainage water
in study area falls within the "Low restriction" (LR) and
47%of study area has water with (Moderate
restriction)(MR),While 1% of drainage water in the
study area classified as (Sever restriction) (SR). So, the
drainage water should be used with the soil having high
permeability with some constraints imposed on types of
plant for specified tolerance of salts
Evaluation of Potential Physico-Chemical Ground Water Pollution: a Case Study...EditorIJAERD
Ground water is a large source of water for utilisation in the world. This resource is not easily accessible to
monitor its changes and its deterioration is not easy to reverse. In the current study, physico-chemical parameters of
groundwater for Kiwanja Market (KM) were analysed and compared to the Kenya Bureau of Standards (KEBs) water
quality. The pH, DO, temperature, turbidity, chlorine, iron, water hardness, potassium and calcium were analysed. All the
parameters studied were within the stipulated levels except iron, and chloride for samples from point C (Ebenezer Hostel).
Turbidity for samples from points A and C were above the permissible levels of KEBs standards. The water sampled from
point A and C may require further treatment to allow for domestic use. This analysis revealed to some extent a healthier
system, though further analysis is needed to support this assertion. Continuous monitoring of the groundwater sources
within KM should be taken on regular basis to detect any changes and to sustainably maintain the quality of water within
the required KEBs water quality standards.
Evaluation of Ground Water Quality and Suitability for Irrigation Purposes in...inventionjournals
The current study aims at evaluating the ground water quality in Alagilat area, Northwest Libya, for irrigation application. Sixty-fife samples were collected from ground water wells at different depths. The samples were analyzed for Ca2+, K + , Mg2+, Na+ , Cl- , HCO3 - , CO3 2- , SO4 -2 , NO3 - , EC, TDS and TH. For classification purpose, some chemical indices like EC, Sodium percent (SP), Sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), residual sodium carbonate (RSC), Permeability index (PI), Magnesium ratio (MR) and Kelly`s ratio (KR), were calculated. The results indicated that the 83.1% and 12.31 % of the samples EC level fall under doubtful and unsuitable category. This in turn implies to the importance of carrying out a pre-treatment and monitoring of the studied samples if they were to be utilized in irrigation. One option is to grow salt tolerant crops to overcome this issue. Regarding the remaining indices, the results showed that more than 95% of the samples were found to be within the safe limit and likely suitable for agricultural irrigation purposes.
Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Ma...ijtsrd
Water pollution is one of the major global environmental problems. It is an acute problem almost in all major rivers and water reservoirs in India. Water pollution is increasing and becoming severe day by day and posing a great risk to human health and other living organisms. There is growing concern on the deterioration of ground water quality due to geogenic and anthropogenic activities. Present investigation aims at insight about the level of contaminants of surface water, groundwater and sediment analysis of selected rivers of Krishna River located in Mahuli and Urmodi river located in Nagthane, Satara district. An attempt has been made to assess the water quality, sediment analysis of the samples. Dissolved oxygen content of the water samples was observed quite well in limits such as in Krishna river Mahuli DO was 27.68mg L and in Urmodi river Nagthane was13.68mg .In the present study, COD value was observed by 720mg l at surface water of Krishna River Mahuliand 1320 mg l at surface water sample of Urmodi river Nagthane. As expected groundwater samples showed values of hardness within a limit. There is an urgent need for more representative samples to be used to go beyond preliminary assessment as reported in the present study for making appropriate recommendations. Pallavi Dhekale | Pranjal Nikam | Sagar Dadas | Chetana Patil "Water Quality and Sediment Analysis of Selected Rivers at Satara District, Maharashtra" Published in International Journal of Trend in Scientific Research and Development (ijtsrd), ISSN: 2456-6470, Volume-3 | Issue-6 , October 2019, URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/papers/ijtsrd28062.pdf Paper URL: https://www.ijtsrd.com/pharmacy/medicinal-chemistry/28062/water-quality-and-sediment-analysis-of-selected-rivers-at-satara-district-maharashtra/pallavi-dhekale
Assessment of Water Quality of Lakes for Drinking and Irrigation Purposes in ...IJERA Editor
Lake water is an important source for drinking, domestic and irrigation purposes in rural and urban India. The present study aims at evaluating the water quality of various lakes in Raipur city, Chhatisgarh. There existed 154 lakes in the city but it shrinked to 85 in number due to encroachment or drying up of lakes. Twenty seven prominent lakes are selected to study and evaluate the water quality for drinking and irrigation purposes. The water samples were collected and analysed for pH, Turbidity, Electrical Conductivity (EC), Total Dissolved Solids (TDS), Alkalinity, Hardness, Sodium(Na+), Potassium(K+), Calcium(Ca2+), Magnesium(Mg2+), Bicarbonate(HCO3-), Sulphate (SO42-), Nitrate (NO3−),Phosphate(PO43-) Fluoride(F-), Chloride (Cl−), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Total Coliform (TC) and Fecal Coliform (FC). There are variations for pH (6.59-8.29), EC (382-2330μS/cm), Turbidity (1-232 NTU), TDS (244-1491 mg/L), Alkalinity (120-600 mg/L), Hardness (66-330mg/L), Na+(37-430 mg/L), K+ (8-253 mg/L), Ca2+ (9-90 mg/L), Mg2+(3-26 mg/L), SO42- (5-200 mg/L), NO3-(0-19 mg/L), PO43-(0.19-5.3 mg/L), F-(0.18-1.41 mg/L) and Cl- (46-388 mg/L), DO(1-8.6 mg/L), BOD (0.1-11.3 mg/L), COD (8-118 mg/L), Total Coliform( 15-3600 MPN/100ml) and Fecal Coliform (4-240 MPN/100 ml). The results have been compared with the drinking water standard prescribed by Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS). All the physiochemical parameters are within the prescribed limit except turbidity, fecal & total coliform. The Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR) and salinity hazards are studied to classify the water for irrigation uses. It is found that lake water is suitable for irrigation purposes.
Impact on Aquatic Environment for Water Pollution in the Vahirab Rivertheijes
Water is a valued natural resource for the existence of all living organisms. Vahirab river is the prominent & important rivers for vital source of water from Jessore to Khulna. The prime reason of deterioration and pollution of the river water quality by effluents discharged from industries, municipal sewage, household wastes, clinical wastes and oils. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of this wastewater on the river and thus to provide an updated report on the state of water quality of river Vahirab. The water sample were collected from different areas in the river Vahirab and analyzed for physico-chemical parameters and fresh water elements in the month of July, 2013 to November, 2013. The values of temperature, turbidity, pH, chloride, hardness, DO, BOD, COD, Fe, As, Pb, Cd and Cr in the river water were measured. During study period the temperature, turbidity, pH, hardness, chloride, DO, BOD and COD were found to be 280C to 31.50C, 37 to 947 NTU, 7.2 to 8.01, 92 to 140 ppm, 9 to 34 ppm, 122 to 5.51 mg/L, 0.22 to 5.79 mg/L and 3.80 to 10.80 mg/L respectively. The concentration of Fe, Pb, As, Cd and Cr were found to be 0.10 to 2.60 ppm, 0.004 to 0.025 ppm, 0.001 to 0.004 ppm, 0.00015 to 0.0094 ppm and 0.001 to 0.006 ppm respectively. From the results of investigation, it was observed that the values of pH, Cl- , hardness, As, Pb, Cd and Cr were within standard limit but the values of temperature, turbidity, DO, BOD, COD and Fe were not within acceptable limit as recommended by WHO and BDS guidelines. The results obtained from this investigation will help the people of the research area to be conscious for using the water in the Vahirab river.
Irrigation Water Quality Assessment for Water Resources used in Irrigation of...Agriculture Journal IJOEAR
This study was conducted for irrigation water quality assessment of water resources used in irrigation of agricultural fields in Mezitli town of Mersin province. Water samples were taken from 20 sampling points of surface water resources used for irrigations in irrigated farming lands of Mezitli town in 4 sampling periods (July-October). Samples were analyzed for pH, EC, water-soluble cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K) and anions (CO 3, HCO 3, Cl and SO 4), boron, %Na, SAR and RSC. Sample pH values varied between 7,05-8,26 and EC values varied between 292-1103 µmhos/cm. According to US Salinity Lab Classification System, irrigation waters were classified as C 2 S 1 and C 3 S 1 (moderately and highly saline waters). Boron concentrations of all samples were below the threshold value of 0,67 ppm. Significant differences were not observed in water quality parameters throughout the irrigation season.
Water Quality Assessment of El-Salam Canal (Egypt) Based on Physico-Chemical ...Premier Publishers
Water quality of El-Salam Canal was assessed using physico-chemical and certain biological characteristics. Downstream increase of total soluble inorganic nitrogen (TSIN) and dissolved reactive phosphorus (DRP) indicated increasing downstream eutrophication. The significant (P ≤ 0.01) downstream increase of chloride indicated elevated pollution. Water quality index (WQI) down (53) and up-stream (48) stations indicated bad to moderate condition, respectively. The increase of N, P, heavy metals and WQI may be attributed to excessive input of wastewater from El-Serw and Hadous drains. The highest concentrations of Fe (0.138 mg/l), Mn (0.116), Zn (0.057), Cu (0.019), Pb (0.278) and Cd (0.016) were recorded at downstream stations. Accumulation of these metals by hydrophytes followed the order: Fe ˃ Mn ˃ Zn ˃ Cu ˃ Pb ˃ Cd. Fifteen different hydrophytes were recorded with marked decline in species richness during winter and at downstream stations. The epiphytic microalgae were represented by 50 different taxa, belonging to six phylla including Cyanobacteria, Chlorophyta, Charophyta, Bacillariophyta, Euglenophyta and Rhodophyta. Thespecies composition and richness of the epiphytic microalgae was largely influenced by the plant species, as the highest number of species (42 taxa) was recorded for Ceratophyllum demersum and the lowest one (31 taxa) for Phragmites australis.
Dewatering Waste Activated Sludge Using Greenhouse-Gas Flotation followed by ...Medhat Elzahar
The aim of this study is to develop a simple method
for dewatering waste-activated sludge (WAS) for easier reuse
and safer disposal of sludge. The paper builds on the success of
a new flotation technique developed in previous research by the
author utilizing the high water solubility of CO2 gas along with
the model-gas (80%N2+20%CO2). The paper introduces a
simple laboratory model for dewatering WAS in two stages,
flotation followed by centrifugation. The first stage enables
recycling a mixture of greenhouse gases containing 20% of CO2
and 80% of N2 gases by volume. The second stage uses a simple
centrifuge model for dewatering WAS. Experiments were
carried out to reduce the moisture content and volume of WAS.
This was executed by generating low pressure using centrifugal
force introduced by a simple centrifuge apparatus. Using the
experimental dewatering model, promising results were
obtained for dewatering WAS. Furthermore, additional data
were obtained, such as the effect of temperature on the
efficiency of dewater-ability. It is hoped that the results of this
study will lead to more study for the efficient reuse of
greenhouse gases. This can happen by collecting and recycling
industrial emissions of fossil fuels then utilizing them in
wastewater and sludge treatment, thereby decreasing the
resulting harmful effects of these gases on global warming.
Natural farming @ Dr. Siddhartha S. Jena.pptxsidjena70
A brief about organic farming/ Natural farming/ Zero budget natural farming/ Subash Palekar Natural farming which keeps us and environment safe and healthy. Next gen Agricultural practices of chemical free farming.
Artificial Reefs by Kuddle Life Foundation - May 2024punit537210
Situated in Pondicherry, India, Kuddle Life Foundation is a charitable, non-profit and non-governmental organization (NGO) dedicated to improving the living standards of coastal communities and simultaneously placing a strong emphasis on the protection of marine ecosystems.
One of the key areas we work in is Artificial Reefs. This presentation captures our journey so far and our learnings. We hope you get as excited about marine conservation and artificial reefs as we are.
Please visit our website: https://kuddlelife.org
Our Instagram channel:
@kuddlelifefoundation
Our Linkedin Page:
https://www.linkedin.com/company/kuddlelifefoundation/
and write to us if you have any questions:
info@kuddlelife.org
Characterization and the Kinetics of drying at the drying oven and with micro...Open Access Research Paper
The objective of this work is to contribute to valorization de Nephelium lappaceum by the characterization of kinetics of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum. The seeds were dehydrated until a constant mass respectively in a drying oven and a microwawe oven. The temperatures and the powers of drying are respectively: 50, 60 and 70°C and 140, 280 and 420 W. The results show that the curves of drying of seeds of Nephelium lappaceum do not present a phase of constant kinetics. The coefficients of diffusion vary between 2.09.10-8 to 2.98. 10-8m-2/s in the interval of 50°C at 70°C and between 4.83×10-07 at 9.04×10-07 m-8/s for the powers going of 140 W with 420 W the relation between Arrhenius and a value of energy of activation of 16.49 kJ. mol-1 expressed the effect of the temperature on effective diffusivity.
WRI’s brand new “Food Service Playbook for Promoting Sustainable Food Choices” gives food service operators the very latest strategies for creating dining environments that empower consumers to choose sustainable, plant-rich dishes. This research builds off our first guide for food service, now with industry experience and insights from nearly 350 academic trials.
Willie Nelson Net Worth: A Journey Through Music, Movies, and Business Venturesgreendigital
Willie Nelson is a name that resonates within the world of music and entertainment. Known for his unique voice, and masterful guitar skills. and an extraordinary career spanning several decades. Nelson has become a legend in the country music scene. But, his influence extends far beyond the realm of music. with ventures in acting, writing, activism, and business. This comprehensive article delves into Willie Nelson net worth. exploring the various facets of his career that have contributed to his large fortune.
Follow us on: Pinterest
Introduction
Willie Nelson net worth is a testament to his enduring influence and success in many fields. Born on April 29, 1933, in Abbott, Texas. Nelson's journey from a humble beginning to becoming one of the most iconic figures in American music is nothing short of inspirational. His net worth, which estimated to be around $25 million as of 2024. reflects a career that is as diverse as it is prolific.
Early Life and Musical Beginnings
Humble Origins
Willie Hugh Nelson was born during the Great Depression. a time of significant economic hardship in the United States. Raised by his grandparents. Nelson found solace and inspiration in music from an early age. His grandmother taught him to play the guitar. setting the stage for what would become an illustrious career.
First Steps in Music
Nelson's initial foray into the music industry was fraught with challenges. He moved to Nashville, Tennessee, to pursue his dreams, but success did not come . Working as a songwriter, Nelson penned hits for other artists. which helped him gain a foothold in the competitive music scene. His songwriting skills contributed to his early earnings. laying the foundation for his net worth.
Rise to Stardom
Breakthrough Albums
The 1970s marked a turning point in Willie Nelson's career. His albums "Shotgun Willie" (1973), "Red Headed Stranger" (1975). and "Stardust" (1978) received critical acclaim and commercial success. These albums not only solidified his position in the country music genre. but also introduced his music to a broader audience. The success of these albums played a crucial role in boosting Willie Nelson net worth.
Iconic Songs
Willie Nelson net worth is also attributed to his extensive catalog of hit songs. Tracks like "Blue Eyes Crying in the Rain," "On the Road Again," and "Always on My Mind" have become timeless classics. These songs have not only earned Nelson large royalties but have also ensured his continued relevance in the music industry.
Acting and Film Career
Hollywood Ventures
In addition to his music career, Willie Nelson has also made a mark in Hollywood. His distinctive personality and on-screen presence have landed him roles in several films and television shows. Notable appearances include roles in "The Electric Horseman" (1979), "Honeysuckle Rose" (1980), and "Barbarosa" (1982). These acting gigs have added a significant amount to Willie Nelson net worth.
Television Appearances
Nelson's char
Alert-driven Community-based Forest monitoring: A case of the Peruvian Amazon
Study of the Quality of Irrigation Water in South-East El-Kantara Canal, North Sinai, Egypt
1.
Abstract—The study examines the irrigation water quality
for North Sinai Development Project (NSDP). The water
resources investigated are agriculture wastewater mixed with
Nile freshwater in a ratio of 1:1. This study focuses on the
quality of irrigation water used in the reclamation and
cultivation of 75,000 acres of the South-East EL-Kantra Canal
lies in the NSDP. Six monitoring locations along the canal path
were chosen for examination. Water samples were collected
every month during the period from Dec. 2007 to Nov. 2014.
The water parameters were set using the Egyptian irrigation
water standards, based on the local Decree 92/2013 for the
Executive Regulation of Law 48/1982, concerning the protection
of the Nile River and its waterways from pollution, as well as
the United States Environmental Agency, USEPA 2012
Guidelines for reclaimed water quality for irrigation. The
results of the study clearly demonstrate restrictions to irrigate
the uncooked vegetables and uncooked crops for human. The
need for increasing the mixed Nile freshwater portion or
pretreatment of the agriculture wastewater prior to mixing
with the Nile freshwater to satisfy Egyptian irrigation water
standards and USEPA 2012 as several water quality results,
such as BOD, DO, and fecal coliform, are unacceptable. As a
suggestion, we recommend using aerated lagoons, stabilization
ponds or wetlands to treat polluted agriculture wastewater
before adding to the Nile river water to satisfy Egyptian
irrigation water criteria.
Index Terms—East South EL-Kantra Canal, agriculture
wastewater, reuse, salinity, irrigation.
I. INTRODUCTION
Water quality and quantity are continuously degraded due
to climatic changes and the increased demands for different
water uses especially in agricultures practices. Moreover,
cultivated land productivity is connected with soil and
irrigation water quality [1]-[3]. Normally, investigation of
irrigation water quality should focus on salt content, sodium
concentration, the occurrence of nutrients and trace elements
such as alkalinity, hardness of the water and acidity.
Irrigation water quality is a major issue to insure safely
produced plants. Water quality for agricultural purposes is
measured according to the effect of water on the quality and
yield of the crops as well as the effect on soil behavior [4].
The salinity, water infiltration, toxicity and miscellaneous are
the commonly problems encountered soil fertility [5], [6].
Manuscript received February 26, 2018; revised May 27, 2018.
Mohamed Gabr is with Civil Engineering Department, High Institute for
Engineering and Technology, New Damietta, Egypt (e-mail:
m_egabr@yahoo.com).
Medhat El-Zahar was with Port Said University, 42523, Port Said, Egypt.
He is now with the Department of Civil Engineering, Giza Engineering
Institute, El-moneb, Giza, Egypt (e-mail: medhat.elzahar@gei.edu.eg,
melzahar@yahoo.com).
Normally, better irrigation management provide the use of
high salt concentration water without risking soil
productivity.
Furthermore, the increase in salinity of fresh surface
watercourses from the discharging of high salt concentrations
coming from agriculture drains and waste effluents [7], [8].
Using better fresh water irrigation management, the irrigation
efficiency increase and the amount of applied water for
irrigation will be reduced. Drainage water is the part not
consumed of the irrigation water applied to the crops, it can
be reused according to its quality to meet the challenge fresh
water shortage [9]. Total water resources in Egypt increased
from 66.3 Billion m3
in 2006 to 78 Billion m3
in 2016
because of increasing agricultural drainage water recycling
from 5.4 Billion m3
in 2005–2006 to 11.7 Billion m3
in
2015–2016. The agricultural wastewater reuse is frequently
being perceived as an appreciated resource where, the
demand for fresh water intensifies to compensate between
supplies and demands. Reuse practices of agriculture
wastewater in Egypt are, official reuse, intermediate reuse
and unofficial reuse [9], [10]. This study examines the
irrigation water quality for North Sinai Development Project
(NSDP). This study focuses on the quality of irrigation water
used in the reclamation and cultivation of 75,000 acres of the
South-East EL-Kantra Canal. Six monitoring locations along
the canal path were chosen for examination. Water samples
were collected every month during the period from Dec.
2007 to Nov. 2014. The water quality parameters related to
salinity such as total dissolved solids (TDS), sodium
absorption ratio (SAR), hydrogen concentration (PH),
organics such as dissolved oxygen (DO), biochemical
oxygen demand (BOD), nutrients such as NO3, and
pathogenicity such as (Fecal Coli) for the water samples were
determined. The measured irrigation water parameters were
analyzed and compared with the irrigation water standards
for Egypt, the local Decree 92/2013 for the Executive
Regulation of Law 48/1982, concerning the protection of the
Nile River and its waterways from pollution, and the United
States Environmental Agency (USEPA), 2012, guidelines for
reclaimed water quality for irrigation.
II. WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS
A. Salinity
The salinity comprises total dissolved solids (TDS),
electro conductivity (EC), sodium adsorption ratio (SAR),
sodium (Na), hydrogen concentration (pH), and suspended
solids (SS). It is one of the most important elements of water
quality in judging its validity for irrigation. The high sodium
adsorption ratio (SAR), demonstrates the potential damage in
Study of the Quality of Irrigation Water in South-East
El-Kantara Canal, North Sinai, Egypt
Mohamed Gabr and Medhat El-Zahar
International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 9, No. 6, June 2018
142
doi: 10.18178/ijesd.2018.9.6.1089
2. the soil, which is caused by the occurrence of high levels of
sodium. Its value is given by the shown Equation [11]. The
SAR value is an indicator to predict permissible sodium
levels in irrigation water to maintain soil structural stability
[12].
2
2
2
Mg
Ca
Na
x
SAR
Salinity standards for safe reuse of wastewater have been
established by the FAO, then modified by, Westcot and
Ayers 1985 [13], which put a restriction on uses divided into
three degrees of severity: none, slight to moderate, and
severe.
B. Pathogenicity
The most important indicators of the pollution of water
resources are intestinal nematodes, E. coli, Fecal coliforms
(FC), Total coliforms (TC). Fecal coliform bacteria presence
in water is an indicator of pollution. It is characterized by its
ability to grow in the laboratory at higher grades between
44~44.5o
C and producing a proliferation of gas and acid [14].
Their presence in the water means the possibility of the
presence of pathogens and is a serious threat to public health.
Coliform group, total Coliform, they are found in soil, animal
droppings and human feces. They can multiply in the
laboratory at 35°
C and 37°
C, and their production results in
gas and acid during 24~48 hours. These bacteria have been
selected for their presence in human fecal matter in
abundance and for easy detection, where they remain in the
water for longer periods of bacteria causing disease. WHO,
2006 [15] and USEPA 2012 [16] established guide lines for
Fecal Coliform bacteria and total coliform concentration in
wastewater reuse.
C. Nutrients
Nitrogen (NO3-N), Total Nitrogen (TN) and phosphorus
(P), are essential elements for plant growth and development
and can increase the side effect on crop growth. Excessive
nutrients in irrigation water are a source of groundwater
contamination as well as eutrophication in coastal areas or
lakes [17]. Ammonia is present in water as a result of the
degradation of organic nitrogen and inorganic substances in
water and soil by microorganisms. The increase in nitrogen in
the water leads to an increase in aquatic plants and the growth
of bacteria and algae [18].
D. Biological Oxygen Demand
It is the amount of oxygen consumed by microorganisms
over a period of five days to oxidize the organic substances in
water, and it is an indicator of the viability of the waterway
for self-purification. The concentration of oxygen consumed
gives an indication of the severe water pollution of
bio-digestible organic matter [19].
E. Chemical Oxygen Demand
It is the amount of chemical oxygen consumed in the
oxidation of all organic substances and is a proof of the total
organic pollution of watercourses, BOD is part of the COD
[19].
F. Heavy Metals
Heavy metals are naturally present in the ecosystem, with
significant differences in concentration [19]. However, its
recent increase in Egypt is due to industrial sources, liquid
industrial waste and pollution from waste from fuel in
particular [10].
III. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Location of Investigation
EL- Salam Canal Project (SCP) is one of the main parts of
the national project for the development of North Sinai
(NSDP). SCP water amount is established on the reuse of
agricultural wastewater after mixing with Nile water by the
ratio 1:1. The project also contributes to the creation of new
urban communities for the purpose of alleviating the densely
populated areas in the valley and linking the Sinai to the delta
area. It has a natural extension of the valley. Estimated water
amounts for the rehabilitation and cultivation of 620,000 are
4.45 billion cubic meters per year. The irrigation water mixed
between fresh Nile water and agricultural drainage water by
the ratio 1:1 expecting that Salinity don’t exceed 1000 ppm
with the selection of suitable crop structures and distribution
of water sources to feed EL-Salam canal as follows:
A) Water from Nile River, Damietta branch, 2.110 billion
cubic meters annually.
B) Agricultural drainage water:
Water from Lower Sorrow Drain, 0.435 billion cubic
meters annually,
Water from Bahr Hadous Drain, 1.905 billion cubic meters
annually,
(Total required water resources 4.450 billion cubic meters
per year).
TABLE I: WATER QUALITY MONITORING POINTS COORDINATES FOR EAST
SOUTH KANTARA CANAL
Monitoring location Coordinates
E N
1
At km 0.00 East South Kantara
Canal intake,
at km 14.7 on El-Sheikh Gabr
Canal
32°
28'10.48
"
31°
01'20.46"
2
At km 9.2 on East South
Kantara Canal
32°
30'46.02
"
30°
58'03.43"
3
At km 10.2 on East South
Kantara Canal
32°
28'28.49
"
30°
54'59.02"
4
At km 12.5 on East South
Kantara Canal
32°
29'35.17
"
30°
54'44.00"
5
At km 16.00 on East South
Kantara Canal
32°
29'13.37'' 30°
53'00.97''
6
At km 18.3 on East South
Kantara Canal
32°
28'24.75'' 30°
51'53.03''
7
At km 30.00 on East South
Kantara Canal
32°
24'08.12
"
30°
47'04.85"
Six monitoring locations along the canal path were chosen
for examination. Water samples were collected every month
during the period from Dec. 2007 to Nov. 2014. The total
length of East South EL-Kantara Canal is 32km, Table I
shows the coordinates of the monitoring locations.
This study focuses on the quality of irrigation water used
in the reclamation and cultivation of 75,000 acres of the
South-East EL-Kantara Canal.
International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 9, No. 6, June 2018
143
3. B. Methodology and Water Sampling
In order to examine the irrigation water quality of South
East EL-Kantara on EL-Salam Canal, the following steps
were conducted:
Site visits to six monitoring points selected for the study
were conducted.
Water samples were collected monthly during five periods,
(from Dec. 2007 to Nov. 2008), (from June 2009 to May
2010), (from Aug. 2010 to July 2011), (from April 2012
to Mars 2013), and (from Dec. 1013 to Nov. 2014).
Fig. 1. East EL-Kantara Canal annual average TDS (mg/l).
Fig. 2. East EL-Kantara Canal annual average pH.
Fig. 3. East EL-Kantara Canal annual average SAR.
Assessment of agriculture wastewater reuse in irrigation
purposes is necessary for the quality of plants and soil. In this
study, water samples were drawn every month from the
studied canal at locations km (0.00), km (9.20), km (12.50),
km (16.00), km (18.30), and km (30.0). The water quality
were examined in terms of, salinity (TDS, SAR, pH),
organics (DO, BOD), nutrients (NO3) and pathogenicity
(Fecal Coli.). The results shown in this study were chosen for
the period, June 2009 to May 2010, as a representative period
for the measured parameters of water quality. The measured
irrigation water quality parameters from each location were
compared with the Egyptian standards Decree 92/2013,
Executive Regulation of Law 48/1982 [20] that protects fresh
water courses from pollution by the discharged effluents, and
the USEPA 2012standards [16] for reclaimed water quality
for irrigation.
The yearly arithmetic mean for the water parameter for the
five periods with respect to upper and lower concentration
levels for the chosen laws were presented in Fig. 1-7.
Fig. 4. East EL-Kantara Canal annual average NO3 (mg/l).
Fig. 5. East EL-Kantara Canal annual average DO (mg/l).
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Fig. 1 shows the annual averages of the TDS
concentrations along East South EL-Kantara Canal during
the period from Dec. 2007 to Nov. 2014. The results show
that the concentration mean value is 959.8 mg/l, (the values
ranged from 507 to 1309 mg/l). These values are less than
2000 mg/l (FAO 1985 and USEPA 2012). However, the
Decree 92/2013, Egyptian irrigation water standards have not
specified a limit for the TDS [20]. According to the salinity
degree restriction on irrigation, the TDS effect can be
considered slight to moderate (USEPA 2012).
Fig. 2 shows the annual averages of pH, the results show
that all water samples mean value is 7.78, (the values ranged
from 7.38 to 8.13). The results mean that the water in the
canal is alkaline. The measured pH values agreed with
Egyptian Decree 92/2013, FAO 1985 and USEPA 2012
guidelines [16].
Fig. 3 shows the annual averages of the SAR values, the
results show that the mean value is 5.6 mg/l, (the values
ranged from 2.51 to 9.31). Egyptian Decree 92/2013 for
irrigation water standards have not specified the SAR limits.
International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 9, No. 6, June 2018
144
4. According to FAO 1985, USEPA 2012, infiltration is none
(evaluated using EC and SAR).
Fig. 6. East EL-Kantara Canal annual average BOD (mg/l).
Fig. 7. East EL-Kantara Canal annual average Fecal Coliform (MPN/100
mL).
Fig. 4 shows the annual averages of the NO3 values, the
results show that the mean value is 4.85, (the values ranged
from 2.51 to 10 mg/l), higher than the 2 mg/l specified by
local Egyptian Decree 92/2013.
Fig. 5 shows the annual averages of the DO values. The
results show that the mean value is 4.44 mg/l, (the values
ranged from 2.53to 7.53 mg/l). These values should be less
than 6 mg/l specified by the local Decree 92/2013.
Fig. 6 shows the annual averages of the BOD values. The
mean value is 9.05 mg/l, (the values ranged from 5.01 to
19.97 mg/l). These values are higher than the 6 mg/l specified
by the local Decree 92/2013.
Fig. 7 shows the annual averages of the Fecal Coliform
values. The results show that the mean value is 423
(MPN/100 ml), (the values ranged from 28 to 2325
(MPN/100 m). These values are higher than the 0.00 value
specified by the local Decree 92/2013 for fresh water, and
higher than the 200 median value specified by USEPA 2012.
According to the previous results, we should choose a
proper method for treating wastewater before mixing with
Nile River fresh water. The SAR value is a good indicator to
predict permissible sodium levels in irrigation water to
maintain soil structural stability [21], currently there are
several desalination processes available for the reclamation
of wastewater, such as reverse osmosis (RO), ion exchange
(IX) and electro-dialysis [21]. Concerning the specific
production of irrigation water from urban wastewater, IX and
electro-dialysis are not found to be used for such purposes.
While IX presents a poor selectivity for monovalent ions
leading to lower desalination efficiencies and frequent
regeneration of resins, the fouling in electro-dialysis is still an
unsolved problem [22]. RO is the most frequently applied
desalination technology [23], together with other
pressure-driven membrane processes. The ability of these
processes to remove certain components other than salinity
makes them very attractive for reclamation for irrigation in
general. The health risks of exposing agricultural workers,
crop handlers and consumers to treated wastewater and
associated chemical and microbial contaminants is one of the
major barriers to water reclamation and reuse. Characteristics
of influent wastewater, type of treatment process, applied
hydraulic retention time (HRT), microorganisms present in
the WWTP, pH, temperature and the efficiency of suspended
solids removal affect the removal efficiency of pathogenic
and indicator microorganisms. The evaluation of
technologies for pathogen removal is mostly based on fecal
contamination indicators, such as total coliforms (TC),
thermo-tolerant coliforms or Escherichia coli. Such
indicators infer that pathogens may be present in the water.
Chlorine, ultra-violet (UV), ozone, maturation ponds,
constructed wetlands (CW), membrane filtration, deep bed
filtration and electrochemical methods are being used for
disinfection techniques and for elimination of pathogenic
organisms [24]. CW are often reported as systems for
treatment of irrigation runoffs, but less often for production
of treated wastewater for irrigation.
Fig. 7. East EL-Kantara Canal annual average Fecal Coliform (MPN/100
mL).
V. CONCLUSIONS
The results of this study show the analysis of different
parameters for irrigation water quality of East South
EL-Kantra Canal during the duration, Dec.2007 - Nov.2014.
The results confirmed the important need for more
restrictions before using the mixed wastewater/water to
irrigate agricultural products especially food crops. There is
very serious need to, increase Nile River freshwater portion
mixed with agriculture wastewater, or pre-treat the
agriculture wastewater before mixing, to satisfy Egyptian
irrigation water standards and USEPA, 2012. As a suggestion,
we recommend using aerated lagoons, stabilization ponds or
wetlands to treat polluted agriculture wastewater before
mixing with the Nile River water to satisfy Egyptian
irrigation water criteria.
REFERENCES
[1] C. Kirda, “Assessment of irrigation water quality,” Options Me´
dit A,
vol. 31, pp. 368–377, 1997.
[2] S. C. Nishanthiny et al., “Irrigation water quality based on hydro
chemical analysis,” Jaffna, Sri Lanka. Am Eurasian J Agric Environ
Sci., vol. 7, pp. 100–102, 2010.
[3] E. Selma, C. Semia, and T. Jamila, “Hydrochemical assessment of
water quality for irrigation: A case study of the Medjerda River in
Tunisia,” Appl Water Sci., 2017, vol. 7, pp. 469–480.
International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 9, No. 6, June 2018
145
5. [4] D. W. Westcot and R. S. Ayers, “Water quality for agriculture,” Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations: Rome,
Italy, 1985.
[5] E. O. Longe and A. O. Ogundipe, “Assessment of wastewater
discharge impact from a sewage treatment plant on lagoon water,” Res
J Appl Sci Eng Tech, vol. 2, pp. 274–282, 2010, Lagos, Nigeria.
[6] V. H. Smith et al., “Eutrophication: Impacts of excess nutrient inputs
on freshwater, marine, and terrestrial ecosystems,” Environ. Pollut.,
1999, vol. 100, pp. 179–196.
[7] F. Brissaud, “Criteria for water recycling and reuse in the
Mediterranean countries,” Desalination, vol. 218, 2008, pp. 24–33.
[8] D. Chapman, “Water quality assessments — A guide to use of biota,
sediments and water in environmental monitoring,”
UNESCO/WHO/UNEP, London SE1 8HN, UK, p. 651, 1996.
[9] L. S. Willardson, D. Boels, and L. K. Smedema, “Reuse of drainage
water from irrigated areas,” Irrigation and Drainage Systems, vol. 11,
pp. 215–239, 1997, Kluwer Academic Publishers.
[10] A. Lubna and H. El Gammal, “Appraisal of blending water quality for
agricultural reuse: Laboratory bench-top experiments,” Life Science
Journal, 2014, vol. 11, no. 12.
[11] Metcalf and Eddy 2003, Wastewater Engineering Treatment and Reuse,
McGraw Hill, New York, America.
[12] USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), Guidelines
for Water Reuse 600/R-12/618, Washington, DC, USA, 2012.
[13] D. W. Westcot and R. S. Ayers, Water Quality for Agriculture, Food
and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations: Rome,
Italy, 1985.
[14] G. Dichter. (2011). IDEXX Colilert-18 and Quanti-Tray Test Method
for the Detection of Fecal Coliforms in Wastewater. [Online].
Available:
https://www.idexx.com/resource-library/water/water-regarticle15C
[15] WHO (World Health Organization), “Guidelines for the safe use of
wastewater, excreta and greywater,” Wastewater Use in Agriculture,
vol. 2, World Health Organization, Geneva, 2006.
[16] USEPA (United States Environmental Protection Agency), Guidelines
for Water Reuse 600/R-12/618, Washington, DC, USA, 2012.
[17] X. T. Ju et al., “Nitrogen balance and groundwater nitrate
contamination: Comparison among three intensive cropping systems
on the North China Plain,” Environ. Pollut., 2006, vol. 143, pp.
117–125.
[18] D. W. Westcot and R. S. Ayers, Water Quality for Agriculture, 1985.
[19] T. Asano et al., Water Reuse: Issues, Technologies and Applications,
McGraw-Hill: New York, NY, USA, 2007.
[20] Egypt Decree, “For the protection of the Nile River and its waterways
from pollution,” Decree of Minister of Water Resources and Irrigation
no. 92 for year 2013 for the Executive Regulation of Law 48/1982,
2013.
[21] D. I. Chang et al., “Foulant identification and fouling control with iron
oxide adsorption in electrodialysis for the desalination of secondary
effluent,” Desalination, vol. 236, no. 1–3, pp. 152-159, 2009.
[22] O. Elif and A. Sureyya, “Wastewater treatment by electrodialysis
system and fouling problems,” The Online Journal of Science and
Technology, 2016, vol. 6, issue 1.
[23] N. Kyle et al., “Electrochemical desalination for a sustainable water
future,” ChemElectroChem, Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA,
Weinheim, 2014, vol. 1, pp. 850-857.
[24] N. Asmaa and A. Mohamed, “Technologies of domestic wastewater
treatment and reuse: Options of application in developing countries,”
JSM Environ Sci Ecol., vol. 4, no. 3, p. 1033, 2016.
Mohamed Gabr is assistant professor in Civil
Engineering Department, High Institute for
Engineering and Technology, New Damietta,
Ministry of Higher Education, Egypt. He got the
Ph.D. in 2003 in civil engineering, Faculty of
Engineering, Suez Canal University, Egypt.
Dissertation: Generation and Transport of Sediments
by Severe Flow Conditions. He was born in Port Said,
Egypt, 1969. He has M.Sc. in environmental
hydraulics (1997), Suez Canal University, Port Said, Egypt. Thesis: The
Optimum Design for Protection and Lining of El-Salam Canal. He has B. Sc.
in Civil Engineering Department (1991), Suez Canal University, Port Said,
Egypt. Adjunct Assistant Professor, High Technological Institute, Tenth of
Ramadan, Egypt. Civil Engineering department (2010-2012. Adjunct
Assistant Professor, Civil Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Suez Canal
University, Egypt (2010-2011). Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of
Civil Engineering, Sabha High Technical Institution, Libya, (2004-2009).
General Manager for Researches, Studies and Contracts Directorate,
Reservoir and Great Barrage Sector, Ministry of Water Resources and
Irrigation, preparing the detailed design studies for New Dirout Group of
Regulators, preparing the contract for rehabilitation of Zefta Regulator,
preparing the contract for the consulting services for New Dirout Group of
Regulators Project. 2014 –2015, Senior engineer in the Studies and Design
Directorate, North Sinai Sector for Irrigation and Infrastructures, Ministry of
Water Resources and Irrigation, supervising the studies about irrigation
drainage problems and water quality in North Sinai Project for reclamation
and cultivation 400 thousand acres. 2013, General director for the upper Nile
researches at South Sudan for the bilateral cooperation projects in field of
water resources management between Egypt and South Sudan like, digging
ground water wells, water discharge stations construction, land sides for
navigation facilities and construction of pump station for drinking and
irrigation purposes. 1994–1999, Civil Engineer in the North Sinai
development organization, which implemented a big project in North Sinai in
Egypt to reclaim and cultivate of 400 thousand acres.
Medhat El-Zahar is associate professor specializing
in environmental engineering with an emphasis on
sanitary and environmental hydraulics with more than
15 years’ experience in teaching at the undergraduate
and graduate levels. Extensive experience in the
planning, design and implementation of water supply
and sanitation networks. He was born in Port Said,
Egypt, 1969. He has a Ph. D. in sanitary and
environmental hydraulics (2003), completed via a
cooperative research program between Suez Canal University, Egypt, and
the Kyushu Institute of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan. Dissertation:
Flotation and Dewatering of Waste Activated Sludge Using Carbon Dioxide.
He has M.Sc. in Environmental Hydraulics (1997), Suez Canal University,
Port Said, Egypt. Thesis: Improvement of Reliability of Water Distribution
Networks. He has B. Sc. In Civil Engineering Department (1992), Suez
Canal University, Port Said, Egypt.
He is now adjunct associate professor, the head of the Department, Giza
Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, Tamooh, Giza, Egypt,
2014-present. Adjunct Assistant Professor, Giza Higher Institute of
Engineering and Technology, Tamooh, Giza, Egypt, 2012-2013. Adjunct
Assistant Professor, Higher Institute of Engineering and Technology, New
Damietta, Egypt, September, 2010-August, 2012, then 2014. Adjunct
Assistant Professor, Higher Technological Institute, Tenth of Ramadan,
Egypt, 09/2008-Present. Assistant Professor, Port Said University, Egypt,
05/2003-present (currently on leave). Visiting Researcher, Kyushu Institute
of Technology, Kitakyushu, Japan, 08/1999-02/2002 (Research PhD topic
based on developing innovative research on waste-water treatment). Lecturer,
Suez Canal University, Port Said, Egypt, 1997-2003. Teaching Assistant,
Suez Canal University, Port Said, Egypt, 1997-2003. Demonstrator, Suez
Canal University, Port Said, Egypt, 1995-1997. Research Student, Suez
Canal University, Port Said, Egypt, 1992-1995.
Assoc. Prof. El-Zahar has research interests in, developing new techniques
for the treatment and re-use of sludge, a by-product of water treatment
facilities, developing innovative techniques to treat domestic and industrial
wastewater using greenhouse-gas emissions, and Improving and utilizing
optimal designs for sedimentation and filtration units.
International Journal of Environmental Science and Development, Vol. 9, No. 6, June 2018
146