This document discusses watershed management and development in Karnataka, India. It begins with introducing watersheds and their importance. It then covers principles of watershed management, factors affecting it, common practices used, and different types of approaches. The document also discusses the need for watershed management in Karnataka due to issues like drought and soil erosion. It provides examples of specific watershed development programs and case studies in Karnataka. In conclusion, it emphasizes that watershed management is essential for sustainable land and water resource management.

1. VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY
BANGALORE INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
“WATERSHED MANAGEMENT AND
DEVELOPMENT”
Presented by, Guided by,
Chethan K S Mr. G.C. Ranganath
IBI14CV034 Associate Professor
Dept of Civil Engg

2. CONTENTS
 Introduction.
 Watershed management .
 Principles of watershed management.
 Factors affecting the watershed management.
 Watershed management practices.
 Types of watershed management
 approach for the watershed development and its perspectives.
 Need for watershed management and development in
karnataka.
 Watershed management and development programme in
karnataka.
 Case study in karnataka .
 Conclusion.
 Reference.

3. INTRODUCTION
 A watershed is simply the geographic area through
which water flows across the land and drains into a
common body of water, whether stream, river, lake,
or ocean.
 The watershed boundary will more or less follow the
highest ridgeline around the stream channels and
meet the lowest point on the land where water flows
out of the watershed the mouth of the water way.

4. IMPORTANCE OF WATERSHED
 Watersheds are important because the surface water
features and storm water runoff within a watershed
ultimately drain to other bodies of water. It is essential
to consider these downstream impacts when developing
and implementing water quality protection and
restoration actions.
 According to the Environmental protection agency,
more than $450 billion in foods, fibre, manufactured
goods and tourism depends on clean, healthy
watersheds.
 Healthy watersheds are also important for the very
sustenance of human life.

5. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
 Watershed management is defined as the process
of formulating and carrying out course of action
involving manipulation of natural, agricultural
and human resources of a watershed to provide
resources that are desired by and are suitable to
the watershed community.
 The watershed management and exploitation
should not have any adverse effects on soil and
water resources.
 It is an integrated and multidisciplinary approach.

6. PRINCIPLES OF WATERSHED
MANAGEMENT
 Protecting fertile top layer soil.
 Minimizing setting up of tanks, reservoir and
lower fertile land.
 In situ conservation of rainwater.
 Construction of check dams for increasing ground
water recharge.
 Water harvesting for supplemental irrigation.
 Utilizing the land based on its capability.

7. FACTORS AFFECTING
WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
a)Watershed characters
1)size and shape
2)topography
3)soils
b)climatic characteristic
1)precipitation
2) amount and intensity of rainfall
c)Watershed operation
d)Land use pattern
1)vegetative cover
2)density
e)Water resource and their capabilities
f)Geological factors

8. WATERSHED MANAGEMENT
PRACTICES
 To moderate the floods peaks at down stream areas.
 To increase infiltration of rain water.
 To enhance the ground water recharge, wherever
applicable.
 To manage and utilize the runoff water for useful purpose.
 To check soil erosion and to reduce the effect on watershed
yield.
 To protect, conserve and improve the land of watershed for
more efficient and sustained production.
 To improve and increase the production of timbers, fodders
and wild life resource.
 To protect and enhance the water resource originating in
the watershed.

9. TYPES OF WATERSHED
MANAGEMENT
 Contour bunding.
 Graded bunding or channel terraces.
 Bench terracing.
 Grassed waterways.
 Strip cropping.
 Sub soiling.

10. APPROACH FOR WATERSHED
MANAGEMENT & DEVELOPMENT
 People’s participation is the key to watershed
development programmes.
 While the main development activities have to be
carried out by the watershed community itself, the
overall facilitation, coordination and supervision
of the whole programme will be responsibility of a
PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AGENCY
(PIA).
 The whole setup for the watershed management
follows a hierarchical approach.

11. STEPS FOR PREPARATION OF
WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT PLAN
 Preparation of watershed development plan includes
two main steps:
1. Identification of watershed problems and setting up
of objectives and priorities based on various surveys
of watershed.
2. Formulation of proposed development and
management plan.

12. PERSPECTIVES OF
WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
 HYDROLOGICAL ASPECTS.
 ENVIRONMENTAL ASPECTS.
 SOCIO-ECONOMIC ASPECTS.
 FINANCIAL ASPECTS.

13. NEED FOR WATERSHED
DEVELOPMENT IN KARNATAKA
 Karnataka is the driest state in India after Rajasthan.
Large state of the area are subjected to droughts.
 Around ¾ of all farmland is rain fed and there is still little
scope to expand irrigation.
 Farm productivity is low since water is available only 3
to 4 months within a year.
 Groundwater tables are falling and most wells run dry in
the long summer months.
 Forest has been cut down to make way for agriculture.
This caused rapid soil erosion.
 Use of more fertilizer and pesticides reduced soil fertility.

14. WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT
PROGRAMMES IN KARNATAKA
 National watershed development programme for
rain fed areas(NWDPRA)
 River valley project
 Drought prone areas development programme
 Integrated watershed development
programme(IWDP)
 Western ghat development programme(WGDP)
 World bank assisted sujala watershed project
 Karnataka watershed development project(KWDP)

15. CONTOUR BUNDING
• Contour bunding consists of constructing narrow-
based trapezoidal earthen embankment at intervals
along the contour to impound run off water behind
them so that all the stored water is absorbed
gradually into the soil profile for crop use.
• A series of such bunds divide the area into strips
and act as barrier to the flow of water.

16. GRADED BUNDING
• These are constructed where the excess water is
to be removed safely to avoid water stagnation. In
these water flows in graded channel constructed
on the upstream side of the bunds at non erosive
velocities and is led to safe outlets.

17. BENCH-TERRACING
• It is practiced on steep hill slopes ranging from 16-
33%.
• Bench terracing which involves converting the
original ground into level step like fields constructed
by half cutting and half filling, helps in considerably
reducing the degree of slope

18. GRASSED WATERWAYS
• These are associated with channel terraces for safe
disposal of concentrated run-off, thereby protecting
the land against rills and gullies.
• A waterway is constructed according to a proper
design and a vegetative cover is established to protect
the channel against erosion because of concentrated
flow.

19. STRIP CROPPING
• Strip cropping consists of a series of alternate strips of
various types of crops laid out so that all tillage and crop
management practices are performed across the slope or
on the contours.
• Strips of erosion –permitting crops are always separated by
strips of close growing or erosion resisting crops .

20. SUB-SOILING
• This method consists of breaking with a
subsoil the hard and impermeable subsoil to
conserve more rain-water by improving
physical conditions of the soil.

21. Case study
 MASTHIHALLA WATERSHED
 An attempt has been made to assess the long term impact of
watershed development programme in mastihalla watershed of
Bellary district,
 the mean annual rainfall (24 year’s average) is 817mm,so
watershed was especially selected to conserve rainwater, to control
erosion in arable lands and to increase crop productivity
 Implemented under National watershed Development programme
for rain fed areas (NWDPRA) during 1997-98 to 2001-02 with
90% central government fund
 The Evaluation was conducted covering three results
a)production or economic benefits,
b)social impacts/employment generation,
c)environmental impacts ,

22.  CHITRADURGA WATERSHED
 Watershed development programme was implemented in
molkalmuru taluk of chitradurga under KARNATAKA
WATERSHED DEVELOPMENT AGENCY.
 In karnataka chitradurga district is selected for following
reason
1)this is semi arid and backward districts with 460.797 ha of area
requiring watershed management.
2)mean rainfall in the district was 565mm during 1901-1990
period.
 Some of micro plans for land treatment are generated as a
result 21% of land owned by the KAWAD farmers was
irrigated.
 Increasing in average productivity of kharif crop groundnut
from 2.34quintals/ha to 6.95quintals/ha

23. CONCLUSION
 Watershed is an essential in day to day life, a vast
range of activities of every day life depends upon
adequate supplies of water for example
agriculture and industry, power production, inland
transportation, sanitation and so on. Therefore to
provide all these activities construction of
watershed and manage is essential.
 The management of watershed provides a means
to achieve sustainable land and water
management.
 Save water save earth.

24. References
 Agriculture census, Department of Agriculture &
Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture,2011,New Delhi.
 Iyengar ,Sudarshan ,Mid Term Evaluation Report,
Karnataka Watershed Development
Project,2001,bangalore:KAWAD
 Mishra A.K,Singh A.K,Das S.N and Singh (2005),
‘Development of an Integrated Watershed Management
Plan’
 Pandey C.M, and JagatVeerSingh (2007),’Watershed
development under river valley projects’